Ferrari, Mary, 59
Finkbine, Shari, 79
Fisher v. University of Texas, 285–87
Florida
Bush v. Gore, 256–58
Hoyt v. Florida, 36, 90, 91–93
Ford Foundation, 61, 63
Fordham University School of Law, New York, New York, 149
Forklift Systems, Harris v., 215–19, 220–22, 223–24
Fortas, Abe, 41
Fourteenth Amendment
and choice availability, 145
ERA vs., 35–36
and jury selection, 228–29, 230
legal scholars criticism of, 54
and substantive comparability, 239
Title IX, 247, 265
and women’s equality, 40–44, 88–89, 95, 104, 264
France, American jurists in, 176
Frankfurter, Felix, 21
Freedman, Ann, 39–40, 42
Freund, Paul, 53
Fried, Charles, 188
Frontiero, Sharron, 69–70
Frontiero v. Richardson, 69–77, 97, 142–43
F.S. Royster Guano v. Virginia, 43–44
FWOTSC (first woman on the Supreme Court), xi. See also O’Connor, Sandra Day
Gaines, Ebersole, 137
Gavin, Elizabeth “Beth,” 290–91
gay rights, 292
Gebser, Alida Star, 247
Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District, 246, 247
Geller, Steven, 8
George Washington Law School National Conference on Women and the Law, 154–55
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher legal secretary position offer to O’Connor, xiv, xix, 13–14
Gilbert, Fred, 106
Gilles, Stephen, 167–68
Gilligan, Carol, 202–3, 234
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 1, 67, 197, 271
and abortion issue, 60, 61, 80–81, 184–85, 204, 205, 209
and affirmative action, 170–71, 208–9, 286–87
awakening to women’s rights issues, 11, 25–29
and Clinton, 6, 206–7
and Constitution of the United States, 26–27, 28, 30–31
and criminals or poor people, 210
criticism of, 210–11
delegation to France, 176
and ERA, 26, 27, 35–36, 50–52, 53–55, 108
and Hoyt v. Florida, 91–92, 93
lobbying Congress for women’s rights, 30
and MacKinnon, 202, 203
and near-beer case in Oklahoma, 106–8
and O’Connor, 115, 222–24, 231–33, 270
on O’Connor’s cancer survivor speech, 178
and Reed v. Reed, 39–44
on sex discrimination, 56, 102, 241–43, 283, 301
supporters for seat on the bench, 84–85, 109–10, 112–13
on Voting Rights Act preclearance process, 288
whites-only country club membership, 138
See also ACLU Women’s Rights Project; Ginsburg on the Supreme Court; O’Connor and Ginsburg comparisons
Ginsburg, biographical information
childhood, 5–7
as clerk for Palmieri, 21
at Columbia Law School, 16, 21, 57, 66
at Cornell, 7, 9–11, 14
demeanor, 76, 95, 102–3, 113, 207, 282
at federal Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, 112–14, 207
at Harvard Law School, xix, 14, 15–17, 56–57
health issues, 253–54, 277, 297
as newly-graduated lawyer, 20–23
pregnancy prevents promotion, 14
pre-Supreme Court, xvii, xix, xx
at Rutgers Law School, 22–23, 25–30, 57
and Swedish feminist movement, 21–22, 26
as wife and mother, 14–15, 17–18, 22
Ginsburg’s cases before the Supreme Court
Craig v. Boren, 105–8, 142
Edwards v. Healy, 90
Frontiero v. Richardson, 69–77, 97, 142–43
Kahn v. Shevin, 85–87, 96–98, 99
Stanton v. Stanton, 105
United States v. Virginia, xi–xiii
See also Ginsburg on the Supreme Court; Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
Ginsburg’s strategy for equality feminism
overview, 30–31, 70–72, 107–8, 253, 300
applying Civil Rights Act to sexual harassment cases, 217–19
case selection, 59–60, 63–64
and Craig v. Boren, 106–7
difference feminism vs., 201–3
gains lost after Ginsburg goes to the bench, 139
and Kahn setback, 97
Kennedy vs., 252–53
O’Connor’s use of in Hogan v. Mississippi, 141–43
and United States v. Virginia opinion, 235, 241–43
