209 “countervailing interest”: The Nomination of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, to Be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States: Hearings Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 103d Cong. 127 (1993), http://www.loc.gov/law/find/nominations/ginsburg/hearing.pdf.
210 minority of three: Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110 (1989).
210 Sandra in Chevy Chase: Ann Carey McFeatters, Sandra Day O’Connor: Justice in the Balance (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005).
210 National Opera Lawyers’ Committee: Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 154, Supreme Court general, copy of O’Connor speech to Opera Lawyers’ dinner.
210 Florida and Salzburg: Ginsburg to Stephen Wiesenfeld, correspondence 1982–83; Joan Biskupic, Sandra Day O’Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), 244.
211 “that is the point”: The Nomination of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, http://www.loc .gov/law/find/nominations/ginsburg/hearing.pdf.
211 the National Gallery: Ruth Bader Ginsburg, televised interview with Brian Lamb, C-SPAN, July 1, 2009, http://supremecourt.c-span.org/assetspdfRBGinsburg.pdf; photograph of Ginsburg in her chambers, August 2013, http://www.msnbc.com/sites/msnbc/files/2013/08/ap800767019711.jpg.
211 dead giveaway: Margo Schlanger, University of Michigan Law School faculty website, http://www.law.umich.edu/FacultyBio/Pages/FacultyBio .aspx?FacID=mschlan (accessed November 18, 2014).
211 edited the Law Journal too: David M. Schizer, Columbia Law School faculty website, http://www.law.columbia.edu/fac/David_Schizer (accessed November 18, 2014).
212 David Post: David G. Post, Beasley School of Law, Temple University faculty website, http://www.law.temple.edu/pages/faculty/n_faculty_post_main .aspx (accessed November 18, 2014).
212 first in her class at Columbia: Alexandra A. E. Shapiro, Shapiro Arato & Isserles biography, http://www.shapiroarato.com/person/alexandra-shapiro/ (accessed November 18, 2014).
212 David Schizer: David Goldberg, interview with the author, November 24, 2014.
212 University of Chicago Law School: Ibid.
212 reference writers: Margo Schlanger, interview with the author, May 28, 2014.
212 “got the work done”: David G. Post, interview with the author, June 3, 2014.
213 Jane at Columbia: Ginsburg, letter to Stephen Wiesenfeld, April 30, 1993.
213 “glad to talk to you”: Ginsburg, letter to Jason Wiesenfeld, May 27, 1993.
213 corrected Jason’s application essay: Ginsburg to William Brennan, copy in Wiesenfeld collection, November 8, 1993.
213 “acceptance at Columbia”: Stephen Wiesenfeld, letter to Ginsburg, May 9, 1994.
213 change in the practice: Ruth Bader Ginsburg to William H. Rehnquist, November 30, 1993, Blackmun Papers, Box 1420, folder 12.
213 “not good enough for Ginsburg”: Ruth Bader Ginsburg, oral history page, Jewish Washington, May 27, 2005, http://www.jhsgw.org/exhibitions/online/jewishwashington/oralhistories/ruthbader-ginsburg.
213 “protest too much”: Blackmun Papers, Box 1420, folder 12.
213 ceremonial paper: Tony Mauro, “Lifting the Veil: Justice Blackmun’s Papers and the Public Perception of the Supreme Court,” Missouri Law Review 70 (2005): 1037–47, http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3674&context=mlr.
214 “extended family, and closest friends”: Ginsburg to Joel D. Lowinger, copy in Wiesenfeld Collection, November 11, 1993.
214 “true feminist voice”: Amy Richards, Steinem assistant, to Wiesenfeld, November 11, 1993.
CHAPTER 15: GINSBURG’S FEMINIST VOICE
215 Harris v. Forklift Systems: 510 U.S. 17 (1993), http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/510/17/case.html.
215 who would want to work there?: Alex Kozinski, Foreword to Barara Lindemann and David D. Kadue, Sexual Harassment in Employment Law (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, 1992), 5, vii.
215 free speech under the First Amendment: Alan Dershowitz, “Putting a Gender Bias on Free Speech,” Buffalo News, July 27, 1993, B3.
215 usually a misunderstanding: Richard A. Posner, Sex and Reason (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), 391–92.
