by Will Durant
90. Lea, II, 326.
91. Coulton, Life, III, 54; Kantorowicz, 419.
92. Sabatier, 52; Taylor, Medieval Mind, I, 460.
93. Milman, VI, 123.
94. Coulton, Life, I, 205.
95. Catholic Encyclopedia, II, 662d.
96. Ibid., 663.
97. Thatcher, 311.
98. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 7-8.
99. Milman, VI, 282; Coulton, Panorama, 212.
100. Guizot, France, I, 591.
101. Catholic Encyclopedia, II, 666c.
102. Ibid., 667c; Ogg, 383-8.
103. Adams, B., Law of Civilization and Decay, 173; Draper, Intellectual Development, II, 83.
104. Guizot, France, I, 596.
105. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 18.
106. Guizot, 601; Draper, II, 86.
107. Milman, VI, 494f
108. Lea, II, 58.
109. Hume, England, I, 511.
110. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 118.
111. Coulton, From Francis, 150.
CHAPTER XXX
1. In Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 176.
2. Id., Medieval Village, 103.
3. Bede, i, 27.
4. Coulton, Life, IV, 160n.
5. In Coulton, From Francis, 18.
6. Benvenuta da Imola in Coulton, From Francis, 416; Lacroix, Prostitution, I, 694.
7. Ibid., 695.
8. 700.
9. 697.
10. II, 908.
11. Wright, ed., Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry, Prologue and ch. 35.
12. In Briffault, Mothers, III, 417.
13. Lecky, Morals, II, 152.
14. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 904.
15. Ibid., 905.
16. 904.
17. I, 721.
18. II, 869; Sumner, Folkways, 529; Bebel, 61; Garrison, History of Medicine, 192; Sanger, Wm., History of Prostitution, 98.
19. St. Augustine, De or dine, ii, 4.
20. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, II IIae, x, 11.
21. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XVIII, 598a.
22. Ibid.
23. Lacroix, Prostitution, I, 733-42.
24. Ibid., II, 751; Sanger, 95.
25. Coulton, Panorama, 172.
26. Lecky, Morals, II, 218.
27. Power, E., Medieval People, 118.
28. Pollock and Maitland, II, 387.
29. Coulton, Panorama, 634.
30. Bevan, E., and Singer, C., Legacy of Israel, 102.
31. Crump, 346.
32. Thomas Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles, iii, 122.
33. Himes, Contraception, 160f.
34. Lacroix, Prostitution, I, 699.
35. Coulton, Medieval Village, 404.
36. Schoenfeld, H., Women of the Teutonic Nations, 122.
37. Freeman, Norman Conquest, II, 166.
38. Wright, Th., History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments, 275.
39. Pollock and Maitland, II, 390; Crump, 297; Butler, P., Women of Medieval France, 30.
40. St. John Chrysostom in James, B., Women of England, 108.
41. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Supplement, lxxxi, 3.
42. Ibid., I, xciii, 4.
43. Supplement, xxxix, 3.
44. II IIae, xxvi, 10.
45. In Coulton, Panorama, 614, quoting Gratian, Decretum, II, xxxiii, 5.
46. Coulton, Life, III, 114; Five Centuries, I, 174.
47. Id., Chaucer’s England, 212.
48. Id., Panorama, 618.
49. Schoenfeld, 41.
50. Davis, Life on a Medieval Barony, 102.
51. James, Women of England, 182.
52. Renard, 20.
53. Cf. James, 116.
54. Wright, T., Domestic Manners, 273-4.
55. Butler, Women of France, 104.
56. Adams, H., Mont St. Michel, 211.
57. Butler, 123.
58. Tout, T. F., Medieval Forgers, in Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 310.
59. Haskins, Renaissance, 89.
60. Exs. in Coulton, Chaucer’s England, 200; Five Centuries, I, 251.
61. Lacroix, Manners, 41.
62. Coulton, Medieval Village, 72, 344.
63. Id., Panorama, 74, 369.
64. Encyclopaedia Britannica, VIII, 8d.
65. Coulton, Inquisition, 47.
66. Hume, I, 185.
67. Salzman, 309.
68. Ashley, II, 73.
69. Coulton, Chaucer, 131.
70. Coulton, Life, III, 57f.
71. Id., Medieval Village, 30.
72. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 571; Porter, Medieval Architecture, II, 159.
73. Coulton, Panorama, 377.
74. Ibid.
75. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 234-5.
