by Will Durant
84. Letter of Gregory VII to William I of England, 1080, in Bryce, 160.
85. Catholic Encyclopedia, X, 871c.
86. Figgis, Political Aspects of St. Augustine’s City of God, 88.
87. Catholic Encyclopedia, X, 871c.
88. Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, IV, 64.
89. Stephens, Hildebrand, 116.
90. Thatcher and McNeal, 159.
91. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 74f.
CHAPTER XXII
1. Lot, End of the Ancient World, 125.
2. Dopsch, 283.
3. Seebohm, F., English Village Community, 126f, 179.
4. Seignobos, C., Feudal Regime, 34; Barnes, Economic History, 139.
5. Clapham and Power, 237-8.
6. Letters, iv, 2.
7. Coulton, G. G., Medieval Village, 151.
8. McCabe, Story of Religious Controversy, 325.
9. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 679.
10. Coulton, Medieval Village, 492.
11. Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 322.
12. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I IIae, xciv, 5.
13. Decree of Fourth Council of Orléans, in Dopsch, 250.
14. Lecky, Morals, II, 70; Sarton, II (ii), 799; but cf. Catholic Encyclopedia, XIV, 38.
15. Ashley, Introd. to English Economic History, II, 276.
16. Coulton, Medieval Village, 59.
17. Westermarck, E., Short History of Marriage, 14; Coulton, Medieval Village, 80.
18. Seignobos, 14; Coulton, Medieval Village, 464.
19. Bebel, 57.
20. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 721.
21. Coulton, Life in the Middle Ages, III, 123-5.
21a. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 722.
22. Seignobos, 21.
23. Coulton, Medieval Village, 65.
24. Cram, R. A., Substance of Gothic, 181.
25. Lynn White, Jr., in Speculum, Apr. 1940, p. 151.
26. Taine, H., Ancient Regime, 9; Carlyle, T., Past and Present, 55f.
27. Barnes, Economic History, 145.
28. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 741.
29. Coulton, Medieval Village, 311-18.
30. Ibid., 21, 243.
31. Coulton, Panorama, 92.
32. Speculum, Apr. 1940, 154.
33. Ibid., 155.
34. Chateaubriand, Vicomte de, The Genius of Christianity, iv, 1.4.
35. Coulton, Medieval Village, 119.
36. Lacroix, Paul, Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, 165.
37. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 663; Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 131.
38. Lacroix, Paul, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 299f.
39. Beaumanoir in Seignobos, 55.
40. Coulton, Panorama, 50.
41. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 131.
42. Thompson, Feudal Germany, 301.
43. Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, 463.
44. Pollock and Maitland, II, 242.
45. Maine, Sir H., Ancient Law, 135.
46. Coulton, Medieval Village, 528.
47. Jenks, E., Law and Politics in the Middle Ages, 23.
48. Coulton, Medieval Village, 187.
49. Lea, Superstition and Force, 286, 297, 314.
50. Coulton, Panorama, 379.
51. Lea, Superstition, 178.
52. Ibid., 140f, 179.
53. Seignobos, 79.
54. Lea, Superstition, 129.
55. Sumner, W. G., Folkways, 522.
56. Barnes, Western Civilization, I, 798.
57. Seignobos, 81.
58. Coulton, Medieval Village, 248.
59. Lacroix, Military Life, 49.
60. Davis, W. S., Life on a Medieval Barony, 176.
61. Coulton, From St. Francis to Dante, 20.
62. Seignobos, 74.
63. Coulton, Chaucer and His England, 199.
64. Coulton, Panorama, 247.
65. Prestage, E., Chivalry, 72.
66. Speculum, Apr. 1930, 189.
67. Thorndike, Magic and Science, II, 31.
68. Hoover, H., and Gibbons, H. A., Conditions of a Lasting Peace, 29.
69. Prestage, 75.
70. Coulton, Panorama, 239.
71. Traill, I, 379.
72. In Briffault, Mothers, III, 383, 394-5.
73. Bebel, 63.
74. Prestage, 9.
75. Rowbotham, 283.
76. Prestage, 98.
77. Davis, Life on a Medieval Barony, 77.
78. Vossler, K., Medieval Culture, I, 299; Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 562.
79. Miss Amy Kelly in Speculum, Jan. 1937, 5.
80. Rowbotham, 224, 235.
81. Ibid., 249.
82. Ibid., 245.
83. In Vossler, I, 323.
CHAPTER XXIII
1. Thompson, Middle Ages, I, 565.
2. LeStrange, Palestine under the Moslems, 202.
3. Coulton, Panorama, 327.
4. Lacroix, Military and Religious Life, 108.
5. Ogg, 282-8.
6. William of Malmesbury, 358.
7. Chanson de Roland, 11. 848f, in French Classics, Paris, n.d., Lib. Hatier.
8. Munro, D. C., in N. Y. Herald Tribune, Apr. 26, 1931.
9. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 389.
