by Will Durant
58. Sa’di, Gulistan, ii, 29.
59. Margoliouth, 458.
60. Gibbon, V, 254.
61. Margoliouth, 466.
CHAPTER IX
1. E.g., sura lv.
2. Lane-Poole, Speeches, 180.
3. Koran, xliv, 53; xxxv, 33.
4. XLVII, 15, lxxvi, 14-15.
5. LV, 56-8, lxxviii, 33; xxxvii, 48.
6. LVI, 17; lxxvii, 19.
7. Margoliouth, 69.
8. Koran, xvii, 35; Lane-Poole, 157.
9. Ibid., 158.
10. Ali, Maulana M., Religion of Islam, 587.
11. Lane-Poole, 161, 163.
12. Ibid., 162.
13. Ibid.
14. Ali, Maulana, 390.
15. Koran, lv, 10; iv, 31-2.
16. Ali, Maulana, 655.
17. Koran, xxxiii, 53.
18. Ali, 602.
19. Koran, ii, 232; Ali, 632.
20. Ibid., 684.
21. Pickthall, p. 594n.
22. Lane-Poole, 161.
23. Koran, xxxi, 14; xlvi, 15.
24. Ameer Ali, 183.
25. Lane-Poole, 167.
26. Quoted in Muir, Life, 520.
27. Lane-Poole, 159.
28. Ibid.
29. Sale in Wherry, I, 122.
30. E.g., Deut. xviii, 15-18; Hag. ii, 7; Song of Songs, ii, 3, xxi, 7; John xvi, 12-13.
31. Talmud, Pirke Aboth, ii, 18.
32. Nöldeke, Sketches, 44.
33. Cf. Koran, v, 35 with Talmud, Sanh., ii, 5; Koran, ii, 183 with Ber., i, 2; and Nöldeke, 31.
34. Lane-Poole, xl.
35. Bevan, E. R., Legacy of Israel, 147; Hitti, P. K., History of the Arabs, 125.
36. Baron, S. W., Social and Religious History of the Jews, I, 335-7.
37. Hurgronje, C. S., Mohammedanism, 65
CHAPTER X
1. Cambridge Medieval History, II, 331.
2. Burton, Personal Narrative, I, 149.
3. Finlay, G., Greece under the Romans, 367.
4. Muir, Sir W., The Caliphate, 56.
5. Ibid., 57.
6. Ibid., 198.
7. Hitti, 176.
8. Gibbon, V, 296.
9. Macdonald, Development of Muslim Theology, 23.
10. Hitti, 197.
11. Sykes, Sir P., History of Persia, I, 538.
12. Hell, J., 59-60.
13. Muir, Caliphate, 376; Hitti, 222.
14. Dozy, 161; Hitti, 227.
15. Muir, Caliphate, 428-37; Hitti, 285.
16. Nöldeke, 132.
17. Sa’di, Gulistan, i, 3.
18. Burton, Sir R. F., The Thousand Nights and a Night, I, 186.
19. Palmer, E. H., The Caliph Haroun Alraschid, 30, 78.
20. Arnold, Sir T. W., Painting in Islam, 16.
21. Abbott, Nabia, Two Queens of Baghdad, 183.
22. Muir, Caliphate, 482.
23. Palmer, 221.
24. Ibid., 35; Abbott, 113.
25. Palmer, 81f.
26. Ibn Khaldun, Les Prolégomènes, I, 26.
27. Hitti, 300.
28. Eginhard, Life of Charlemagne, xvi, 3.
29. Palmer, 121.
30. Nicholson, R. A., Translations of Eastern Poetry and Prose, 64.
31. Utbi, Abul-Nasr Muhammad, Historical Memoirs of the Emir Sabaktagin and Mahmud of Ghazni, ch. 50, p. 466.
32. Saladin, H., et Migeon, G., Manuel d’art musulman, I, 441.
CHAPTER XI
1. Lestrange, G., Palestine under the Moslems, quoting Masudi, ii, 438.
2. Hitti, 351.
3. Milman, H. H., History of Latin Christianity, III, 65n.
4. Lane, E. W., Arabian Society in the Middle Ages, 117.
5. Usher, A. P., History of Mechanical Inventions, 128-9.
6. De Vaux, Baron Carra, Les Penseurs d’Islam, I, 8.
7. Barnes, H. E., Economic History of the Western World, 111.
8. Renard, G., Life and Work in Prehistoric Times, 113.
9. Hitti, 344.
10. Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 373.