216 “bugger him”: The trial court was not so dainty; Harris v. Forklift Systems, 60 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) 74,245, 74,247 (M.D. Tenn. 1990) (the District Court opinion was unpublished).
216 “credit for her achievements”: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, brief in Barbara Harris, Beyond Her Sphere: Women and the Professions in American History (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978), 25.
218 equality-oriented standard: Sarah Cleveland to Blackmun, Blackmun Papers, Library of Congress, October 26, 1993.
218 “for us to decide this”: O’Connor, letter to Harry Blackmun, October 25, 1993, Blackmun Papers, Library of Congress, Harris folder, Box 635, folder 1.
219 “build things for the future”: Hugh Baxter, interview with the author, June 24, 2014.
220 what an army needs: Plato, Symposium, 220d–221c, describing Socrates’s calm courage in retreating to a more defensible stronghold after the Battle of Delium.
220 her judging on the Court: oral argument, Harris v. Forklift Systems, http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1993/1993_92_1168.
220 will reach the same conclusion: Sandra Day O’Connor, “Portia’s Progress,” Madison Lecture, 1991, New York University Law Review 66 (1991): 1546, 1558, quoting Justice Jeanne Coyne.
220 thought it should: Golden Slipper Club Humanitarian Award 1995, Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 146.
221 Ginsburg, J., concurring: Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, 523 U.S. 75 (1998), http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/523/75/case.html.
222 Mississippi University for Women to admit men: Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 37, F February 14.
222 “most important one”: Hugh Baxter, interview with the author, June 24, 2014.
223 “Judge Ginsburg’s recommendations”: Joan Greco, interview with the author, April 4, 2014.
223 consigned to a desert island: The Nomination of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, 227.
223 a gentler glow: Hugh Baxter, interview with the author, June 24, 2014.
223 “how can he do this to me?”: Joan Biskupic, Sandra Day O’Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), 261.
223 the one she had: Jeffrey Toobin, The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 35.
223 “big sister anyone could have”: Biskupic, Sandra Day O’Connor, 260; Joan Biskupic, “Female Justices Attest to Fraternity on Bench; O’Connor and Ginsburg, in Separate Speeches, Discuss Personal Aspects of Supreme Court Life,” Washington Post, August 21, 1994.
224 “I look forward to many more”: Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “A Woman’s Voice May Do Some Good,” Politico, September 25, 2013, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/women-oconnor-ginsburg-supreme-court-97313.html#ixzz32wJiBxtP.
225 feminist campaign to integrate juries: Black v. Wilson, 198 So.2d 286 (1967), http://law.justia.com/cases/alabama/supremecourt/1967/198-so-2d-286-1 .html.
225 from the get-go: Biskupic, Sandra Day O’Connor, 140.
225 loud, nasal diction: Ibid., 175.
226 had the process been legal: Cynthia L. Cooper, “Daughter of Justice Blackmun Goes Public about Roe,” The Nation, February 29, 2004, http://womensenews.org/story/thenation/040229/daughter-justice-blackmun-goes-public-about-roe#.U6GvXsYQhG4.
226 unhappy with her: Hugh Baxter, interview with the author, June 24, 2014.
226 unpleasant coded phrase: Ibid.
226 shout out in the footnote: Blackmun Papers, Library of Congress, Box 636, folder 6.
226 “bouquet” to his new colleague: Linda Greenhouse, “The Evolution of a Justice,” New York Times Magazine, April 10, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/10/magazine/10BLACKMUN.html.
226 sh
ould have been hers: Philippa Strum, Women in the Barracks: The VMI Case and Equal Rights (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2002), 81, n. 86, cites Wilson, May 19, 1995, in Federal Judicial Center, “Diversifying the Judiciary: An Oral History of Women Federal Judges” (on file with the Federal Judicial Center’s History Office).
227 The exchanges that ensued: Ginsburg, letter to Blackmun, January 20, 1994, with his annotiations, Blackmun Papers, Library of Congress, Box 36, folder 6.
229 easier on accused rapists: this social science was and is heavily disputed. Hubert S. Feild, “Juror Background Characteristics and Attitudes Toward Rape: Correlates of Jurors’ Decisions in Rape Trials,” Law and Human Behavior 2 (1978): 73–93, http://www.socio-legal.sjtu.edu.cn/uploads/papers 2012qtl120203050423823.pdf.
