by Will Durant
150. Abbott, 124.
151. Coulton, Panorama, 359.
152. Cunningham, W., Growth of English Industry and Commerce, 204.
153. Jewish Encyclopedia, IV, 379.
154. Lacroix, Manners, 439; Coulton, 352.
155. Graetz, III, 642; Abbott, 130.
156. Abbott, 131.
157. Ibid., 68.
158. Lacroix, Manners, 447.
159. Abbott, 68.
160. Montesquieu, C. Baron de, The Spirit of Laws, I, xii, 5.
161. Joseph ben Joshua ben Meir, Chronicles, I, 197.
162. Marcus, 24.
163. Graetz, III, 570.
164. Villehardouin, G. de, Chronicles of the Crusades, 148.
165. Abbott, 113.
166. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 641.
CHAPTER XVII
1. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 210.
2. Sarton, G., Introduction to the History of Science, II (i), 295.
3. Abrahams, I., Chapters on Jewish Literature, 116.
4. Waxman, I, 226.
5. Graetz, III, 269.
6. Gabirol, S. ibn, Selected Religious Poems, tr. Israel Zangwill, 52.
7. Ibid., 30.
8. Abrahams, Literature, 109.
9. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 163.
10. In Wilson, E., ed., Hebrew Literature, 383.
11. Sarton, II(i), 188.
12. Halevi, J., Selected Poems, tr. Nina Salaman, 58.
13. Abbott, 72.
14. Druck, 97.
15. Ibid., 94.
16. Wilson, Hebrew Literature, 365-6.
17. Novella 146 in Burton, The Jew, 105.
18. Graetz, III, 573.
19. Sarton, II(ii), 557.
20. Schechter, S., Studies in Judaism, I, 107.
21. Graetz, III, 604.
22. Sarton, II(i), 145.
23. N. Y. Times, June 2, 1937.
24. Sarton, II (i), 145.
25. Cf. Komroff, M., The Contemporaries of Marco Polo.
26. Husik, 24.
27. Munk, S., Mélanges de philosophie juive et arabe, 153.
28. Marcus, 312.
29. Cf. Gabirol, S. ibn, Improvement of the Moral Qualities, tr. Stephen Wise, 4, 27.
30. Gabirol, Fons Vitae, i, 3, in Munk, 6.
31. Halevi, J., Kitab al-Khazari, tr. H. Hirschfeld, i, 116.
32. Ibid., III, 5, 7.
33. Husik, 215.
34. Yellin, D., and Abrahams, I., Maimonides, 11; Zeitlin, Maimonides, 1.
35. Ueberweg, F., History of Philosophy, I, 427.
36. Zeitlin, Maimonides, 5.
37. “Letter of Consolation” in Yellin, 46.
38. Zeitlin, 178.
39. Arnold, Sir T., Preaching of Islam, 421.
40. Baron, S., ed., Essays on Maimonides, 290.
41. Maimonides, Aphorisms, in Thorndike, L., History of Magic and Experimental Science, I, 176.
42. Zeitlin, 172.
43. In Baron, Essays, 288.
44. Zeitlin, 174.
45. Baron, Essays, 284.
46. Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Introd., 4b.
47. Zeitlin, 214.
48. Mishneh Torah, Introd., 16, 3a.
49. In Baron, Essays, 117.
50. Maimonides, Guide to the Perplexed, tr. M. Friedländer, III, xli.
51. Ibid., III, 35, in Baron, Essays, 139.
52. Guide, III, xxxvii, xli; Deut. xxiii, 17; Exod. xxii, 1; xxxi, 15.
53. Mishneh Torah, 40b.
54. Ibid., 59a.
55. Ibid., 54a.
56. Ibid., 53a.
57. Ibid., 53ab.
58. Ibid., 52b.
59. In Baron, Essays, 110.
60. Zeitlin, 132.
61. Guide, I, Introd.
62. Ibid., II, xix; III, xiv.
63. II, Pt. II, Introd. and Prop. xx.
64. Ibid., xxxvi-xlvi.
65. III, xxii.
66. II, xviif.
67. II, xxx.
68. III, x, xii.
69. III, lxx.
70. Zeitlin, 151.
71. Ibid., 103; Baron, Essays, 143.
72. Guide, II, Pt. II, Introd.
73. Baron, Essays, 119-21; Zeitlin, 209.
74. Marcus, 307-9.
75. Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, xv, 4.
