by Will Durant
16. Ep. cvii, 3.
17. Ep. xxii, 21.
18. Ep. xxiii.
19. Adv. Jovin., i, 2.
20. Ep. xxii, 25.
21. Duchesne, III, 74.
22. Ibid., 446.
23. Cutts, 150.
24. Jerome, Ep. lx, 17.
25. Socrates, iv, 30.
26. Broglie, 10-13.
27. Augustine, Confessions, ix, 7.
28. In Davis, W. S., and West, W. M., Readings in Ancient History, II, 297.
29. Guizot, F., History of Civilization, I, 341.
30. Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks, 15.
31. Guizot, History of Civilization, II, 69.
32. Duchesne, II, 391.
33. Lecky, Morals, II, 107.
34. Cutts, 137.
35. Lecky, l.c.
36. Ibid., 210.
37. Ibid., 107, 158.
38. Boissier, II, 55.
39. Jerome, Ep. cxxv, 11.
40. Lecky, II, 115.
41. Ibid., 109.
42. Sozomen, vi, 33.
43. Lecky, II, 110; Nöldeke, Th., Sketches from Eastern History, 212f.
44. Lecky, II, 118.
45. Taylor, H. O., Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages, 78.
46. Ibid.; Glover, T. R., Life and Letters in the Fourth Century, 349.
47. In Gibbon, III, 75.
48. Socrates, vi, 3.
49. Bury, Later Roman Empire, I, 138-9.
50. Socrates, vi, 4-5.
51. In Clapham and Power, 116.
52. McCabe, J., St. Augustine and His Age, 228.
53. Ibid., 3c.
54. Augustine, Confessions, ii, 3.
55. Ibid., vi, 3.
56. Augustine, City of God, ii, 14.
57. Confessions, v, 8.
58. Encylopaedia Britannica, II, 682.
59. McCabe, Augustine, 254.
60. Catholic Encyclopedia, II, 88; Augustine, Letters, introd., xvi-xviii.
61. Augustine, Ep. 86.
62. Ep. 93.
63. Ep. 173.
64. Ep. 204.
65. Eps. 103, 133.
66. City of God, v, 9; vi, 22, 27.
67. Sermon 289.
68. Sermon 165.
69. Duchesne, III, 143.
70. Sermon 131.
71. Ep. 181A.
72. Comment, in Joan. Evang., xxix, 6; Sermon 43.
73. In Cambridge Medieval History, I, 581.
74. De Trinitate, i, 1.
75. De vera religione, xxiv, 45.
76. Solil. i, 7.
77. Confessions, xiii, 16.
78. City of God, iv, 27.
80. De libero arbitrio, ii, 16.
81. De Gen. ad litt., vii, 28; De Wulf, History of Medieval Philosophy, I, 118; Catholic Encyclopedia, II, 90.
82. In De Wulf, I, 117.
83. Confessions, Book xi.
84. De Trin., x, 10.
85. Ibid., viii, 6; Confessions, x, 6.
86. De bono conjugali, x; Figgis, J. N., Political Aspects of St. Augustine’s City of God, 76; Lea, H. C., Sacerdotal Celibacy, 47.
87. Confessions, x, 30.
88. Ibid., vii, 14; x, 6, 22; xiii, 9.
89. City of God, vi, 9.
90. Philippians, iii, 20; Ephesians, ii, 19.
91. Figgis, 46.
92. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, iv, 19.
