22. Spotlight, June 1989.
23. Daily Telegraph, July 10, 1992.
24. “David Irving,” Clipping Collection, Calgary Jewish Community Council, Alberta, Canada.
25. Toronto Star, April 20, 1988; Stephen Trombley, The Execution Protocol: Inside America’s Capital Punishment Industry (New York, 1992), p. 85.
26. Robert Faurisson, “Foreword,” The Leuchter Report: The End of a Myth: An Engineering Report on the Alleged Execution Gas Chambers at Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Majdenek, Poland (U.S.A., 1988), p. 1, (hereafter cited as Leuchter Report).
27. Robert Faurisson, “The Zundel Trials [1985 and 1988],” Journal of Historical Review (Winter 1988–89), p. 429.
28. Her Majesty the Queen vs. Ernst Zundel, District Court of Ontario 1988 (hereafter referred to as Zundel), p. 9037.
29. Fred Leuchter, “Inside the Auschwitz ‘Gas Chambers’,” a paper published by the Institute for Historical Review (reprinted from Journal of Historical Review, Summer 1989), p. 3.
30. Zundel, pp. 8984, 9223. Shelly Z. Shapiro, transcripts of conversation between Fred Leuchter and Shelly Z. Shapiro, February 2, 1990.
31. Leuchter Report, p. 4.
32. Fred Leuchter, “Inside the Auschwitz ‘Gas Chambers’,” p. 6.
33. Leuchter Report, p. 1.
34. Faurisson, “The Zundel Trials,” p. 429.
35. Zundel, p. 9075.
36. Ibid., pp. 8962, 8969, 8972, 8978.
37. Ibid., p. 8973.
38. See testimony of Raul Hilberg at the first Zundel trial. Her Majesty the Queen vs. Ernst Zundel, District Court of Ontario, 1985, p. 1112; Zundel, 1988, pp. 9010, 9011, 9013.
39. Zundel, p. 9048 (italics added).
40. Shelly Shapiro, “An Investigation,” in Truth Prevails: Demolishing Holocaust Denial: The End of “The Leuchter Report” ed. Shelly Shapiro (New York, 1990), p. 14; Arthur Goodman, “Leuchter: Exposed and Discredited by the Court,” in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 78.
41. Zundel, p. 9056.
42. Ibid., pp. 8984, 9017, 9061, 9097, 9125, 9154, 9210, 9223.
43. Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 56.
44. Zundel, pp. 8894–95.
45. Ibid., p. 8983.
46. Ibid., pp. 9052–53.
47. Ibid., pp. 9034, 9038.
48. Ibid., pp. 9049–50.
49. Ibid., pp. 8976, 9052.
50. Ibid., p. 8951; Statement by E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company, Oct. 2, 1990, cited in Shapiro, p. 28.
51. Zundel, p. 9009.
52. Leuchter Report, p. 10.
53. Zundel, pp. 9028, 9034.
54. Q. And that is all based on the assumption that the physical plan presently at that location in Poland is what was there in 1942, ‘43, ‘44 and ‘45? Is that right?
A. That is correct. Zundel, p. 9018.
55. Zundel, p. 9107. Under further cross-examination Leuchter backed down from some of the conclusions he had drawn in the report. Echoing Faurisson he originally argued that the chambers could not have functioned as execution sites because those whose job it was to throw the Zyklon-B down the roof vents and verify that the prisoners inside had died would themselves have died from exposure to the cyanide gas. Under cross-examination the Crown Counsel easily got Leuchter to agree to the fallacy of this conclusion:
Q. So this stuff you told us about people on the roof who dropped the gas down and how they would be committing suicide, it would take a matter of minutes before the gas got to them, wouldn’t it?
A. Unquestionably.
Q. So if they closed the vent and got off the roof, there would be nothing to concern them, would there?
A. If they got off the roof. But at some point they have to do an inspection to determine whether the parties are deceased.
Q. They send in the Sonderkommandos to do that, sir, and they don’t care what happens to them.
A. Right, all right.
Q. So if someone’s on the roof with a gas mask, you agree that they’ve got all kinds of time to get off the roof after they’ve closed the vent?