76. Roth, L., Spinoza, Descartes, and Maimonides, 66; Baron, Essays, 7.
77. Husik, 302; Graetz, IV, 23.
78. Ibid., III, 631.
79. Neuman, A., II, 122.
80. Ibid., 118; Graetz, IV, 29-41.
81. Jewish Encyclopedia, III, 457, 479.
82. Sarton, II (i), 366.
83. Graetz, IV, 21.
84. Baron, History, II, 136.
85. Ibid., 142.
86. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 143, 157, 193.
87. In Marcus, 314.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History, 173.
2. Gibbon, IV, 504.
3. Cambridge Medieval History, II, 289.
4. Ibid., IV, 6; Gibbon, V, 142.
5. In Diehl, Manuel, 335.
6. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 115f.
7. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 190.
8. Diehl, Portraits, 159; Bury, Eastern Roman Empire, 169.
9. McCabe, J., Empresses of Constantinople, 174.
10. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 108; Diehl, Portraits, 264.
11. Boissonnade, P., Life and Work in Medieval Europe, 56.
12. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 750.
13. Diehl, Portraits, 236.
14. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 745.
15. Komroff, Contemporaries of Marco Polo, 266.
16. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 760.
17. Ibid.
18. Clapham and Power, 212.
19. Diehl, Portraits, 153; Gibbon, V, 458; Brittain, Women of Early Christianity, 318.
20. Lopez, R. S., in Speculum, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 17-18; Boissonnade, 46-7; Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 761.
21. Boissonnade, 50.
22. Ibid., 51.
23. Castiglione, 254.
24. Bury, Eastern Roman Empire, 436; Grunebaum, Medieval Islam, 54.
25. Psellus, Chronographia, vi, 46.
26. Ibid., v, 25-37.
27. Diehl, Manuel, 405.
28. Luitprand in Grunebaum, 29.
29. Cf. Walker Trust Report, The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors, plates 24-37 and 57.
30. The judgment of Kondakof in Diehl, Manuel, 580.
31. Diehl, 500.
32. Ibid., 381.
33. Finlay, Greece under the Romans, 21.
34. Thompson, J. W., Feudal Germany, 458.
35. Kluchevsky, V. O., History of Russia, I, 46; Thompson, Feudal Germany, 456.
36. Pokrovsky, M. N., History of Russia, 11; Fustel de Coulanges questioned this—cf. Dopsch, 26.
37. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 186.
38. Mavor, J., Economic History of Russia, I, 15.
39. Kluchevsky, I, 88.
40. Rambaud, A., History of Russia, I, 84.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Paul the Deacon, History of the Longobards, i, 9.
2. Bury, Later Roman Empire, II, 299.
3. Munro and Sellery, 538.
4. Dante, Eleven Letters, 135.
5. Note by W. D. Foulke in Paul the Deacon, 309.
6. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 80.
7. Molmenti, P., Venice, I, I, 212-4.
8. Cambridge Medieval History, III, 170.
9. Pirenne, Medieval Cities, 110.
10. Ruskin, Stones of Venice, II, 55.
11. Lanciani, R., Ancient Rome, 57.
12. Ibid., 275.
13. Castiglione, 301.
14. Dozy, Spanish Islam, 440.
15. Coulton, G. G., Five Centuries of Religion, I, 174.
16. Hume, M., The Spanish People, 129; Spain, 191; Encyclopaedia Britannica, V, 699.
17. In Guizot, Hi
story of France, I, 171.
18. Ibid., 168.
19. Pirenne, Cities, 243; Voltaire, XIII, 131.
20. Freeman, E. A., Historical Essays, First Series, 179.
21. Cambridge Medieval History, II, 613.
22. Guizot, France, I, 229f; Guizot, History of Civilization, II, 193-6.
23. Pollock and Maitland, I, 117; Barnes, H. E., History of Western Civilization, I, 775.
24. Lea, Superstition and Force, 469.
25. Guizot, Civilization, II, 225f.
26. Capitulary of Charlemagne, year 803, #3, in Guizot, Civilization, II, 222.
27. In Pirenne, Cities, 166.
28. Ibid., 58; Cambridge Medieval History, II, 665; Rickard, Man and Metals, II, 510.
29. Cambridge Medieval History, II, 657.
30. Letter of Alcuin in William of Malmesbury, i, 3, p. 66.
31. Eginhard, Life of Charlemagne, 61.
32. Hodgkin, T., Life of Charlemagne, 312.
33. West, A. F., Alcuin, 55.
34. Eginhard, p. 14.
35. Ibid., 62.
36. Ibid., 64.
37. Capitulary of 802 in Bebel, A., Woman under Socialism, 60.
38. Eginhard, 33.
39. Bury, Eastern Empire, 318.
40. Eginhard, 56-8.
41. Raby, F. J., History of Secular Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages, I, 190.
42. Eginhard, 52.
43. Ibid., 48; Russell, C. E., Charlemagne, 262.
44. Guizot, France, I, 241.
45. Morey, C. R., Medieval Art, 207.
46. Ibid., 191.
47. Davis, Medieval England, 266.
48. Guizot, Civilization, II, 375.
49. Erigena, J. S., De divisione naturae, i, 69.
50. In Guizot, Civilization, II, 383.
51. Erigena, #517.
52. Ibid., #443.
53. #518.