11. Ibn Khaldun, Les Prolégomènes, 416.
12. Hitti, 348.
13. Muir, Caliphate, 501.
14. Hitti, 344.
15. Hurgronje, 128.
16. Browne, E. G., Literary History, I, 323.
17. Ibid., 318.
18. Dawson, 158.
19. Browne, I, 323; Muir, Caliphate, 510.
20. Nöldeke, 146-75.
21. Arnold, Painting in Islam, 104.
22. Guillaume, A., The Traditions of Islam, 13.
23. Ibid., 134-8; Becker, C. H., Christianity and Islam, 62.
24. Guillaume, 47-52, 77.
25. Margoliouth, Mohammed, 80.
26. Guillaume, 80.
27. Sykes, I, 521.
28. Andrae, 101.
29. Sale in Wherry, I, 172.
30. Ali, Maulana, 730.
31. Philby, H., A Pilgrim in Arabia, 40.
32. Doughty, I, 59.
33. Burton, Pilgrimage, I, 325.
34. Ali, Maulana, 522.
35. Burton, Pilgrimage, II, 63; Sale in Wherry, I, 185.
36. Graetz, H., History of the Jews, III, 87; Hitti, 234.
37. Lestrange, Palestine, 212; Arnold, Sir T., and Guillaume, A., The Legacy of Islam, 81.
38. Baron, S. W., History, I, 319.
39. Guillaume, 132.
40. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 459.
41. Becker, 32.
42. Hitti, 685; Sarton, G., Introduction to the History of Science, Vol. II, Part I, 80.
43. Westermarck, E., Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, II, 476.
44. Kremer, A. von, Kulturgeschichte des Orients unter den Khalifen, 52.
45. Abbott, 98.
46. Lane, E. W., Arabian Society, 219-20.
47. Bukhsh, S. K., Studies, 83.
48. Hitti, 239.
49. Ali, Maulana, 390.
50. Lane-Poole, S., Saladin, 247.
51. Macdonald, D. B., Aspects of Islam, 294; Ameer Ali, Spirit of Islam, 362.
52. Müller-Lyer, F., Evolution of Modern Marriage, 42.
53. Lane-Poole, Saladin, 217.
54. Ibid., 251; Sumner, W. G., Folkways, 353.
55. Lane, E. W., Arabian Society, 221.
56. Ibid., 223.
57. Hitti, 342.
58. Bukhsh, Studies, 88.
59. Abbott, 137, 149.
60. Bukhsh, 84.
61. al-Ghazzali, Abu Hamid, Kimiya’e Saadat, tr. as The Alchemy of Happiness by C. Field, 93.
62. Himes, N. E., Medical History of Contraception, 136.
63. Lane-Poole, Saladin, 415.
64. Guillaume, Traditions, 115.
65. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, I, 94.
