The Romanovs
Page 92
4
Wortman 38–9. Anisimov 40–2. Hugh Barnes, Gannibal: the Moor of Petersburg (Gannibal) 173.
5
Bergholtz 1725 102. Hatred, neglect, greed: Grigorii Esipov, Zhizneopisanie A. D. Menshikova, RA (1875) 7–12 (‘Esipov’) 247. Parties: Bergholz 1725 90–4. Soloviev 10.70–5. Menshikov: Christof Herman von Manstein, Contemporary Memoirs of Russia from 1727 to 1744 (henceforth Manstein) 1–3. Anisimov 39–51. Catherine I’s drinking rules: Mrs William Vigor (Mrs Rondeau), Letters from a Lady Who Resided Some Years in Russia, to her Friend in England (henceforth Vigor). Zimin, Negroes 410–18. Hughes, Russia 397, 548; marriage of Holstein 414; Menshikov manager 432.
6
Anna, Courland: Anna to Menshikov, PRG 4.141–2. Curtiss 48–52.
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Manstein 4–5. Soloviev 10.70–5. LeDonne 122–4. Philip Longworth, The Three Empresses (henceforth Longworth, Empresses) 68–72; death 75. Anisimov 51–3.
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Vigor 26. Peter II, Menshikov: Manstein 24, 7. Menshikov to Peter II: RGADA 11.63.3v. Anisimov 72–3. Curtiss 51–4. Elizaveta: Liria, Pisma o Rossii 2.32–4, 115.
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RGADA 11.63.3v. Manstein 4–11. Esipov, 247. Example of ingratitude – Prokopovich to Tsarevna Anna Petrovna: Aleksandr Golombievsky, Sotrudniki Petra Velikogo 114. Fall of Goliath, Igor Pashkov, quoted Soloviev 10.119–21. Liria, Pisma o Rossii 2.34, 115.
10
Soloviev 10.141. Liria, Pisma o Rossii 2.30–36. Manstein 12–15. Anisimov 55–7.
11
Liria, Pisma o Rossii 2.181. Manstein 22. Vigor 23–5; Blessing of Waters 29; death and smallpox 30–1; Ekaterina Dolgorukaya 34–5. Anisimov 55–60.
12
Manstein 24–37; on Biron 41–8; candidates for throne: D. A. Korsakov, Votsarenie Imperatritsy Anny Ioannovny 2–5, 67–70, 146–245, 265–75. M. T. Florinsky, Russia: A History and an Interpretation 1.440–2. Marc Raeff (ed.), Plans for Political Reform in Imperial Russia 1730–1905, 40–53. Anisimov 55–61.
13
Coronation of Anna: Opisanie koronatsii ee velichestva i samoderzhitsy vserossiiskoi Anny Ioannovny 9–10.
14
RA (1916) 3.257, Shakhovsky to Biron on horse; RA (1916) 4.381, Biron to Shakhovsky; giants 388. Biron killing of man: Osmnadtsatyi vek (1869) 3.158 – letter 25 July 1725. Vigor 149–53; Osterman (Oracle nickname) 154–7; Cherkassky 158–61. talks to men like horses: Manstein 41–5. Osterman: Manstein 45; filth 333–6; character of Münnich 54–6 and 331–2. Münnich: Vigor 118–21. Osterman: LeDonne, Families 298. Comte Ernest de Münnich, Mémoires sur la Russie de Pierre le Grand à Elizabeth I, 1720–1742 (henceforth Münnich) 125–7; jesters 126; Anna good nature 124; Anna mood and Biron 126–7. Succession: Anisimov 61, 75–84; on Biron 74–5. Anna Leopoldovna, Anton of Brunswick Brevern, Biron, Obstoiatelstva, prigotovivshie opalu Ernsta–Ioanna Birona, gertsoga Kurlyandskogo, Vremya (1861) 10.522–622.