See also sex discrimination in jury service; strict-scrutiny vs. rational basis standard of review
Ginsburg on the Supreme Court
overview, xv, 69, 220–22, 230, 273, 298–99
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, 292–95
clerks, 211–12, 213, 273
consideration for nomination, 200–207
dissents read out loud, 274–76, 279–82, 284–88, 292–95
Gonzales v. Carhart, 268–70, 274, 296
“happy face dissents,” 218–19
J.E.B. v. Alabama, 224, 225, 226–27
and Kennedy’s opinion for Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 193–94
Lilly Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber, 274–76
nomination and confirmation, 6–7, 91–92, 199, 207–11
office, 210
retirement suggestions, 278–79, 296–97
Shelby County v. Holder, 287–88, 289
summer travel and public speaking, 244–45
swearing-in ceremony, 213–14
United States v. Virginia, 240
Ginsburg, James (son), 22, 108
Ginsburg, Jane (daughter), 14, 15, 102, 108, 213
Ginsburg, Martin “Marty” (husband)
cancer and death of, 277
cancer diagnosis, 17–18
courtship and marriage, 14–15
and Harvard vs. Columbia for Ruth, 16
lobbying for Ginsburg’s appointments, 110–11, 112, 205, 278
as loving husband, 23, 278
and Moritz case, 32
teaching at Columbia, 109
Goesaert v. Cleary, 26
Goldberg, David, 212
Goldfarb, Califano v., 104, 106
Goldfarb, Leon, 104
Goldwater, Barry, xxii, 49, 123, 131, 181
Gonzales v. Carhart, 268–70, 274
Goodman, Janice, 39–40, 66
Goodyear Tire and Rubber, Lilly Ledbetter v., 274–76
Gore, Bush v., 255–59
Greco, Joan, 175
Greenburg, Jan Crawford, 267
Grimké, Sarah, 28, 75
Griswold, Erwin, 15–16, 62, 206
Gunther, Gerald, 20–21
Haft, Marilyn, 112
Hand, Learned, xix, 21
Hardy, Charles, 215–16
Harlan, John Marshall, 41, 273
Harlan, Malvina, 273
Harris, Barbara, 161
Harris, Teresa, 215–16
Harris v. Forklift Systems, 215–19, 220–22, 223–24
Harvard Law Review, 12, 37
Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, xix, 14, 15–17, 56–57
Harvard Law School dean and Ginsburg place in law school, xiv–xv, xix
Hatch, Orrin, 113
Hazeltine, Sherman, 120
health insurance and birth control case, 292–95
Healy, Edwards v., 90
Hess, Stephen, 200
Hibbs, Nevada v., 265, 282–83
Hibbs, William, 265
Higginbotham, Patrick, 110
Hirshman, Linda, xiii, xiv
Hishon, Elizabeth Anderson “Betsy,” 157
Hishon v. King & Spalding, 157, 158–60, 161
Hobby Lobby, Burwell v., 292–95
Hochschild, Arlie, 28
Hogan, Joe, 140, 146
Hogan v. Mississippi
overview, xii–xiii, 233
decision and opinions, 138–39, 141–46, 232, 237
outcome, 146
prosecution and defense, 140–41
Holder, Shelby County v., 287–88, 289
Holes, Harry, 137
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 273
Hopkins, Ann, 178–79
Hopkins, Price Waterhouse v., 178–80, 182–83, 285
House Un-American Activities Committee, 10, 11
Hoyt v. Florida, 36, 90, 91–93
“If” (Kipling), 8
Illinois, Bradwell v., 92, 269–70
immigration and parentage, 246–50
INS, Nguyen v., 263–64
Internal Revenue Code on men as caretakers, 32–33
Internet blog: Notorious R.B.G., 289–90, 292, 295, 299
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 265–66
James Madison High School, Brooklyn, New York, 6
J.E.B. v. Alabama, 224–28
Jewish lawyers and “The Year of Our Lord” on certificates of admission, 213
Johnson, Josh, 292
Johnson v. Santa Clara Transportation Authority, 170–72, 208–9
judiciary and politics, xvi, 53, 183
Junior League, 20
juries, defendant’s right to shape, 228–29, 230
jury service, 224. See also sex discrimination in jury service
Kagan, Elena, 278, 298–99
Kahn, Melvin, 85, 94