230 in every close case: Jeffrey Toobin, The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 112 (“if she thought a law was unconstitutional, it was; if not, it wasn’t”).
230 Queen’s Court: Nancy Maveety, The Queen’s Court: Judicial Power in the Rehnquist Era (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2008), http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/mavque.html.
230 much more important: Tom Goldstein, “Oral Argument as a Bridge Between the Briefs and the Court’s Opinion,” in The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, edited by Scott Dodson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
230 questions in sexual-harassment cases: Blackmun Papers, Library of Congress, Case 636, F6.
231 “clasping hands”: Biskupic, “Female Justices Attest to Fraternity on Bench.”
231 her handholding: Loretta McCarthy, interview with the author, June 1, 2014.
231 “Sandra Day O’Connor Day” in 1981: Joan Biskupic, Sandra Day O’Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), image section after 276.
231 left hand the entire time: “Investiture of Judge Friedland,” United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, YouTube, June 30, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7D-8OhPjKHY.
231 are well documented: Travel diary from Paris (“chaussures”), Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 39, and Nina Totenberg, interview with the author, September 6, 2013.
231 judges’ robing room: Linda Myers, “Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Weighs In on Women’s Progress in the Law Profession—and What Kept Them Out for So Long,” Cornell Chronicle, July 1, 2004, http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/200407justice-ruth-baderginsburg-womens-progress-law.
231 Clinton appointee, Judith Rogers: Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 155, folder Women 1994.
231 National Center for State Courts: Ibid.
232 “a resounding BRAVA”: “Chief Justice Peters Dinner,” C-SPAN, October 17, 1994, http://www.c-span.org/video/?60896-1/chief-justice-peters-dinner.
232 “better off for it”: Ginsburg, Remarks for Women’s Forum Lunch, Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 147, April 8, 1999.
232 “Constitutional Adjudication and Equal Stature”: Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 148, 1997; Ginsburg, “Consitutional Adjudication in the United States as a Means of Advancing the Equal Stature of Men and Women under the Law,” Hofstra Law Review 26 (1997): 263.
233 “savvy, sympatique colleague and counselor”: “Remarks on Women’s Progress in the Legal Profession in the United States,” speech at July Institute on World Legal Problems in Innsbruck, Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 151, F Seminars 1995; Fordham Law Review 64 (1995): 288; Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 148, 1995.
233 graduating from Stanford: “Remarks on Women’s Progress in the Legal Profession in the United States,” speech at July Institute on World Legal Problems in Innsbruck, Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 151, F Seminars 1995.
233 difference women make: Oklahoma Bar Association Women in Law Conference Banquet Address, 1997, Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 146.
233 South Africa’s parliament: Ibid.
233 The Virginia Military Institute: Much of the description of the VMI scene comes from Strum’s excellent history of the VMI case, Strum, Women in the Barracks, 85–86.
234 monogamous and wallet-oriented: Zuleyma Tang-Martinez, “The Curious Courtship of Sociobiology and Feminism: A Case of Irreconcilable Differences,” in Feminism and Evolutionary Biology: Boundaries, Intersections, and Frontiers, edited by Patricia Gowaty (New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997), 126.
234 the way her work was used: Philippa Strum, “Do Women Belong in Military Academies?” Historic U.S. Court Cases: An Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., edited by John W. Johnson (New York: Routledge, 2001), vol. 2, 781.
235 agitating for sex-segregated schools: Rosemary C. Salamone, Same, Different, Equal: Rethinking Single-Sex Schooling (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 135–37.
235 sit in the jury box: Strum, Women in the Barracks, 140.
236 “daddy” or a “dyke”: supposedly a perversion of the pronunciation of “deck,” as in “all decked out.” The rats help the dykes to dress. Abigail E. Adams, “The Military Academy Metaphors of Family for Pedagogy and Public Life,” Wives and Warriors: Women and the Military in the United States and Canada, edited by Laurie Lee Weinstein and Christie C. White (Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey, 1997).
236 impregnating the local women: Ibid., 68–69.
236 school actually closed: Strum, Women in the Barracks, 20.
236 guarantee of whiteness: Ibid., 29.
237 resisting the women: Ibid., 88.
237 against the United States: Katherine T. Bartlett, “Unconstitutionally Male?: The Story of United States v. Virginia,” Duke Law Scholarship Repository, Working Papers (2010), http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent .cgi?article=2936&context=faculty_scholarship; published in Women and the Law Stories, edited by Elizabeth M. Schneider and Stephanie M. Wildman (New York: Thomson Reuters/Foundation Press, 2011).