15
RGADA 197.1.9.35.1, Anna to S. A. Saltykov, 20 February 1733 on tomfoolery, sent Miliutin, Golitsyn and Balakirev’s wife – ‘Golitsyn’s the best’. RGADA Gosarkhiv 5.21, Anna to Saltykov, send bandura player; 89a investigate store room of Prince Odoevsky; 91 send girls; 25 wedding matchmaking; 28 send talkative girl. RGADA Gosarkhiv 18.19, send someone to replace Tatiana. RGADA Gosarkhiv 12.12a. Kniga zapisnaia imennym pismam i ukazam imperatrits Anny Ioannovny i Elizavety Petrovny Semyonu Andreevichu Saltykovu 1732–1742 (henceforth Kniga zapisnaia): on taking gold off Alexei Dolgoruky, 24 January 1732, 2; take portrait from Apraxin, 25 January 1732, 3; get Volkov’s letters, 22 June 1732, 35; send monkeys, 20 May 1735; send tall Turks, 10 August 1738; send false letter to Apraxina and observe how she opens it, 4 January 1739, 222; send the starling, 1 March 1739, 224. Osmnadtsatyi vek (1869) 3, Anna to Deputy Governor Pashskov, June 1730, on bishop talk; Anna to Osterman on Turkish war 155; describe the child as monster. Cabinet of three with ability to issue imperial orders: LeDonne 82–4. Vigor 70–2. Oginski ‘shared bed’: Manstein 253–7; dwarves 258–60; succession 51. Zimin, Negroes 410–18. Osterman–LeDonne, Families 298. Security, dwarfs: Anisimov 86–100; triumvirate 100–8. Secret police: LeDonne 122–4.
16
E. V. Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth (henceforth Anisimov, Elizabeth) 9–22. Vigor 106–7. Elizaveta appeals to Empress Anna AKV (1870) 1.4–5, Elizaveta to Anna, 16 November 1736. Succession: Manstein 51. Heiress: Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg and fiancé Ernst Biron, Obstoiatelstva 10.
17
Osmnadtsatyi vek (1869) 155, Empress Anna to Osterman complaining of conduct of generals. Manstein 67–88; 1735–6 Turkish war 91–134; Münnich feuds 134; 1737 campaign 148. Münnich 73–97. Anisimov 108–111. Guards at Christmas at Elizaveta: Liria, Pisma o Rossii 118–19. Mavra Shepeleva’s descriptions of handsome men: ChOIDR (1864) 2:66–72, Pisma k gosydaryne tsesarevne Elizavete Petrovne Mavry Shepelevoi. Cases against Elizaveta: RA (1865) 1.328–30. SIRIO 92.231–2 marquis de la Chétardie. Anisimov, Elizabeth 9–22. Vigor 106–7. Manstein 50–1.
18
Empress Anna to Osterman about d’Aderkass correspondence with Lynar: Osmnadtsatyi vek (1869) 3.156. Anna Leopoldovna: Vigor 106–8. D’Aderkass/Lynar: Manstein 89. Biron, Obstoiatelstva 10. Curtiss 95.
19
Anna Leopoldovna wedding Vigor 185–207. Manstein 253–4. Münnich 98. Biron on stupidity of Anton: SIRIO 6.100. Anna to Biron: Biron, Obstoiatelstva 100
20
Dolgorukys: Anisimov 117–21; Münnich vanity and unpopularity 100–4. Volynsky: Manstein 267; Dolgoruky case 40; election of Biron 196–7; Münnich’s luck and peace 225–47; fear of war with Sweden/treaty between Sweden and Turkey and kidnapping/murder of Sinclair 249–50. Anna’s expulsion of Libman/Sanchez: Curtiss 85–7. Biron, Obstoiatelstva 10
21
Ice wedding: Anisimov 120–4. Manstein 260–2. Curtiss 258–68.
22
Fall of Volynsky: Manstein 266–7. Münnich 111–14. Anisimov 1215.
23
Manstein 269–71. Münnich 114–22. Anisimov, Elizabeth 1–5.
24
Manstein 275–91. Münnich 132–43; 154–6. Biron on Anton’s conspiracy: SIRIO 6.100. Anisimov 146.
25
Doneseniia Ed. Fincha lordu Garringtonu, in SIRIO 85.243–6 (henceforth Finch). RGADA 5.1.69.2, Anna Leopoldovna to Lynar, 13 October 1741. RGADA 5.1.69.3, Anna Leopoldovna to Lynar, 17 October 1741. Münnich 139–40. Julia von Mengden and regent Anna: Manstein 295–7. SIRIO 96.629–30 Chétardie. Biron comments SIRIO 6.100 Petzold. Osterman: Münnich 154–6. Fall of Münnich: Manstein 282– 8; rivalries of ministers 297; Anton best heart 328. Anna Leopoldovna as regent: Anisimov 147–53; plan to crown Anna Leopoldovna, 153. Manstein 327–8.
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RGADA 5.1.69.2, Anna Leopoldovna to Lynar, 13 October 1741. RGADA 5.1.69.3, Anna Leopoldovna to Lynar, 17 October 1741. Manstein 324–5; Swedish war 298– 314; regent to be empress 315; plot and Anna confronts Elizaveta 317–19.