Kahn v. Shevin, 85–87, 96–98, 99
Keith, Judith, 233–34
Kelly, Mary F., 39–40, 156
Kennedy, Anthony, 197
appointment, 174
Bush v. Gore, 256
Ferguson v. Charleston, 262
Gonzales v. Carhart, 296
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 266
Nguyen v. INS, 263–64
Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 192–94, 250–51, 295
post-Bush v. Gore liberal votes, 260
and Scalia, 193
Stenberg v. Carhart, 250, 251, 253
as swing vote, 279
University of Texas Southwestern Hospital v. Nassar, 284
and women’s equality, 219–20, 252–53, 260–61, 262–65, 269–70
Kennedy, Cornelia, 151
Kennedy, Edward, 133
Kenyon, Dorothy, 38
King & Spalding, Atlanta, Georgia, 157–58
King & Spalding, Hishon v., 157, 158–60, 161
Kipling, Rudyard, 8
Kiser, Jackson, 237, 238
Klain, Ron, 208
Klein, Joel, 207–8
Knizhnik, Shana, 289–, 299
Kolbert, Kathryn, 191, 192
Kozinski, Alex, 215
Krauskopf, Joan, 54
Kurland, Philip, 52–53, 102
Lago Vista Independent School District, Gebser v., 246, 247
law firms and women
Ginsburg’s dead-end summer job at Paul, Weiss, 20
Hishon v. King & Spalding, 157, 158–60, 161
lawsuits for equal treatment, 156–57, 158–60, 161
O’Connor offered legal secretary position post-graduation, xiv, xix, 13–14
O’Connor’s rejections, 13
women presumed to be incompetent, 160–61
Lazy B (O’Connor and Day), 3–4
legal equality, 102
legal profession and ERA, 51–53
legal social change movements, xvi, xx–xxi. See also Ginsburg’s strategy for equality feminism; racial social movement
legal system in the United States, 36–37, 42
lesbianism, 64–65, 146
Levin, Joseph, 69–70, 71–73
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009), 276
Lilly Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber, 274–76
Lindh, Patricia, 126–27
Lippman, Mark, 176
London, England, legal conference, 129–30
Louisiana, 90, 92–93, 280–81
Lutzker, Shelly, 59
MacKinnon, Catharine, 163, 202, 203
MacKinnon, George, 163
Madison, Dolly, 40
Madison Lecture series at NYU, 203–5
Mandil, Daniel, 187
Mann, Jonathan, 295, 296
“Marriage Agreement, A” (Shulman), 27–28
Marriage of Figaro, The (Mozart), 293
Marshall, Thurgood, xvi, 42
Brown v. Board of Education, 40, 117–18, 140, 144–45, 273
case selection, 65
Mary Baldwin College solution to VMI, 238–39
McBridge, Andrew, 187
McCain, John, 181
McCarthy, Joseph, and McCarthyism, 9–10, 11
McFeathers, Ann, 131
McGregor, Ruth, 132–33, 136, 138–39
McKissick, Floyd, 38
Mellor, Mary-Audrey Weicker, 136
Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 164–68, 216
Michelman, Kate, 205
Miller, Charles, 246
Miller v. Albright, 246–47
Mill, John Stuart, 243
Mills, Cheryl, 205
Millstein, Ira, 110, 113
Mississippi University for Women (MUW, the W), 138, 139–40, 141. See also Hogan v. Mississippi
Missouri, 111, 150–52, 186–90, 227
Missouri Citizens for Life (MCL), 150, 186
mixed-motive cases, 284–85
Moberg, Eva, 21–22, 26, 27
Monaghan, Henry, 278
Monroe County Board of Education, Davis v., 247–48
Monsoor, Debra, 60
Moore, Frank, 112
Morgan, Charles, 158
Moritz, Charles, 32–33
Moritz v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 33–34, 39, 43, 55
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 200–201
Murray, Bob, 137
Murray, Pauli, 38, 65
Myrdal, Gunnar, 40
Nassar, University of Texas Southwestern Hospital v., 284–85
National Association of Law Women, 29
National Association of Women Judges, xxii, 208
National Conference on Women and the Law, George Washington Law School, 154–55
National Organization for Women (NOW), 63–66, 133–34