A. Perhaps.
Zundel, p. 9254.
56. Jean-Claude Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers (New York, 1989), p. 15 (hereafter cited as Technique).
57. Zundel, pp. 8991ff.
58. Jean-Claude Pressac, “The Deficiencies and Inconsistencies of ‘The Leuchter Report,’ ” in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 45.
59. Zundel, pp. 9245ff.
60. Zundel, pp. 9251–52.
61. There were a total of five crematoria in Auschwitz/Birkenau.
62. “Deficiencies,” p. 40.
63. Ibid., p. 41.
64. Ibid., p. 49.
65. Ibid., p. 46.
66. Jean-Claude Pressac, “Additional Notes: Leuchter’s Videotape: A Witness to Fraud,” in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 62.
67. Zundel, pp. 9044, 9063.
68. Memorandum from Ed Carnes, Alabama Assistant Attorney General, to all Capital Punishment States July 20, 1990 (hereafter cited as Carnes); Shapiro, Truth Prevails, pp. 17, 21; Newsweek, Oct. 22, 1990, p. 64; Swampscott Journal, Nov. 1, 1990.
69. Associated Press, Oct. 24, 1990.
70. Carnes, p. 2.
71. Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 22.
72. Leuchter Report, p. 7; Zundel, p. 9058.
73. Gary T. Dixon to Shelly Z. Shapiro, Sept. 24, 1990, reprinted in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 19.
74. Ibid., p. 20.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., p. 10.
77. Ibid., pp. 18–20. It was Missouri State Penitentiary Warden Bill Armontrout who, in response to Robert Faurisson’s request for an expert on executions, suggested that Leuchter be contacted. Bill Armontrout to Barbara Kulaszka, Jan. 13, 1988, Leuchter Report, app. 7.
78. New York Times, Oct. 13, 1990, pp. 1, 7; Trombley, The Execution Protocol, p. 157.
79. Susan Lehman, “Justice: A Matter of Engineering: Capital Punishment as a Technical Problem,” Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1990, p. 28.
80. Shapiro, Truth Prevails, pp. 14–15.
81. Lehman, “Justice: A Matter of Engineering,” p. 28.
82. Shelly Z. Shapiro to Daniel Kelley, Apr. 16, 1990; Fred A. Leuchter to Ernst Zundel, May 14, 1988, Leuchter Report, app. 6. See also Leuchter Report, p. 15.
83. Washington Post, June 18, 1991.
84. Consent Agreement, Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Fred A. Leuchter, Jr., June 11, 1991; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 13, 1991. Since the agreement Leuchter signed was with Massachusetts, its provisions applied only to that state.
85. Technique, p. 545.
86. Le Matin, Nov. 16, 1978; Le Monde, Dec. 29, 1978, Jan. 16, 1979; Technique, p. 546.
87. Technique, p. 546.
88. Ibid., p. 548.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.
91. “Natzweiler-Struthof,” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1039.
92. Serge Thion, Vérité Historique, quoted in Technique, p. 548.
93. Ibid.
94. Robert Faurisson, “Talking About Holocaust Revisionism on French Radio,” Revisionist Letters, vol. 1, no. 1 (Spring 1989), p. 11.
95. Ibid.
96. Phone conversation with Editorial Offices, Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1990.
97. Lehman, “Justice: A Matter of Engineering,” pp. 26ff.
98. Bradley R. Smith, “Commentary,” Visalia Times-Delta, Sept. 13, 1990.
99. Phone conversation with Editorial Offices, Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1990.
100. Phone interviews with Shelly Shapiro, Feb. 1990, Apr. 1990.
101. Charles R. Allen, Jr., “The Role of the Media in the Leuchter Matter: Hyping a Holocaust Denier,” in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, pp. 112–13.
102. Village Voice, May 22, 30, 1990; Allen, “The Role of the Media,” in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, pp. 118–19.