SCENE 3: RUSSIAN VENUS
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Finch SIRIO 85.243–6. Chétardie SIRIO 92.231–2. Meetings on dark nights, Princess Joanna in SIRIO 92.231–3. Elizaveta and Anna Leopoldovna: SIRIO 96.627–30. Coup: Anisimov 171–9. Guards support: Anisimov, Elizabeth 21–8. Persecution of Anna Leopoldovna: Anisimov, Elizabeth 143–70 and Anisimov 156–70. Elizaveta orders to M. Korf on Brunswicks, threats: M. A. Korf, Braunshveigskoe semeistvo 108–200 and 380–3. Most trusted old friend always/trust you like myself: AKV (1870) 1.6–8, Elizaveta to M. Vorontsov, 3 and 21 January 1739.
2
Pisma i zapiski imperatritsy Elizavety Petrovny, 1741–1761 1–3, Elizaveta to Peter, 10 January 1742. Coronation Tokmakov 86–7. AKV (1870) 1.8, Elizaveta to Vorontsov, 30 January 1739. Foreign policy SIRIO 52.100. Orders Bestuzhev to examine letters of Princess Joanna AKV (1870) 1.10, Elizaveta to M. Vorontsov, 20 June 1745. Frederick the Great – Tim Blanning, Frederick the Great: King of Prussia (henceforth ‘Blanning’) 90, Orgasm/homoerotica 64–69, Russian policy 189–207; despises
female power and Elizaveta 191. Vorontsov, good manners: F. A. Vychkov (ed.), Zapiski Favie, Istoricheskii vestnik (1887) 29.389 (henceforth Favier). Vorontsov: Manstein 342. Anisimov, Elizabeth: Vorontsov ‘poor man’, eclipse and return: 211–17. Gannibal 219. Fall of Osterman: Manstein 330; Lestocq character 318–19. Bestuzhev: Mark Cruse and Hilde Hoogenboom (eds.), Catherine II, The Memoirs of Catherine the Great (henceforth Catherine) 8; Lestocq enforcer 16, black heart 8. Vorontsovs and Shuvalovs: LeDonne, Families 299–301; Nikita Trubetskoi as minister at home 298–300 and LeDonne 90–1. Coronation: Manstein 337. Wortman 44. Prussian/French plots: Anisimov, Elizabeth 93–109. Fall of Chétardie: AKV (1871) 2.4–6, Bestuzhev to Vorontsov, 6 June 1744. Dog kennel poverty: AKV (1871) 2.12, Bestuzhev to Vorontsov, 2 August 1744; 33–7 Bestuzhev to Vorontsov, 18 August 1744.
3
Lopukhina case: Anisimov, Elizabeth 152–4. Manstein 401–2.
4
Brunswicks: Anisimov, Elizabeth 160–70.
5
Princess Joanna intrigues: RA (1904) 2.465. AKV (1870) 1. Elizaveta to Vorontsov, perlustration of Joanna or Catherine, 20 June 1745. John T. Alexander, Catherine the Great: Life and Legend (henceforth Alexander) 23–43. Catherine’s life up to the coup is based on Catherine. Anisimov, Elizabeth, 230–45, Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (henceforth Madariaga, Russia) 1–30, Simon Dixon, Catherine the Great (henceforth Dixon) and Alexander 17–60. Aim to please: Catherine xlv; arrival, education, empress 8–17; popularity 26; mother intrigues 30–1; Peter smallpox 23; wedding 32; Bestuzhev 64–5. Blanning 187–200.
6
Brunswicks: Catherine 81, 87. Anisimov, Elizabeth 155–6, 160–70. Peephole incident: Catherine 35–9; Elizaveta irritated 198.
7
AKV (1870) 1.10, Elizaveta to Bestuzhev, 20 June 1745. Foreign policy SIRIO 52.100. Rise of Razumovsky, good nature: A. A. Vasilchikov, Semeistvo Razumovskikh 1.45–50. Petzold in SIRIO 6.616. Bestuzhev and Vorontsov use Razumovsky to petition empress: AKV (1871) 2.170, Bestuzhev to Vorontsov, 21 December 1752. Anisimov, Elizabeth 200–4. Empress beauty: Liria, Pisma o Rossii 34, 115. Catherine 93.Vanity: Favier 189–90, 385–95. 15,000 dresses: Jacob von Stäehlin, Zapiski o Petre Tretiem, ChOIDR (1866) 4.100. Loss of 4,000 dresses: Catherine 123. Elizaveta orders to French shops: RA (1778) 16.1.10–15. Expensive life: M. Vorontsov to Elizaveta, AKV (1871) 2.617. Vorontsov poverty: Anisimov, Elizabeth 216–7. Catherine debts: Catherine 16. Ball description: Maurice de la Messelière, RA (1874) 12.970–2. Nocturnal habits: Pauzie jewellery RS (1870) 1.76. Catherine 202. Morals: Catherine 96–7; cuckoldry bet 189; shortage of furniture 104; fires 123. Anisimov, Elizabeth 167–81. Collapse of Razumovsky house: Catherine 58–9. Dixon 65–90. Religion: Anisimov, Elizabeth 53. Soloviev 42.106–7.