10. Guizot, France, I, 384.
11. Lacroix, P., History of Prostitution, 904.
12. Guizot, France, 388.
13. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 334.
14. Gibbon, VI, 72.
15. Gesta Francorum, app.
16. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 396.
17. Gibbon, VI, 75.
18. William of Tyre, Siege of Jerusalem, ch. clxi.
19. In Taylor, Medieval Mind, I, 551.
20. Albertus Aquens in Milman, IV, 38n.
21. Thompson, Economic History, 397.
22. Archer and Kingsford, Crusades, 171.
23. Milman, IV, 251.
24. William of Tyre, xxi, 7.
25. Archer, 176.
26. Muir, Caliphate, 578.
27. Guizot, France, 427f; Cambridge Medieval History, V, 307.
28. Adams, B., Law of Civilization and Decay, 94.
29. In Munro and Sellery, 275f.
30. Lane-Poole, Saladin, 175.
31. Ibid., 205f.
32. 232.
33. 246.
34. De Vaux, Carra, Penseurs d’Islam, I, 26.
35. Guizot, France, 439f; Gibbon, VI, 119.
36. Lane-Poole, Saladin, 307.
37. Ibid., 351f.
38. 357.
39. Ibid.
40. De Vaux, I, 27.
41. Lane-Poole, Saladin, 367.
42. Giraldus Cambrensis, Itinerary through Wales, i, 3.
43. Adams, Civilization and Decay, 133.
44. Gibbon, ed. Bury, VI, 528.
45. Villehardouin, Introd:, xvii.
46. Adams, Civilization and Decay, 130.
47. Gibbon, VI, 100.
48. Oman, C. W. C., Byzantine Empire, 280-2.
49. Robert of Clari in Villehardouin, Introd., xxiv.
50. Villehardouin, 31.
51. Jackson, Sir T. C., Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, I, 101.
52. Diehl, Manuel, 635.
53. Dalton, Byzantine Art, 538.
54. Gibbon, VI, 171.
55. Beard, Miriam, History of the Business Man, 109.
56. Encyclopaedia Britannica, VI, 788; MacLaurin, C., Mere Mortals, II, 215f.
57. Kantorowicz, E., Frederick II, 185f.
58. Villehardouin, 177.
59. Ibid., 220.
60. 320.
61. Day, Clive, History of Commerce, 88.
62. Hitti, 346.
63. Guizot, Civilization, I, 534.
64. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 152.
65. Speculum, Oct. 1938, 391.
66. In Gibbon, VI, I, 25n.
67. Speculum, Oct. 1938, 403.
69. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 60.
CHAPTER XXIV
1. Day, Commerce, 57; Pirenne, Medieval Cities, 87.
2. Boissonnade, 173.
3. Thompson, Economic History, 577.
4. Speculum, Apr. 1940, 145.
5. Boissonnade, 173.
6. Coulton, Panorama, 325.
7. Ibid., 322.
8. Beard, 79.
9. Zimmern, H., The Hansa Towns, 183.
10. Ibid., 95.
11. Ibid., 152, 200.
12. Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages, 451.
13. Id., Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 581.
14. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 478.
15. Gest, A. P., Roman Engineering, 142.
16. Haskins, C. H., Studies in Medieval Culture, 101.
17. Usher, History of Inventions, 125.
18. Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 504.
19. Hitti, 667.
20. Rickard, Man and Metals, II, 561.
21. Salzman, L. F., English Industries of the Middle Ages, 1.
22. Rickard, II, 595.
23. Ibid., 615.
24. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 500.
25. Renard, G., Guilds in the Middle Ages, 24.
26. Pirenne, H., Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, 211.
27. Thompson, J. W., Later Middle Ages, 5.
28. Boissonnade, 187.
29. Ibid., 186.
30. Pirenne, H., Economic History, 113.
31. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 198.