93. City of God, xv, 1.
94. Ibid., i, 34.
95. Ibid., xix, 7; xx, 9.
96. Boissier, II, 331.
97. Augustine, Letters, p. 38.
98. Comm. on Psalm cxxii.
99. Funk, F. X., Manual of Church History, I, 198.
100. Frazer, Sir J. G., Adonis, Attis, Osiris, 315.
101. Ibid., 306.
102. In Boissier, II, 118.
103. Renan, E., Marc Aurèle, 629.
104. Duchesne, III, 11.
105. Ibid., 16.
106. Lecky, Morals, II, 61.
107. Ibid., 72.
108. Ibid., 83.
109. Ibid., 81.
110. Fisher, H. L., The Medieval Empire, I, 14.
111. Guignebert, C., Christianity Past and Present, 151.
112. Ambrose, Ep. 2, in Boissier, II, 424.
CHAPTER IV
1. Cambridge Ancient History, XII, 287.
2. Haverfield, F., The Roman Occupation of Britain, 220; Home, G., Roman Britain, 104.
3. Quennell, M., Everyday Life in Roman Britain, 103.
4. Mommsen, Th., Provinces of the Roman Empire, I, 211.
5. Bede, Ecclesiastical History, v, 24.
6. Gildas, Chronicle, xxiii; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 25.
7. Bede, i, 15; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 26.
8. Collingwood, R. G., and Myres, J., Roman Britain, 320.
9. Geoffrey of Monmouth, British History, vii-xi.
10. William of Malmesbury, Chronicle, 11.
11. Collingwood, 324.
12. Joyce, P. W., Short History of Ireland, 123; Hyde, D., Literary History of Ireland, 77.
13. Hyde, 19.
14. Lecky, Morals, II, 253.
15. Joyce, 123.
16. Briffault, R., The Mothers, III, 230, quoting De Jubainville, Le Droit du roi dans l’épopée irlandaise, in Révue archéologique, XLIII, 332f.
17. Hyde, 71.
18. Ibid., 83.
19. From the seventh-century “Voyage of Brand,” in Hyde, 96f.
20. Bede, i, 13; Bury, J. B., Life of St. Patrick, 54.
21. Duchesne, III, 425.
22. Bury, Patrick, 172.
23. Nennius, History of the Britons, 11, in Giles, Six Old English Chronicles, p. 410.
24. Bury, Patrick, 121.
25. Ausonius, Poems, Commemoratio Professorum Burdigalensium.
26. Waddell, H., Medieval Latin Lyrics, 32.
27. Ausonius, Poems, Parentalia, x.
28. Ibid., Ep. xxii, 23f.
29. Stevens, Sidonius Apollinaris, 68-9.
30. Guizot, History of Civilization, I, 343.
31. Dill, Last Century, 206.
32. Stevens, 134-8.
33. Ibid., 160f.
34. Sidonius Apollinaris, Poems and Letters, Ep. i, 2.
35. In Francke, K., History of German Literature, 10.
36. Sidonius in Lacroix, P., Manners, Customs, and Dress, 514.
37. Gibbon, IV, 65.
38. Gregory of Tours, viii, 9.
39. Lea, Superstition and force, 318.
40. Sophocles, Antigone, 11, 264-7.
41. Gibbon, IV, 70.
42. Schoenfeld, Hermann, Women of the Teutonic Nations, 41; Dill, Roman Society in the Merovingian Age, 47.
43. Salic law, xiv and xli, in Ogg, F., Source Book of Medieval History, 63-5.
44. Schoenfeld, 40.
45. Brittain, A., Women of Early Christianity, 203.
46. Lot, 397.
47. Gregory of Tours, ii, 37.
48. Ibid.
49. Id., ii, 40.
50. II, 43.
51. V, 132-6; vi, 165.
52. Dill, Merovingian Age, 279.
53. Gregory of Tours, vii, 178; x, 246.
54. Id., iv, 100.
55. Michelet, J., History of France, I, 107.
56. Gregory, introd., p. xxii.
57. Gregory, i, 5.
58. II, prologue.
59. Gregory, introd., p. xxiv.
60. Guizot, History of Civilization, I, 58.
61. Lecky, Morals, II, 204.
62. Isidore of Seville, Etymologies, in Brehaut, E., An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages, 215.
63. Dieulafoy, M., Art in Spain and Portugal, 54.
64. Mahaffy, J. P., Old Greek Education, 52.
65. Thompson, J. W., Economic History of the Middle Ages, 120.
66. Cassiodorus, Letters of, Variae, ii, 27.
67. Procopius, v, 1.26.
68. This survives only as a crude abbreviation by Jordanes.
69. Milman, I, 433.
70.