103. New York Times, Oct. 13, 1990, pp. 1, 7.
104. Allen, “The Role of the Media,” p. 121; New York Times, Oct. 18, 1990, reprinte
d in International Herald Tribune, Oct. 19, 1990.
105. Searchlight, Aug. 1989.
106. David Irving, “Foreword,” Auschwitz the End of the Line: The Leuchter Report (London, 1989), p. 6.
107. Times (London), May 11, 1992.
108. Irving, “Foreword,” Auschwitz the End of the Line, p. 6.
109. Early Day Motion no. 99, “David Irving and Holocaust Denial,” House of Commons, June 20, 1989, Session 1988–1989.
110. Times (London), May 14, 1990.
111. Independent, July 11, 1992.
112. Trombley, The Execution Protocol, pp. 23–43.
113. Ibid., pp. 87–94; New York Times Book Review, Nov. 22, 1992, p. 33.
114. New York Review of Books, June 15, 1989.
Chapter 10. The Battle for the Campus
1. Cited in Nat Hentoff, “An Ad that Offends: Who’s On First?” Progressive, May 12, 1992, p. 12.
2. Smith was featured on a variety of national television shows and in major newspapers, including the New York Times, Dec. 23, 1991.
3. Louisiana State Daily Reveille, Apr. 7, 1992.
4. Holocaust Revisionism: Reinventing the Big Lie (ADL Research Report), p. 9.
5. ADL memorandum, Feb. 26, 1987.
6. IHR Newsletter, Jan., Mar., and Sept. 1987; Jan. and Nov. 1988; Feb. 1989.
7. Undated letter, Bradley Smith to Friends, 5 pp (1988?).
8. Prima Facie (Feb. 1985), p. 1.
9. Spearhead (Mar. 1985), p. 20.
10. Christian News, Apr. 25, 1987.
11. Spotlight, Apr. 11, 1988.
12. Christian News, Sept. 14, 1987.
13. University of Nebraska Sower, Nov. 17, 1989, p. 10.
14. Centre Daily Times (State College, Pa.) Apr. 1, 1989.
15. Bradley Smith to Kathy Lachenauer, editor in chief, Stanford Daily, June 16, 1989.
16. Bradley Smith to Rabbi Ari Cartun, June 19, 1989.
17. Laird Wilcox, “The Spectre Haunting Holocaust Revisionism,” Revisionist Letters (Spring 1989), p. 10.
18. Ibid.
19. Visalia Times-Delta, Sept. 13, 1990; Daily Illini, June 16, 1992.
20. New York Times, Dec. 23, 1991.
21. Bradley R. Smith, “The Holocaust Story: How Much is False? The Case for Open Debate,” Daily Northwestern, Apr. 4, 1991.
22. New York Times, Nov. 12, 1989.
23. Arno Mayer (Princeton University), Yehuda Bauer (Hebrew University), Marvin Hier (Simon Wiesenthal Center), Raul Hilberg (University of Vermont), and myself (Emory University).
24. Smith, “The Holocaust Story.”
25. The first paper to run the lengthy ad was the Daily Northwestern, April 4, 1991.
26. Michigan Daily, Oct. 24, 1991.
27. Detroit Free Press, Oct. 25, 1991.
28. Michigan Daily, Oct. 25, 1991.
29. Detroit Free Press, Oct. 25, 1991.
30. Michigan Daily, Oct. 28, 1992.
31. In recent years a series of First Amendment controversies have captured the attention of the American public. The most highly publicized was the debate over the funding by the National Endowment for the Arts of an exhibit of Robert Mapplethorpe photography. Edward de Grazia, Girls Lean Back Everywhere: The Laws of Obscenity and the Assault on Genius (New York, 1992); Natalie Robins, Alien Ink: The FBI’s War on Freedom of Expression (New York, 1992); Rodney A. Smolla, Free Speech in an Open Society (New York, 1992).