54. #896.
55. #919-26, 937-40.
56. #861.
57. Poole, R. L., Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought, 61.
58. Guizot, Civilization, II, 388.
59. William of Malmesbury, ii, 4.
60. Guizot, France, I, 303.
61. Ibid., 311.
62. Ibid., 329.
63. Ibid., 336.
CHAPTER XX
1. Asser, Alfred the Great, 51.
2. Asser, 66, 78, 85.
3. Alfred, Preface to tr. of Gregory I’s Cura pastoralis, in Ogg, Source Book of Medieval History, 191.
4. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 176.
5. Boissonnade, Life and Work in Medieval Europe, 83.
6. Green, J. R., Conquest of England, 135, 329, 359-60.
7. Stubbs, W., Constitutional History of England, I, 146, 157.
8. Hume, D., History of England, I, 181.
9. Pollock and Maitland, II, 450.
10. William of Malmesbury in Coulton, G. G., Social Life in Britain, 20; Green, J. R., Making of England, 192.
11. Traill, H. D., Social England, I, 204.
12. Hume, D., History of England, I, 188.
13. Briffault, R., The Mothers, II, 419.
14. William of Malmesbury, i, 4.
15. Ibid., i, 2.
16. Ibid., ii, 5.
17. Bede, v, 24.
18. Ibid., i, 15.
19. Ibid., Introd., xvi.
20. Gordon, R. K., Anglo-Saxon Poetry, 81-2.
21. In Ker, W. P., Epic and Romance, 63.
22. Beowulf, xxxvii and xliii, in Gordon, Anglo-Saxon Poetry, 60, 70.
23. Bede, iv, 23.
24. Plummer, Life and Times of Alfred the Great, 14.
25. In Addison, J., Arts and Crafts in the Middle Ages, 4.
26. Aldhelme (c. 709) in Addison, 199.
27. Bede, iv, 18.
28. Freeman, E. A., Norman Conquest, II, 298.
29. William of Malmesbury, iii, 238; Ordericus Vitalis, Historia Ecclesiastic a, 492A; Freeman, Norman Conquest, II, 244.
30. Guizot, France, I, 345; Freeman, Norman Conquest, III, 320.
31. Mabinogion, 1f.
32. Hyde, Literary History of Ireland, 233.
33. Joyce, Short History of Ireland, 39-46.
34. Thompson, J. W., Economic History, 148.
35. Boissonnade, 78.
36. Joyce, 80.
37. Ibid., 163.
38. Ibid., 155, 158.
39. Hyde, 222.
40. Ibid., 239.
41. Ibid., 279f.
42. Thompson, Sir E. M., Introd. to Greek and Latin Palaeography, 374.
43. Joyce, 189-92.
44. Keating in Hyde, 488.
45. Horn, F. W., Literature of the Scandinavian North. 13; Cambridge Medieval History, II, 481.
46. Sturluson, S., Heimskringla, Harald the Fairhaired, ch. 3.
47. Ibid., Haakon the Good, ch. 23.
48. Ibid., Olaf Tryggvesson, ch. 7.
49. Ibid., ch. 92.
50. Ibid., ch. 87.
51. Ibid., St. Olaf, ch. 56, 131.
52. Ibid., ch. 74.
53. Ibid., Appendix to Olaf Tryggvesson’s Saga; Encyclopaedia Britannica, art. Columbus.
54. Beowulf, xxxv.
55. Sturluson, Son of Magnus, ch. 33; Du-Chaillu, P., The Viking Age, II, 370, 379.
56. Saxo Grammaticus, Danish History, I, 23.
57. Hastings, Encyclopedia, III, 499c.
58. DuChaillu, II, 1.
59. Haskins, Normans in European History, 36.
60. DuChaillu, I, 486.
61. Saxo, 25.
62. Thompson, J. W., The Middle Ages, I, 327.
63. Sturluson, Magnus the Good, ch. 16.
64. Sigfusson, Saemund, The Elder Edda, 22-56.
65. Ibid., 23.
66. 59.
67. 66.
68. 14.
69. 84.
70. 102.
71. 81.
72. 65.
73. 73.
74. 121.
75. 58.
76. 55-6.