32. Schoenhof, J., History of Money and Prices, 98.
33. Jusserand, J. J., English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages, 192.
34. Boissonnade, 221.
35. Coulton, Panorama, 285.
36. Id., Five Centuries of Religion, V, 282.
37. Pirenne, Economic History, 120.
38. Coulton, Panorama, 343.
39. Boissonnade, 167.
40. Pirenne, 128.
41. Pirenne, Cities, 223.
42. Matthew Paris, Historia maior, 1235, I, p. 2.
43. Ashley, English Economic History and Theory, I, 201.
44. Pirenne, Economic History, 130.
45. Ibid., 135.
46. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 15.
47. Ibid.
48. Id., Later Middle Ages, 449; Day, 93.
49. Schoenhof, 63.
50. Ibid., 57; Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 432.
51. Adams, Law of Civilization, 167.
52. Lacroix, Manners, Customs, and Dress, 272.
53. Davis, Medieval England, 376.
54. Zimmern, Hansa, 165; Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 449.
55. Molmenti, Venice, Part I, Vol. I, 149; Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 420, 452; Crump, C. G., Legacy of the Middle Ages, 441.
56. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 246; Later Middle Ages, 449-50.
57. Aristotle, Politics, i, 10.
58. Luke vi, 34.
59. In Ashley, English Economic History and Theory, I, 126.
60. Ibid., 128.
61. Ibid.
62. 158.
63. 149.
64. 411.
65. Coulton, G. G., Medieval Scene, 146.
66. Ashley, I, 149, 157.
67. Ibid., II, 405.
68. Pirenne, Economic History, 137.
69. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 638.
70. Coulton, Medieval Village, 284.
71. Pirenne, Economic History, 129.
72. Ashley, I, 198.
73. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 491.
74. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, II IIae, lxxviii, 2.
75. Ashley, I, 196; Coulton, Panorama, 336.
76. Boissonnade, 166.
77. Ashley, I, 203.
78. Abbott, G. F., Israel in Egypt, 112.
79. Baron, S., Social and Religious History of the Jews, II, 16.
80. Rivoira, G., Lombardic Architecture, I, 108.
81. Dopsch, 338.
82. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 484.
83. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 792.
84. Lethaby, W., Medieval Art, 145.
85. Richard, E., History of German Civilization, 195; Lacroix, Manners, 271.
86. Saunders, O. E., History of English Art in the Middle Ages, 85.
87. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 493.
88. Id., Later Middle Ages, 196.
89. Day, 47.
90. Coulton, Medieval Scene, 92.
91. Walsh, J. J., Thirteenth the Greatest of Centuries, 437.
92. Barnes, Economic History, 184; Renard, Guilds, 37.
93. Ashley, I, 81.
94. Addison, J., Arts and Crafts, 2.
95. Power, Eileen, and Power, R., Cities and Their Stories, 74.
96. Bebel, 59.
97. Villari, P., Two First Centuries of Florentine History, 35.
98. Guibert of Nogent, Autobiography, 6-bis, 7-9.
99. Pirenne, H., History of Europe, 276.
100. Boissonnade, 207; Renard, Guilds, 62; Coulton, Panorama, 293; Schevill, Siena, 68.
101. Barnes, Economic History, 162-3.
102. Day, 51.
103. Headlam, C., Story of Nuremberg, 152.
104. Salzman, 335.
105. Pirenne, Economic History, 213.
106. Coulton, Chaucer, 128; Medieval Village, 329.
107. Boissonnade, 237.
108. Pirenne, Cities, 75.
109. Barnes, Economic History, 163.
110. Clapham and Power, 337.
111. Ibid.
112. Matthew Paris, I, 11, 42, 48, 156, 164, etc.
113. Coulton, Panorama, 456.
114. Porter, Medieval Architecture, II, 149.
115. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 801.
116. Guizot, France, I, 614.
117. Beard, 85.
118. In Zimmern, Hansa, 49.
119. Coulton, Social Life in Britain, 101; Schoenhof, 125.
120. Rogers, J. E. T., Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 92; Jusserand, 99; Schoenhof 119.
121. Rogers, 73; Renard, 16.
122. Matthew Paris, 1251; Milman, VI, 57f; Lea, H. C., History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, I, 270.