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Catherine/Peter Catherine 39; Elizaveta calls Peter monster, irritating 198; Peter as husband 35–43, 199; Chernyshevs 43; drill for Peter 47; Chernyshevs arrested 49; hounds in bedroom 53–4 and 70; Choglokova 40–7; Peter’s Baturin plot 76; rat hanged 121; Madame Resource 146; wild riding 91; nephew monster: Elizaveta mocks Peter 126.
9
Serfs and masters under Elizaveta: LeDonne 84–91; serfs exiled for insolence 1760, repealed 1802: 212–14. Elizaveta and Jews: AKV (1871) 2.138, Bestuzhev to Vorontsov, 21 December 1745.
10
Elizaveta ageing: Favier 189–90, 385–95; rise of Shuvalovs, Ivan Shuvalov more power than minister 392; Peter Shuvalov like the Mogul 394. Ivan Shuvalov, nice looks, book, his chance: Catherine 75; Beketov challenge by Razumovsky 95. Anisimov, 216–8. J. T. Alexander, ‘Ivan Shuvalov and Russian Court Politics 1749–63,’ in A. G. Cross and G. S. Smith, Literature, Lives and Legality in Catherine’s Russia (‘Alexander Shuvalov’) 1–13. Longworth, Empresses 207–8. Ivan Shuvalov, goodness personified, and Catherine the Great old friends: Varvara Golovin, Memoirs of Countess Varvara Golovin 44. Alexander Shuvalov terror, grimace and twitch: Catherine 130–1.
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Catherine 72; worth the knout 174; Peter’s mistresses, letters 81–3, 153; Catherine could have loved 199; Naryshkin 103; Chernyshev 105; Saltykov 109–12; sex talk 112–14; Saltykov or Naryshkin 117; Bestuzhev encourages 115; pregnant with Paul, Shuvalov 130–1; birth of Paul 133; temptation 200.
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Catherine 147–50; Bestuzhev vs Shuvalov/Vorontsov 151–2; Bestuzhev’s plan 191; Peter, mistress 153; Bestuzhev discredited 159; Peter hates Russia 165; damned nephew 198. This account of Seven Years War is based on Blanning, Frederick the Great 208–281; opium 234; Kunersdorf 239; unity of command 266. Faint of Elizaveta, Bestuzhev alarmed: AKV (1871) 2.211, Bestuzhev to Vorontsov, 9 September 1757. Apraxin retreat AKV 1.368–9, Vorontsov to Bestuzhev, 12 September and 14 October 1757. Anisimov, Elizabeth 113–43; Ivan Shuvalov 220–1. War run by Ivan Shuvalov: Soloviev 42.56. Shuvalov: Alexander, 7–13. Earl of Ilchester and Mrs Langford Brook (eds.), Correspondence of Catherine the Great when Grand Duchess with Sir Charles Hanbury-Williams and Letters from Count Poniatowski 59–90, 165–70, 235–45. Ivan VI: Anisimov, Elizabeth 261–2. Alexander Brickner, Imperator Ioann Antonovich i ego rodstvenniki 520–34.
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Fall of Bestuzhev, Vorontsov chancellor: Favier 389. Anisimov, Elizabeth 215–17, 242–6. Catherine in peril: Catherine 173; Catherine wins friends 179; Elizaveta faints 181; how does wife get pregnant? 182–3; Bestuzhev arrest 189; accommodating nature and looks 200; showdown with empress 202–11. AKV (1870) 1.6–8, Elizaveta to M. Vorontsov, 3 and 21 January 1739. AKV (1871) 2.211, Bestuzhev to Vorontsov, 9 September 1757.
14
Soloviev 42.21. Peter and Russia: Catherine 165.
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Blanning 236–281. Anisimov, Elizabeth 113–43; endgame 246–8. Letter to Buturlin: Longworth 227. Prussians never beat Russians says Peter: Soloviev 42.21. Catherine 165; decline of Elizaveta, the plotters, pregnant, Dashkova 45–50, 74–107. Elizaveta: Favier 189–90, 385–95. Ivan Shuvalov power vanishing: RA (1870) 7.1396, Ivan Shuvalov to M. Vorontsov, 29 November 1761. Swollen, ailing, boils: Anisimov 235–7. Purge of Trubetskoi: LeDonne 21, 86, 90.