77. 36.
78. 68.
79. Horn, Literature of the Scandinavian North, 41.
80. Faereyinga Saga in Ker, Epic and Romance, 236.
81. Sturluson, Olaf Tryggvesson’s Saga, ch. 9.
82. Sturluson, Ynglinga Saga, ch. 6. and note; Hodgkin, Charlemagne, 154; Saxo, 44.
83. Milman, III, 216. Milman persuasively defends the credibility of this account, which German historians deny.
84. Cambridge Medieval History, 270.
85. West, Alcuin, 127.
86. Raby, F. J. E., History of Christian Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages, 183.
87. Welch, Alice K., Of Six Medieval Women, 5.
88. Addison, Arts and Crafts, 16.
CHAPTER XXI
1. Cambridge Medieval History, I, 536.
2. In Russell, B., History of Western Philosophy, 379.
3. Rule of St. Benedict, ch. 3, in Ogg, 87.
4. Ch. 2.
5. Ch. 53.
6. Dudden, I, 111.
7. In Maitland, S. R., Dark Ages, 196-8.
8. In Dudden, I, 58.
9. Ibid., 289.
10. Bede, ii, 1.
11. Gregory of Tours, 227.
12. Dudden, I, 245.
13. Thompson, J. W., Middle Ages, I, 178.
14. Dudden, II, 156; McCabe, J., Story of Religious Controversy, 307.
15. Bede, ii, 1.
16. Ibid., 198.
17. Gregory I, Ep. xiii, 45, in Dudden, I, 278.
18. In Abélard, Ouvrages inédits, Quaestio, 1a.
19. Gregory I, Magna Moralia, in Dudden, II, 313.
20. Dialogues, iv, 7, in Dudden, I, 330.
21. Dudden, II, 434f.
22. Ibid., 38.
23. Thompson. T. W., Middle Ages, I, 178.
24. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 90.
25. Cambridge Medieval History, II, 690.
26. Funk, I, 287; Cambridge Medieval History, V, 710.
27. In Milman, III, 25.
28. Gibbon, IV, 82.
29. Sarton, I, 555.
30. Poole, R. L., Illustrations, 20.
31. Taylor, H. O., Medieval Mind, I, 136.
32. Dudden, I, 86.
33. Ibid.
34. Montalembert, Comte de, Monks of the West, I, 553.
35. Guizot, Civilization, II, 113-9; Toynbee, A. J., Study of History, II, 331.
36. Waddell, H., Wandering Scholars, 34.
37. Bede, i, 17.
38. William of Malmesbury, i, 2.
39. Bede, i, 30.
40. Bede, Letter to Egbert.
41. Green, Making of England, 413.
42. Gibbon, V, 534.
43. Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion, I, 222.
44. Ibid., 352.
45. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 662.
46. Ibid., III, 67.
47. Milman, III, 111.
48. Cambridge Medieval History, III, 455.
49. Milman, III, 160; McCabe, Crises in the History of the Papacy, 128f.
50. Ibid., 131, quoting the Liber Pontificalis.
51. Milman, III, 171; Cambridge Medieval History, III, 455.
52. Milman, III, 178.
53. Ibid., 185f.
54. Sandvs, Sir John, Companion to Latin Studies, 847.
55. Vincent of Beauvais, Spec. Hist., in Milman, III, 221.
56. Thorndike, Magic and Experimental Science. T. 704.
57. Cambridge Medieval History, III, 199.
58. Hulme. E. M., Middle Ages, 339; Coulton, G. G., Life in the Middle Ages, I, 1; Sarton. I, 734.
59. Funk, I, 262.
60. Stephens. W. R. W.. Hildebrand, 14; Milman, III. 230: McCabe, Crises, 140.
61. Cambridge Medieval History, 510.
62. Guizot, France, I, 160.
63. Porter, A. K., Medieval Architecture, II, 2.
64. Ibid.
65. Carlvle, R. W., History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, IV, 52.
66. Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion, IV, 187.
67. Coulton, From St. Francis to Dante, a tr. of The Chronicle of Salimbene, 286.
68. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 9-10.
69. Catholic Encyclopedia, I, 156.
70. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 12.
71. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 210.
72. Lecky, Morals, II, 237.
73. Lea, History of Auricular Confessions, I, 46.
74. Letter to Egbert in Bede, p. 4.
75. Catholic Encyclopedia, III, 486.
76. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 268.
77. Ibid., 272.
78. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 194, 223; Thompson, Social and Economic History, 662.
79. Lea, Celibacy, 226.
80. Bryce, Jas., Holy Roman Empire, 158.
81. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 99.
82. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 663.
83. Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 55.