237 boys’ and girls’ high schools: Vorchheimer v. School District of Philadelphia, 430 U.S. 703 (1977).
238 Kiser’s opinion: United States v. Virginia, 766 F. Supp. 1407 (W.D. Va. 1991).
239 faculty didn’t like: Strum, Women in the Barracks, 206–9.
240 the students it attracted: United States v. Virginia, oral argument, http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1995/1995_94_1941.
241 assigning honors: John Paul Stevens, interview with the author, July 21, 2014.
242 “sort of intermediate scrutiny”: Strum, Women in the Barracks, 270, citing the oral argument tape.
242 accorded to race: Strum, Women in the Barracks, 267, citing Jeffrey Rosen, “The New Look of Liberalism on the Court,” New York Times Magazine, October 5, 1997, http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/05/magazine/the-new-look-of-liberalism-on-the-court.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3As%2C{%221%22%3A%22RI%3A10%22}, who quotes a Ginsburg speech to students in 1997 that there is no practical difference between what has evolved and the ERA.
242 “opportunities based on sex”: United States v. Virginia et al., at 531.
242 Mary Baldwin College: Ibid., at 537.
242 “inherent differences between the sexes”: Ibid., at 533.
243 John Stuart Mill: Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “Sex and Unequal Protection: Men and Women as Victims,” keynote address, Southern Regional Conference of the National Conference of Law Women, Duke University, October 1, 1971, published in Journal of Family Law 11 (1971): 347 (hereafter Duke Speech).
243 “only been experience of one”: John Stuart Mill, “The Subjection of Women” (1869), chapter 1, http://www.constitution.org/jsm/women.htm.
243 Dissenting: United States v. Virginia et al., at 566.
244 “the good job”: Ginsburg, letter to Stephen Wiesenfeld, June 13, 2011.
244 class met too early: Adam Liptak, “Honoring O’Connor’s Legacy at the Supreme Court,” New York Times, April 12, 2012, http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com201204/12/honoring-oconnors-legacy-at-the-supreme-
court/?_r=0.
244 covering some of the gigs: Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “A Woman’s Voice May Do Some Good,” Politico, September 25, 2013, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/women-oconnor-ginsburg-supreme-court-97313.html.
244 Schonbrun Palace: Ginsburg Archive, Library of Congress, Box 153, Seminar 1998 summer Salzburg.
244 litigation so long ago: Ginsburg, letter to Stephen Wiesenfeld, September 8, 1998.
245 dark days of his disease: Ginsburg, letters to Stephen Wiesenfeld, December 7 and 22, 1998.
245 “butterflies will follow”: Ginsburg, letter to Stephen Wiesenfeld, undated but 1998 series.
CHAPTER 16: THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING O’CONNOR AND GINSBURG
246 Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District: 524 U.S. 274 (1998).
247 “the godmother of Title IX”: “All about Bernice Sandler,” http://www.bernicesandler.com/id2.htm.
247 sexual revolution in the making: Iram Valentin, “Title IX: A Brief History,” Womens Equity Action League, Equity Resource Center, August 1997, http://www2.edc.org/WomensEquity/pdffiles/t9digest.pdf.
247 Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education: 526 U.S. 629 (1999).
248 arrived again at the Supreme Court: Miller v. Albright 523 U.S. 420 (1998).
249 “conferring citizenship on her child”: Miller v. Albright, 434.
249 “opportunity to develop relationships”: Stevens opinion for the Court, Miller v. Albright, at 444.
249 “Even if one accepts”: Ginsburg, J., dissenting, Miller v. Albright, at 469.
250 procedure for abortion providers: Jenny Westberg, “D&X: Grim Technology for Abortion’s Older Victims,” LifeAdvocate.org, 1997, http://lifeadvocate .org/arc/dx.htm. Toobin describes the genesis of the movement as coming from an anonymous tip to Douglas Johnson, a lobbyist for the National Right to Life Committee; Jeffrey Toobin, The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 155.
250 “partial birth abortion”: Gloria Feldt, The War on Choice: The Right-Wing Attack on Women’s Rights and How to Fight Back (New York: Bantam Books, 2004), 174.
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