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Soloviev 42.1–12; Ivan Shuvalov to Panin on succession 42.77; Dashkova’s offer of coup 42.82. Catherine the Great (CtG), Memoirs (1955), ‘Last Thoughts of HIM Elisabeth Petrovna’ 329–38 death of Elizaveta. Anisimov, Elizabeth 245–8. Longworth, Empresses 228–9.
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Peter III letters to/from Frederick: RA (1898) 1, December 1760–March 1762 (hero, 15 March, Peter to Frederick) 7. Soloviev 42.1–12 and 22–8. PSZ 15.11.445, 21 February 1762; PSZ 15.11.444, 18 February 1762; PSZ 15.11.481, 21 March 1762; PSZ 15.11.538, 18 May 1762. Blanning 253–7 – Frederick quotation ‘one woman dies. . . sports of fortune.’ The reign: Soloviev 42.79–87; Gudovich as hetman, Peter warns Dashkova 42.78–82; janissaries/Guards disbanded 42.60–8; behaviour 42.64–8; Breteuil quoted at 42.75. Anisimov, Elizabeth 211. Orlovs call him ugly freak, Alexei Orlov letters from Ropsha: Dixon 124–5.
18
Goltz, Schwerin letters to Frederick, Frederick’s warnings to Peter III: RA (1898) 1.7–16, Peter III to Frederick II, 15 May 1762, I walk the streets. Soloviev 42.28–32, 60–70. Blanning 254–6. Secret police and Ivan VI: Soloviev 42.73–4. Ruud, 11. Shuvalov offers: Soloviev 42.59–61. Cadet corps: Andrei Chernyshev laughs at Ivan Shuvalov, Pisma Shuvalovu, RA 11 (1869) 1844. Shuvalov: Anisimov, Elizabeth 222. Vorontsov to Peter III: Soloviev 42.55–63.
19
Peter’s threat 9 June: Soloviev 42.76–8. Gannibal 1, 228. Elizabeth 230–45. Madariaga, Russia 1–30. Alexander 17–60.
20
This account of Catherine’s rise and reign is based on original research published in full in Simon Sebag Montefiore, Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin (also published as Catherine the Great and Potemkin) (henceforth ‘Montefiore’) as well as biographies of Catherine by J. T. Alexander, Isabel de Madariaga and Simon Dixon; but references for key letters are given. Alexander 1–16. Madariaga, Russia 21–37. E.R. Dashk
ova, Memoirs of Princess Dashkova 45–6; 74–80. Montefiore 39–47. Catherine to Stanislas Poniatowski 2 August 1762; A. N. Pypin (ed.) Catherine the Great, Sochineniya imperatritsy Ekaterina II 12.547. Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski, Mémoires, secrets et inédits, 1.377. RA (1898) 1.14–15.
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Sochineniia imperatritsy Ekaterina II (henceforth Sochineniia) 12.547. SIRIO (1873) 12.2–4, Robert Keith to Mr Grenville, 1 July/12 July 1762. Madariaga, Russia 21–37. Alexander 5–16. Montefiore, 40–4. Dashkova 74–80. Cheering Catherine: RA (1867) 4.482–6, Horse Guards in June 1762. Potemkin horse: Reginald Pole–Carew, Russian anecdotes in the Antony Archive, CO/R/3/92, unpublished. Peter III begs: RA (1911) 5:22–3, Peter III to Catherine II, 29 and 30 June 1762. Montefiore 44–5.
22
Dixon 122–139. Montefiore 48–62. SIRIO 7.108–20. SIRIO 42.475, 480. Anisimov, Elizabeth 245.
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SIRIO 7.120–50, 1.216, 42.470–5. Soloviev 42.103–7, including Frederick the Great to comte de Ségur. Jews Soloviev 42.106. Orlov marriage? Dixon 124–5. ‘Our ugly freak’ and Alexei Orlov letters on murder of Peter: O. A. Ivanov, Zagadka pisem Alexeia Orlova iz Ropshi,Moskovskii zhurnal (1995) 9.15. Ropsha: Alexandre Spirodovich, Les Dernières Années de la cour de Tsarskoïé-Sélo (henceforth Spirodovich) 1.231.
SCENE 4: THE GOLDEN AGE
1
Dixon 3–22. Askalon Truvorov, Koronatsiia imperatritsy Ekateriny Vtoroi, Russkaia starina (1893) 80.12.490–5.