Ibid., 439.
71. In Cassiodorus, Variae, ii, 6; iii, 28.
72. Milman, I, 442.
73. Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy, ii, 3.
74. Ibid., 4.
75. Ibid., iii, 10.
76. Procopius, v, 1.
CHAPTER V
1. Justiniani Institutionum libri quattuor, Introd., I, 63.
2. Procopius, Buildings, i, 7.
3. Procopius, Anecdota, viii, 24.
4. John Malalas in Bury, Later Roman Empire, II, 24.
5. Procopius, Anecdota, xv, 11.
6. Id., History of the Wars, i, 24.
7. Id., Buildings, i, 11.
8. Diehl, C., Byzantine Portraits, 58.
9. Procopius, Anecdota, xi.
10. Ibid., ix, 50.
11. Bury, Later Roman Empire, II, 29.
12. Procopius, Anecdota, xvii, 5.
13. Diehl, Portraits, 70.
14. Bouchier, E., Life and Letters in Roman Africa, 107.
15. Procopius, History of the Wars, iv, 6.
16. Ibid., vii, 1.
17. Ibid., 5-8.
18. Lot, 267.
19. Gibbon, IV, 359.
20. Lot, 267.
21. Justiniani Inst., Proemium.
22. Cod. I, xiv, 34.
23. Cod. IV, xliii, 21.
24. Cod. XI, xlviii, 21; lxix, 4.
25. Bury, Later Roman Empire, II, 406; Milman, I, 501.
26. Procopius, History of the Wars, vii, 32.
27. In Gibbon, V, 43.
28. Procopius, Buildings, i, 1.
CHAPTER VI
1. Frank, Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, IV, 152.
2. Rostovtzeff, M., History of the Ancient World, II, 353-4.
3. Procopius, History, viii, 17.
4. Lopez, R. S., in Speculum, XX, i, 3, 7, 19.
5. Ibid., 10-12.
6. Novella 122 in Bury, Later Roman Empire, II, 356.
7. Dalton, O. M., Byzantine Art, 50.
8. Bury, 357.
9. Diehl, C., Manuel d’art Byzantin, 248.
10. Procopius, Anecdota, xvii, 24.
11. Himes, N., Medical History of Contraception, 92-6.
12. Boissier, La fin du paganisme, I, 168.
13. Gibbon, I, 382.
14. Schneider, H., History of World Civilization, II, 640.
15. Castiglione, A., History of Medicine, 252; Garrison, F. H., History of Medicine, 123.
16. Thorndike, L., History of Magic and Experimental Science, I, 147.
17. O’Leary, D., Arabic Thought, 53.
18. Himes, 95.
19. Thorndike, I, 584.
20. Augustine, Confessions, vii, 6.
21. Heath, Sir T., History of Greek Mathematics, II, 528.
22. Socrates, vii, 15.
23. Lecky, Morals, II, 315.
24. Bury, Later Roman Empire, I, 217.
25. Duchesne, III, 210.
26. Socrates, vii, 15.
27. Gregory Nazianzen, Panegyric on St. Basil, in Monroe, P., Source Book of the History of Education for the Greek and Roman Period, 305.