near-beer case in Oklahoma, 105–8
Nebraska, 250–51
Neier, Aryeh, 39, 57–58, 61, 63, 66, 108–9
Ness, Susan, 111
Nevada, 265
Nevada v. Hibbs, 265, 282–83
New England School of Law, Boston, Massachusetts, 149
Nguyen v. INS, 263–64
Nicastro, Robert, 281–82
Nixon, Richard, 42, 117, 121–22, 131
Notorious B.I.G., 289
Notorious R.B.G. Internet blog, 289–90, 292, 295, 299
Nussbaum, Bernard, 201, 206–7
Oberly, Kathryn, 180
O’Connor and Ginsburg comparisons
abortion issue, 60, 184–85, 209
affirmative action, 170–72, 208–9
constitutional interpretation, 209, 210
and ERA battle, 49–50
mentors, 8–11
pre-Supreme Court, xvii–xix
relationships with others, xxi–xxii
road to the Supreme Court, xv–xix
self-respect and regard for others, xx–xxii
speaking about Ellen Ash Peters, 231–32
on Supreme Court, xxii–xxiii
visions of the present world, 210
O’Connor and Ginsburg differentiation with T-shirts, xxii, 208
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 115, 197, 271
and abortion issue, 60, 131, 134, 150–54, 184, 251
on blessings of marriage, 46
and Burger, 128–31, 135, 168–69
and Bush, George H. W., 181, 182, 192
cancer diagnosis, 181
and cap on taxes issue, 123, 124
constitutional interpretation, 152–53, 189, 209, 210
criticism of, 196
delegation to France, 176
demeanor, xxiii
and different-voice theory, 203–4, 233, 300
and ERA, 47, 48–50
family first philosophy, xviii, 46, 131, 132, 147–48
and feminism, 118–19
and Ginsburg, 155, 178, 222–24, 231–33, 270, 298–301
and Goldwater, xxii, 123, 131, 181
at Mormon church service, 133
and Nixon, 46–47, 117, 119, 122
and Reagan, xiv, 123, 130, 131–32
and Rehnquist, 118–21
and social change, 172
on women in the law profession, 161–62
See also O’Connor and Ginsburg comparisons
O’Connor, biographical information
as Arizona Court of Appeals judge, 129
as Arizona State Senator, 23–24, 25, 45–50, 122–24, 134
as assistant attorney general, 23
cancer diagnosis, 176–78
childhood, xxiii, 3–5
as criminal trial judge, 124–25
legal secretary position offer, xiv, xix, 13–14
as newly-graduated lawyer, xiv, xix, 13–14, 18–19
photographic memory, 148
pre-Supreme Court, xv–xvi, xvii, xviii, xx
and Rathbun, 9, 258
at Stanford, 5, 7–9
at Stanford Law School, 12–14
on Supreme Court, xv, xxii, xxiii
as wife and mother, 20, 24–25
O’Connor on the Supreme Court
overview, 174–75, 183, 195–96, 219, 221, 222, 230–31, 298, 299, 300
abortion issue analysis, 150–54
and affirmative action, 119, 171–72, 208–9
all-female aerobics class, 147, 175, 244
appointment and confirmation hearings, xiv, 130–35
Bush v. Gore, 255–59
clerks, 174–75, 187, 222–23
on defendant’s right to shape juries, 228–29
Harris v. Forklift Systems, 217, 218
Hishon v. King & Spalding, 160
Hogan v. Mississippi, xii–xiii, 141–43, 145–46
Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education, 266
J.E.B. v. Alabama, 228–29
Johnson v. Santa Clara Transportation Authority, 171–72, 208
legacy, 266–68
Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 165–66, 167–68, 216
office disorder on arrival, 136
Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 192–96
post-Bush v. Gore support for women’s equality, 259–60
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 182–83, 285
public speaking and events, 147–49
road to, xv–xix, 127–30
Stenberg v. Carhart, 251
swearing-in ceremony, 135, 146–47
United States v. Virginia, xii, 241–42
O’Connor, John, III (husband), 13, 18–19, 46, 132–33, 137–38, 255, 267
Ogg, Mary Fran, 124–25
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