66. Sale in Wherry, I, 168.
67. Hitti, 338.
68. De Vaux, II, 272f; Chardin, Sir J., Travels in Persia, 198.
69. Muir, Caliphate, 374.
70. Ibid., 519.
71. Lane, Saladin, 285.
72. Bury, J. B., History of the Eastern Roman Empire, 236.
73. Hurgronje, 98.
74. Macdonald, Muslim Theology, 84; Guillaume, 69; Burton, Personal Narrative, I, 148, 167.
75. Arnold and Guillaume, Legacy, 305.
76. Macdonald, Theology, 66.
77. Muir, Caliphate, 170.
78. Lestrange, Palestine, 24.
79. Hitti, 236f.
80. In Lestrange, 120.
81. Ibid., 342.
82. Ibid, 301.
83. Ibid., 295-301, 342, 348, 353, 361, 377.
84. Ibid., 265.
85. Ibid., 237.
86. Creswell, K. A. C., Early Muslim Architecture, I, 137; Rivoira, G. T., Moslem Architecture, 110.
87. Yaqub, ii, 587, in Lestrange, 262.
88. Lane, Saladin, 184.
89. Ameer Ali, Spirit of Islam, 339.
90. Baron, I, 320.
91. Abulfe
da, in Rowbotham, J. F., The Troubadours and the Courts of Love, 16n.
92. Lestrange, G., Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, 253.
93. Lane, E. W., Arabian Society, 203.
94. Lane-Poole, S., Studies in a Mosque, 185.
CHAPTER XII
1. In Ameer Ali, Spirit of Islam, 331.
2. Lane, Saladin, 86.
3. Lane-Poole, S., Cairo, 183.
4. Hitti, 409.
5. Macdonald, Aspects of Islam, 289, 301.
6. Bukhsh, Studies, 195.
7. Carter, T. F., The Invention of Printing in China, introduction and p. 85; Thompson, Sir E. M., Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography, 34; Barnes, Economic History, 113.
8. Bukhsh, 49-50.
9. Ibid., 197.
10. Gibbon, V, 411.
11. Browne, Literary History, I, 275.
12. Pope, Masterpieces of Persian Art, 151.
13. Sarton, I, 662.
14. Gibbon, V, 298.
15. al-Tabari, Chronique, i, 1.
16. Ibid., i, 17.
17. Ibid., i, 118.
18. Sarton, I, 637.
19. De Vaux, I, 78.
20. Ibn Khaldun, I, 78.
21. Sarton, I, 530.
22. Arnold and Guillaume, Legacy, 385.
23. Sarton, I, 602.
24. Bukhsh, 168.
25. De Vaux, II, 76.
26. Ibid., 78.
27. al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan Muhammad, Chronology of Ancient Nations, introd., xiii.
28. al-Biruni, India, I, 3.
29. In Boer, T. J. de, History of Philosophy in Islam, 146.
30. De Vaux, II, 217; Arnold and Guillaume, 395.
31. al-Biruni, India, I, 198.
32. Bukhsh, 181.
33. Sarton, I, 707.
34. Ibid., 693.
35. Lane, Arabian Society, 54n.
36. Ibn Khaldun, III, 250-5.
37. Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History, 358.