28. Bury, Later Roman Empire, I, 377.
29. Diehl, Manuel, 218.
30. Higham and Bowra, Oxford Book of Greek Verse, 654.
31. Ibid., 665.
32. Socrates, vii, 48.
33. Procopius, History, viii, 32; v, 3.
34. Winckelmann, J., History of Ancient Art, I, 360-1; Finlay, G., Greece under the Romans, 195.
35. Strzygowski, J., Origin of Christian Church Art, 4-6.
36. Procopius, Buildings, i, 10.
37. Ibid., i, 1.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., i, 3.
40. Dalton, 258.
41. Lot, 143.
42. Diehl, Manuel, 249; Dalton, 579; Lot, 146.
43. Boethius, ix.
CHAPTER VII
1. Ammianus, xxii, 6.
2. Ibid.
3. Dhalla, M. N., Zoroastrian Civilization, 371.
4. Rawlinson, G., Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy, 29.
5. Procopius, Persian War, ix, 19.
6. Bury, Later Roman Empire, I, 92.
7. Ammianus, xxiii, 6.
8. Talmud, Berachoth, 8b.
9. Dhalla, 301f.
10. Ameer Ali, Spirit of Islam, 188.
11. Macrobius, Saturnalia, vii, 1.
12. Gottheil, R. J., Literature of Persia, I, 159.
13. Firdousi, Epic of the Kings, retold by Helen Zimmern, 191; Sykes, Sir P., History of Persia, I, 466.
14. Gottheil, I, 166.
15. Dhalla, 377.
16. Ibid., 305.
17. Browne, E. G., Literary History of Persia, I, 107.
18. Sarton, G., Introd. to the History of Science, I, 435.
19. Browne, E. G., Arabian Medicine, 23.
20. Dhalla, 354.
21. Ibid., 362.
22. Ibid., 274; Bury, Later Roman Empire, I, 91.
23. Rawlinson, G., Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy, 636.
24. Bright, W., Age of the Fathers, I, 202.
25. Sykes, I, 414.
26. Lowie, R. H., Are We Civilized?, 37.
27. Pope, A. U., Survey of Persian Art, I, 755.
28. Dhalla, 356.
29. Pope, 761.
30. Baron, S. W., Social and Religious History of the Jews, I, 256.
31. Ammianus, xxiii, 6.
32. Pope, 716.
33. Browne, Literary History, I, 127.
34. Ibn Khaldun, Prolégomènes, I, 80. Rawlinson, 61, attributes this saying to Ardashir I.
35. Eunapius, #466.
36. Cambridge Ancient History, XII, 112.
37. Sykes, I, 403.
38. Rawlinson, 141.
39. Browne, Literary History, I, 171. Sykes, I, 449, places this massacre in the early years of Khosru I.
40. Pope, 755.
41. Procopius, History of the Wars, ii, 9.
42. Nöldeke, Th., Geschichte der Perser … aus Tabari, 160, in De Vaux, Les Penseurs de l’Islam, I, 92.
43. Rawlinson, 446.
44. Sykes, I, 460.
45. Procopius, History, i, 26.
46. Mommsen, Provinces, II, 47.
47. Graetz, H., History of the Jews, III, 18.
48. Sykes, I, 480f.
49. Pope, 524.
50. Creswell, K. A., Early Muslim Architecture, I, 101.
51. Dieulafoy, Art in Spain, 13.
52. Ibid.; Pope, A. U., Iranian and Armenian Contributions to the Beginnings of Gothic Architecture, 130.
53. Theophylactus Simocatta in Rivoira, G. T., Moslem Architecture, 114. Herzfeld thought the Ctesiphon palace the work of Shapur I.