32. New York Times, Jan. 15, 1992.
33. Kathleen M. Sullivan, “The First Amendment Wars,” New Republic, Sept. 28, 1991, p. 39.
34. Duke Chronicle, Nov. 5, 1991.
35. Ibid., Nov. 7, 1991.
36. Cornell Daily Sun, Nov. 18, 1991; Associated Press newswire, Nov. 19, 1991.
37. Rutgers Daily Targum, Nov. 26, 1991, p. 6.
38. Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 27, 1991.
39. Havre, Mont., Daily News, Apr. 29, 1992. One of the defenders of the Kaimin’s publication of the ad was the programming adviser of the university’s student organization. He had also been instrumental in arranging for a visit by David Duke to the Missoula campus. He argued that ads such as Smith’s and visits such as Duke’s challenge “people to not react emotionally and react rationally.” Montana Kaimin, May 5, 1992.
40. Atlanta Constitution, Mar. 23, 1992.
41. Student Life, Feb. 18, 1992.
42. St. Louis Post Dispatch, Feb. 23, 1992.
43. University of Washington Daily, Apr. 27, 1992.
44. Columbus Dispatch, Jan. 22, 1992.
45. Ohio Jewish Chronicle, Jan. 30, 1992, p. 1.
46. Ibid., Jan. 30, 1992.
47. Columbus Dispatch, Jan. 22, 1992.
48. Ohio State Lantern, Jan. 24, 1992, p. 8.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid. Tufts’s dean of students also strongly dissented from the idea that Smith was protected by the First Amendment: “Individuals have a right to their own ideas but not to be published on another individual’s or group’s printing press.” Tufts Daily, Apr. 8, 1992.
51. University of Tennessee Daily Beacon, Apr. 27, 1992.
52. Penn State Daily Collegian, Mar. 31, 1989.
53. Harvard Crimson, Dec. 10, 1991, p. 2.
54. University of Chicago Maroon, Feb. 28, 1992.
55. Cornell Daily Sun, Nov. 20, 1991.
56. Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 27, 1991.
57. Mark Livingston to Sam Cramer, Nov. 6, 1991.
58. Michigan Daily, Oct. 28, 1991.
59. Student Life, Feb. 21, 1992.
60. Ibid., Feb. 25, 1992.
61. Daily Tar Heel, cited in Atlanta Constitution, Nov. 28, 1991, p. HI.
62. Ibid.
63. Duke Chronicle, Nov. 5, 1991, p. 9, and Nov. 7, 1991, pp. 1, 3.
64. Resolution adopted by the Duke University History Department, Nov. 8, 1991, and reprinted in Duke Chronicle, Nov. 13, 1991.
65. Rutgers Daily Targum, Nov. 6, 1991, pp. 1, 6 (italics added).
66. Cornell Daily Sun, Nov. 18, 1991 (italics added).
67. University of Washington Daily, Apr. 27, 1992 (italics added).
68. Ibid., Mar. 4, 1992.
69. Ibid., Apr. 27, 1992.
70. Ibid., Oct. 18 and 28, 1991.
71. Michigan Daily, Nov. 11, 1991.
72. Havre, Mont., Daily News, Apr. 29, 1992.
73. St. Louis Post Dispatch, Feb. 22, 1992.
74. Ohio State Lantern, Jan. 24, 1992.
75. Student Life, Feb. 18, 1992.
76. Ibid.
77. Duke Chronicle, Nov. 5, 1991, p. 9.
78. Livingston to Cramer, Nov. 6, 1991.
79. Duke Chronicle, Nov. 7, 1991, p. 3.
80. Ibid., Nov. 5, 1991, p. 9, and Nov. 7, 1991, pp. 1, 3 (italics added).
81. Ibid., Nov. 21, 1991, p. 3.
82. Ibid., Nov. 13, 1991, p. 7 (Italics added).
83. Harvard Crimson, Dec. 10, 1991, p. 2.
84. Ibid.
85. Boston Jewish Advocate, Mar. 6, 1992.
86. Brown Daily Herald, Dec. 11, 1991.
87. University of California at Santa Barbara Daily Nexus, Apr. 29, 1992.
88. Dartmouth Review, Nov. 6, 1991, p. 9.
89. University of Chicago Maroon, Feb. 28, 1992.
90. Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 27, 1991.