38. Grunebaum, G. von, Medieval Islam, 331.
39. Ameer Ali, Spirit of Islam, 392.
40. Kellogg, J. H., Rational Hydrotherapy, 1928, 24.
41. Ibid.
42. Lane, Arabian Society, 56.
43. Garrison, F., History of Medicine, 1929, 137.
44. Arnold and Guillaume, 336.
45. Bukhsh, 197.
46. Hitti, 364.
47. Ibid.
48. Campbell, D., Arabian Medicine, 66f.
49. Sarton, I, 609.
50. Ibn Khallikan, Muhammad, Biographical Dictionary, I, 440.
51. Ibid., 443.
52. In Draper, J. W., History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, I, 411.
53. John, i, 1-3.
54. Bukhsh, 59.
55. Boer, 101; Arnold and Guillaume, 255.
56. Aristotle, De Anima, iii, 5.
57. Macdonald, Muslim Theology, 150.
58. Barhebraeus in Grunebaum, 182; Hitti, 353; Muir, Caliphate, 521.
59. In Ameer Ali, Spirit of Islam, 408.
60. Dawson, 155.
61. Ibn Khallikan, III, 308.
62. O’Leary, DeL., Arabic Thought and Its Place in History, 153.
63. Ueberweg, F., History of Philosophy, I, 412.
64. De Vaux, IV, 12-18.
65. Boer, 123.
66. Ibid., 81f.
67. Husik, I., History of Medieval Jewish Philosophy, xxxix.
68. Salibu, D., Étude sur la metaphysique d’Avicenne, 21.
69. Ibid., 106, 114, 121, 151; Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, XI, 275-6; Boer, 136.
70. Salibu, 170; Gruner, O. C., Treatise on the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna, introd., p. 9.
71. Boer, 138-42.
72. Salibu, 208.
73. In Ameer Ali, 395.
74. Boer, 144.
75. al-Baladhuri, i, 6; Bacon, Roger, Opus Maius, tr. R. B. Burke, Vol. I, p. 15.
76. Salibu, 27.
77. Arnold and Guillaume, 311.
78. Avicennae Canon Medicinae, p. 118.
79. In Nicholson, R. A., Mystics of Islam, 7.
80. Ibn Khaldun, III, 106.
81. Browne, Literary History, I, 426.
82. In Hitti, 435.
83. Nicholson, R. A., Studies in Islamic Mysticism, 4-5.
84. Macdonald, Religious Attitude, 169-71; Nicholson, Studies in Mysticism, 78.
85. Ibid., 25.
86. Arnold and Guillaume, 219.
87. Hitti, 438.
88. Browne, II, 261.
89. Nicholson, Studies in Mysticism, 6-21.
90. Id., Translations of Eastern Poetry. 98-100.
91. In Browne, II, 265.
92. Nicholson, Mysticism, 28-31, 38.
93. Browne, I, 404; Dawson, 158.
94. Hitti, 443.
95. Browne, I, 404.
96. al-Masudi, Abu-l Hasan, Meadows of Gold, French tr., IV, 89.
97. Lane-Poole, Cairo, 154.
98. Nicholson, Studies in Islamic Poetry, 48.
99. Id., Translations, 33.
100. Nicholson, R. A., Literary History of the Arabs, 295; Ibn Khallikan, I, 393.
101. De Vaux, IV, 252.
102. Browne, I, 369.
103. Nicholson, Islamic Poetry, 133-7.
104. Rihani, A. F., The Quatrains of Abu’l ’Ala (al-Ma‘arri), vii.
105. Nicholson, Literary History, 319.
106. Id., Islamic Poetry, 148.
107. Ibid., 102, 145; Rihani, 120.
108. Nicholson, Islamic Poetry, 108-10.
109. Ibid., 191-2.
110. Ibid., 121.
111. Id., Translations, 102.
112. Id., Islamic Poetry, 150.
113. Ibid., 160.
114. Ibid., 161-5.
115. Id., Translations, 102.
116. Id., Islamic Poetry, 119.
117. Ibid., 127.
118. Id., Translations, 102.
119. Id., Islamic Poetry, 140.
120. In Browne, II, 120.
121. In Firdousi, The Epic of Kings, retold by Helen Zimmern, 4.
122. Firdousi, The Shah Nameh, in Gottheil, R. J., ed., The Literature of Persia, I, 54.
123. Ibid., 156, tr. Jas. Atkinson. Matthew Arnold has retold the story in Sohrab and Rustum.
124. In Pope, Survey of Persian Art, II, 975.
125. Cf. “The Nazarene Broker’s Story” in Burton, Thousand Nights and a Night, I, 270.
126. Pope, Survey, II, 1439.
127. Lane-Poole, Saladin, 29.
128. Lane, Arabian Society, 54-61.
129. Pope, II, 927; Hell, 109.
130. Creswell, I, 329.
131. In Lane, Arabian Society, 58.
132. Pope, II, 975.
133. Pope, IV, 317-28.
134. Pope, Arthur U., Introduction to Persian Art, 200.
135. Arnold and Guillaume, 117.
136. Pope, II, 1447.
137. Fenollosa, E. F., Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, I, 21; Pope, Survey, I, 2.
138. Pope, II, 1468.
139. Guillaume, 128.
140. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XV, 654.