54. Gottheil, I, 167.
55. Arnold, Sir T., Painting in Islam, 62.
56. Pope, Survey, I, 717; Dieulafoy, 21.
57. Ackerman, P., in Bulletin of the Iranian Institute, Dec, 1946, p. 42.
58. Pope, A. U., Introd. to Persian Art, 144, 168.
59. Sykes, I, 465.
60. Pope, A. U., Masterpieces of Persian Art, 182.
61. Pope, Introd., 64.
62. Fenollosa, E., Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, I, 21.
63. Riefstahl, R. M., The Parish-Watson Collection of Mohammedan Potteries, p. viii; Pope, Survey, I, 779; Lot, 141.
64. Sir Percy Sykes in Hammerton, J. A., Universal History of the World, IV, 2318.
65. Examples in Sarre, F., Die Kunst des alten Persien, 143.
66. Pope, Introd., 100.
67. Pope, Survey, I, 775.
68. Dhalla, 273.
69. Sykes, I, 490.
70. Browne, Literary History, I, 194.
71. Sykes, I, 490.
72. Ibid., 498.
CHAPTER VIII
1. Burton, Sir R. F., ed., Thousand Nights and a Night, I, vii.
2. Hell, J., The Arab Civilization, 7; Dawson, Christopher, The Making of Europe, 136.
3. Encyclopaedia Britannica, II, 184.
4. Doughty, Chas., Travels in Arabia D
eserta, I, xx.
5. Margoliouth, D. S., Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, 29; Nöldeke, Sketches, 7.
6. Burton, R. F., Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Medinah and Meccah. II, 93.
7. Blunt, Lady A. and Sir W.S., The Seven Golden Odes of Pagan Arabia, 43.
8. Ibid.
9. Koran, ix, 98; tr. and ed. Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran. Pickthall’s numbering of the verses differs occasionally from that of other translations.
10. Sale, G., in Wherry, E. M., Commentary on the Qur’an, with Sale’s tr., I, 43.
11. Herodotus, iii, 8.
12. Ali Tabari, Book of Religion and Empire, Prologue, ix; Margoliouth, Mohammed, 59; Muir, Sir W., Life of Mohammed, 512.
13. Browne, E. G., Literary History of Persia, I, 261.
14. al-Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad, Chronique, Part III, ch. xlvi, p. 202.
15. Pickthall, p. 2.
16. Browne, Literary History, I, 247.
17. Tisdall, W. S., Original Sources of the Koran, 264, quoting Ibn Ishaq; Lane-Poole, S., Speeches and Table Talk of the Prophet Mohammed, xxiv.
18. Nicholson, R. A., Translations of Eastern Poetry and Prose, 38-40. Cf. Koran, xcvi.
19. Muir, Life, 51.
20. Koran, xliii, 3; lvi, 76; lxxxv, 22.
21. II, 91.
22. Lxxxvii, 6.
23. Ali, Maulana Muhammad, The Religion of Islam, 174.
24. Macdonald, D. B., Religious Attitude and Life in Islam, 42.
25. Margoliouth, Mohammed, 45.
26. Dozy, R., Spanish Islam, 15.
27. Hell, 19.
28. Sale in Wherry, I, 80.
29. al-Baladhuri, Abu-l Abas, Origins of the Islamic State, i, 1.
30. Ameer Ali, Syed, Spirit of Islam, 54.
31. Muir, Life, 214, 234.
32. Ibid., 236.
33. Ibid., 238, quoting traditions.
34. Ibid.
35. Andrae, Tor, Mohammed, 206; Muir, 245f, quoting Ibn Hisham and al-Tabari.
36. Ameer Ali, Spirit of Islam, 58f.
37. Muir, 252f.
38. al-Baladhuri, i, 2.
39. Ibid., i, 4.
40. Ameer Ali, 94.
41. Andrae, 238.
42. Koran, ii, 100; Macdonald, D. B., Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, and Constitutional Theory, 69.
43. Koran, xli, 6.
44. XXXIII, 37.
45. Andrae, 267.
46. Koran, xxxiii, 51.
47. Muir, 77, 244.
48. Koran, xxxiii, 51.
49. Muir, 201.
50. Bukhsh, S. K., Studies, Indian and Islamic, 6.
51. Muir, 511.
52. Lane-Poole, Speeches, xxx.
53. Ameer Ali, Spirit of Islam, 110.
54. Bukhsh, Studies, 6.
55. Irving, W., Life of Mahomet, 238.
56. Margoliouth, 105; Irving, 231.
57. Koran, xxxi, 19.