91. Jewish Voice (Dec. 1991).
92. Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 27, 1991.
93. Washington Post, Dec. 21, 1991.
94. Smith, “Falsus in Uno, Falsus in Omnibus . . . The ‘Human Soap’ Holocaust Myth,” addendum to Smith, undated letter sent to campus papers.
95. New York Times, Jan. 15, 1992.
96. Rutgers Daily Targum, Dec. 3, 1991, p. 10.
97. Michigan Daily, Dec. 3, 1991, p. 3.
98. Rutgers Daily Targum, Dec. 3, 1991, p. 10.
99. New York Times, Dec. 30, 1991.
100. Ibid., Jan. 15, 1992.
101. Rutgers Daily Targum, Dec. 3, 1991, pp. 10–11.
103. Tufts Daily, April 21, 1992.
104. Ibid.
105. Smith, undated letter sent to campus papers with text of second ad.
106. Smith, “Falsus in Uno, Falsus in Omnibus.”
107. Ohio State Lantern, Apr. 29, 1992.
108. Michigan Daily, Nov. 26, 1991.
109. Houston Chronicle, Dec. 11, 1991.
110. Meeting with members of Daily Texan editorial board, Apr. 28, 1992.
111. Houston Chronicle, Apr. 24, 1992, pp. 25A, 31A; Daily Texan, Apr. 24, 1992, p. 5.
112. Bay City, Tex., Daily Trubune, Apr. 30, 1992.
113. “Journal of Historical Review,” OAH Newsletter (July 1980), pp. 14–15; Dawidowicz, “Lies About the Holocaust,” p. 37.
114. Carl N. Degler, “Bad History,” Commentary, June 1981, p. 17.
115. Ibid.
116. Chronicle of Higher Education, Dec. 11, 1991.
117. Duke Chronicle, Apr. 27, 1992.
118. Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 8, 1992.
119. Ibid., Dec. 11, 1991.
120. OAH Newsletter (Nov. 1991); Chronicle of Higher Education, Dec. 11, 1991, pp. 9–10.
121. Chronicle of Higher Education, Dec. 11, 1991, p. 10.
122. Other signatories included Dan Carter, Cullom Davis, Sara Evans, Linda Gordon, Lawrence Levine, and Mary Ryan. OAH Newsletter (Feb. 1992), p. 5.
123. Ibid.
124. Daily Northwestern, Mar. 5, 1991, p. 6.
125. OAH Newsletter (Feb. 1992), p. 4. Conversation with Joyce Appleby, December 1992.
126. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 23, 1991.
127. Ohio State Lantern, Jan. 24, 1992, p. 8.
128. Carlos C. Huerta, “Revisionism, Free Speech and the Campus,” Midstream, Apr. 1992, p. 10.
Chapter 11. Watching on the Rhine
1. Hellmut Diwald, Geschichte der Deutschen (Frankfurt, 1978), pp. 15–16.
2. New Statesman, Sept. 21, 1979.
3. Geoffrey Hartman, ed., Bitburg in Moral and Political Perspective (Bloomington, Ind., 1986); Ilya Levkov, ed., Bitburg and Beyond: Encounters in American, German, and Jewish History (New York, 1987); Deborah E. Lipstadt, “The Bitburg Controversy,” in David Singer, ed., American Jewish Year Book, 1987, (New York, 1987), pp. 21–38.
4. Die Welt, Jan. 19, 1987; Frankfurter Rundschau, Jan. 14, 1987, cited in Richard Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow (New York, 1989), p. 19. See Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow, p. 147, n. 46, for additional references to Strauss’s remarks on this topic.
5. Andreas Hillgruber, Zweierlei Untergang: Die Zerschlagung des deutschen Reiches und das Ende des europäischen Judentums (Berlin, 1986). For an evaluation of Hillgruber’s contribution to the field see Holger Herwig, “Andreas Hillgruber, Historian of ‘Grossmachtpolitik,’ 1871–1945,” Central European History, vol. 15 (1982), pp. 186–98.
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