141. Ibid.; Hitti, 420.
142. Arnold, Painting in Islam, 85.
143. Ibid., 21.
144. Lane, Arabian Society, 117.
145. Ibid., 15.
146. Hitti, 274.
147. Farmer, H. G., in Arnold and Guillaume, 358.
148. Sa’di, Gulistan, ii, 26.
149. In Arnold and Guillaume, 359.
150. Farmer in Arnold and Guillaume, 367.
151. Ibid., 372.
152. Ibid., 361; Farmer, H. G., History of Arabian Music, 154.
153. Farmer in Arnold and G., 359.
154. Hitti, 214.
155. Farmer, 31.
156. Ibid., 112.
157. Ibid., 60-4; Lane-Poole, Cairo, 156.
158. Farmer, 120.
159. Ibid., 124.
160. Lane, Arabian Society, 172-6.
CHAPTER XIII
1. Gibbon, V, 344.
2. Sarton, I, 466; II (ii), 599.
3. Ueberweg, I, 409.
4. Tarn, W. W., Hellenistic Civilization, 217; Sarton, I, 466.
5. Gibbon, V, 346.
6. Munro, D. C., and Sellery, G. C., Medieval Civilization, 170.
7. Lane-Poole, Cairo, 65.
8. Browne, II, 223.
9. Hitti, 625.
10. Browne, II, 223; Margoliouth, D. S., Cairo, Jerusalem, and Damascus, 46.
11. Nöldeke, 3.
12. Hitti, 626.
13. Arnold and Guillaume, 163.
14. Pope, Arthur U., Iranian and Armenian Contributions to the Beginnings of Gothic Architecture, 237.
15. Lane, Arabian Society, 54f.
16. Lane-Poole, Cairo, 44, 60.
17. Pope, II, 1488.
18. Arnold and Guillaume, 116.
19. Dimand, M. S., Handbook of Muhammadan Art, 255; Arnold, Painting in Islam, 127.
20. Margoliouth, Cairo, 69.
21. Arnold and Guillaume, 333.
22. Arnold, Sir T. W., The Preaching of Islam, 102.
23. Pirenne, Henri, Mohammed and Charlemagne, 160f.
24. Hitti, 605.
25. Waern, Cecilia, Medieval Sicily, 20.
26. Arnold and Guillaume, 241.
27. Waern, 25.
28. Calvert, A. F., Moorish Remains in Spain, 239.
29. al-Maqqari, Ahmed ibn Muhammad, History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, ii, 146.
30. Ibid., vi, 6.
31. Ibid.
32. Dozy, 458-65.
33. Maqqari, vii, 1.
34. Dozy, 516.
35. Ibid., 522; Calvert, A. F., Seville, 11.
37. Lane-Poole, S., Story of the Moors in Spain, 43.
38. Dozy, 633, 689.
39. Cf. Maqqari, vi, 3.
40. Dozy, 234.
41. Gibbon, V, 376.
42. Chapman, C. E., History of Spain, 50.
43. Ibid., 41; Dozy, 236; Lane-Poole, Moors, 50.
44. Chapman, 41.
45. Clapham, J. H., and Power, E., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, 136; Barnes, Economic History, 114.
46. Clapham, 354-5; Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History, 547.
48. Cambridge Medieval History, III, 432.
49. Pirenne, Jacques, Les grands courants de l’histoire universelle, II, 117.
50. Ibid., 19.
51. Arnold, Preaching, 134; Dozy, 235.
52. Chapman, 49, 58.
53. Dozy, 268.
54. Ibid.
55. Arnold, Preaching, 144.
56. Dozy, 235; Lane-Poole, Moors, 47.
57. Rivoira, Moslem Architecture, 240.
58. Dozy, 278.
59. Ibid., 286.
60. Arnold, Preaching, 141.
61. Dozy, 534.
62. Maqqari, iii, 1.
63. Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History, 549.
64. Maqqari, iii, 2.