123. Munro and Sellery, 468.
124. Pirenne, Economic History, 203.
125. Ashley, I, 82.
126. Ralph Higben’s Chronicle, viii, 145, in Coulton, Social Life, 356.
127. Beard, 145.
CHAPTER XXV
1. Benjamin of Tudela in Komroff, Contemporaries, 265; Diehl, Manuel, 390.
2. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 760.
3. Vasiliev, A. A., History of the Byzantine Empire, II, 151.
4. Matt. Paris, Chronica maiora, v, 38; Historia minor, iii, 38-9, in Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 493.
5. Vasiliev, II, 237, 241.
6. Finlay, G., History of Greece, III, 372.
7. Kluchevsky, I, 185; Pokrovsky, 78.
8. Rambaud, I, 96.
9. Vernadsky, G., Kievan Russia, 93-5.
10. Rambaud, I, 129; Kluchevsky, I, 323.
11. Vasiliev, II, 237.
12. Rambaud, I, 154.
13. Affirmed by Karamsin, denied by Soloviev, cf. Rambaud, I, 169.
14. Rambaud, I, 172.
15. Morey, Medieval Art, 158f.
16. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 468.
17. Lönnrot, E., Kalevala, I, vii.
18. Rambaud, I, 144.
19. Lützow, Bohemia, 44.
20. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 348.
21. Richard, German Civilization, 186; Thompson, Feudal Germany, 161.
22. Richard, 186.
23. Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, V, 88; III, 89.
24. Freeman, Norman Conquest, II, 181.
25. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 168
.
26. Ibid., 163.
27. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 274.
28. Hume, D., History of England, I, 504.
29. Davis, Medieval England, 355; Milman, IV, 298, 302.
30. Stubbs, Constitutional History, I, 309; Freeman, Norman Conquest, IV, 430.
31. Ibid., 714.
32. Vinogradoff, P., English Society in the Eleventh Century, 472; Coulton, Medieval Village, 11.
33. Stubbs, I, 330.
34. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XI, 432.
35. Cf. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 206-8.
36. Coulton, Life, III, 5-7; Panorama, 229.
37. Pollock and Maitland, I, 104; Freeman, Historical Essays, 2d Series, 114.
38. Text in Rowbotham, 62.
39. Coulton, Panorama, 231.
40. Hume, D., I, 478.
41. Holinshed, Chronicle, 18.
42. Ogg, 304-10
43. Jenks, 35.
44. Pollock and Maitland, I, 138.
45. Encyclopaedia Britannica, VIII, 9a.
46. Draper, Intellectual Development of Europe, II, 81.
47. Pollock and Maitland, I, 465; II, 398.
48. Coulton, Panorama, 379.
49. Home, Roman London, 118.
50. Speculum, Jan. 1937, 20.
51. Coulton, Panorama, 297.
52. Joyce, Ireland, 246-8; Hume, I, 356. Cardinal Gasquet (Monastic Life in the M. Ages, 169) argues unconvincingly against the authenticity of this bull.
53. In Coulton, Panorama, 66.
54. Brown, P. H., History of Scotland, I, 88.
55. Thierry, A., Conquest of England by the Normans, I, 21.
56. Blok, P. J., History of … the Netherlands, I, 230.
57. May, Sir T., Democracy in Europe, I, 338-9.
58. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XXI, 912c.
59. Guizot, France, I, 524.
60. Ibid., 312.
61. 522.
62. Belloc, Paris, 154.
63. Adams, H., Mont St. Michel and Chartres, 177.
64. Joinville, Chronicle, 153.
65. Lacroix, Manners, 32.
66. In Munro and Sellery, 520.
67. Joinville, 308.
68. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 347.
69. Joinville, 139.
70. Taylor, H. O., Medieval Mind, I, 365.
71. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 349.
72. Joinville, 149.
73. Ibid., 310; Guizot, France, I, 556; Munro and Sellery, 496.
74. Joinville, 316.
75. Munro and Sellery, 498.
76. Joinville, 148.
77. Munro and Sellery, 493, 500.
78. Guizot, France, I, 543.
79. Joinville, 150.
80. Guizot, Civilization, I, 184; Lacroix, Manners, 234.
81. Coulton, From St. Francis, 140.
82. Guizot, France, I, 452.
83. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 44; Porter, Medieval Architecture, II, 264.