76. Coulton, From Francis, 218.
77. Sumner, 472; Jusserand, 212; Boissonnade, 262.
78. Coulton, Social Life, 395.
79. Joinville, 309.
80. Cf. Coulton, From Francis, app. C.
81. Jusserand, 132f.
82. Davis, Medieval England, 425.
83. Zimmern, Hansa, 111.
84. Ibid.
85. Coulton, Social Life, 371, 425.
86. Ashley, II, 328.
87. Bacon, R., Opus maius, ed. Bridges, II, 251.
88. Ashley, II, 307.
89. Ibid., 323.
90. Davis, Life on a Medieval Barony, 95.
91. Traill, I, 484.
92. James, Women, 208.
93. Speculum, Apr. 1940, 148; Encyclopaedia Britannica, IV, 470.
94. In Adams, H., 202.
95. Friedlander, Roman Manners, II, 183.
96. Butler, Women, 147.
97. Dante, Purgatorio, xxiii, 102.
98. Coulton, From Francis, 271.
99. Davis, Life on a Medieval Barony, 96.
100. In Coulton, Life, III, 64.
101. Crump, 431.
102. Beard, 69.
103. Coulton, Life, IV, 173.
104. Speculum, Apr. 1928, 198.
105. Sarton, II(1), 96.
106. Speculum, Jan. 1934, 306.
107. Ibid.
108. Lowie, Are We Civilized?, 75.
109. Lacroix, Manners, 176.
110. Butler, Women, 150.
111. Giraldus Cambrensis, Description of Wales, i, 10.
112. Salzman, 171.
113. Lacroix, P., Arts of the Middle Ages, 13.
114. Rogers, Six Centuries, 46.
115. Sedgwick, Italy, II, 197.
116. Power, Medieval People, 103.
117. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 595.
118. Müller-Lyer, Marriage, 56.
119. Coulton, Panorama, 313; Addison, Arts, 272.
120. Coulton, Medieval Village, 27.
121. Schevill, Siena, 349.
122. Haskins, Studies in Medieval Culture, 122.
123. Sedgwick, II, 206.
124. Coulton, Panorama, 96.
125. Power, E., Medieval People, 76.
126. Lacroix, Manners, 239; Coulton, Medieval Village, 559.
127. Coulton, Panorama, 96.
128. Kirstein, L., Dance, 88.
129. Wright, Th., Domestic Manners, 257.
130. Walsh, J., Thirteenth Century, 452.
131. Davis, Medieval England, 372.
132. Davis, Life on a Medieval Barony, 64.
133. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XIII, 791c.
134. Lacroix, Manners, 233.
135. Gardiner, E. N., Athletics of the Ancient World, 237.
136. Coulton, Panorama, 83.
137. Gardiner, 238.
138. Coulton, Panorama, 95.
139. Coulton, Social Life, 392.
140. Id., Chaucer, 278.
141. Chambers, E. K., The Medieval Stage, I, 287; Maitland, Dark Ages, 174; Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 240
142. Ibid.; Chambers, I, 323; Coulton, Panorama, 606.
143. Chambers, I, 343.
144. Time, Dec. 31, 1945.
145. Wad dell. Wandering Scholars, 200.
146. Coulton, From Francis, 56.
147. Ibid., 55.
148. 57.
149. 13.
CHAPTER XXXI
1. Jackson, Sir T., Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, 94.
2. Id., Gothic Architecture, I; 59.
3. Spencer, H., Principles of Sociology, III, 291; Coulton, Life, IV, 169.
4. Theophilus, Sehedula diversarum artium, Introd., in Dillon, Glass, 126.
5. Addison, Arts, 86, 59.
6. Ibid., 186.
7. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 115.
8. Saunders, English Art in the Middle Ages, 65.
9. Ackerman, Phyllis, Tapestry, 42f
10. Ruskin, Stones of Venice, I, ch. 2.
11. Morey, 195.
12. Short, E. H., The Painter in History, 75.
13. Mâle, L’art religieux du XIIIe siècle, 80.
14. Taine, H., Italy: Florence and Venice, 49.
15. Encyclopaedia Britannica, V, 706d.
16. Vasari, Lives, I, 66.
17. Morey, 267.
18. Lacroix, Arts, 251f.
19. Adams, H., Mont St. Michel, 137.
20. Saunders, 105.
21. Mâle, 78.
22. Bond, F., Wood Carvings in English Churches, I, 167.
23. Ibid.
24. Mâle, 74.
25. S. Reinach in Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 106.
26. Kantorowicz, 535; Morey, 314; Sedgwick, II, 225.
CHAPTER XXXII
1. Pope, A. U., Iranian and Armenian Contributions to the Beginnings of Gothic Architecture, 127.
2. Porter, II, 170.
3. Speculum, Jan. 1927, 23.
4. Mâle, 66; Morey, 234.
5. William of Malmesbury, v, 3.
6. Encyclopaedia Britannica, VII, 763.
7. Cram, Substance of Gothic, 119.
8. Pope, Contributions, 137.
9. Bond, F., Gothic Architecture in England, 263; Pirenne, J., Grands courants, II, 135; Porter, II, 63.
10. Addison, Arts, 201.
11. Panofsky, I., Abbot Suger.
12. Cram, 144.
13. Coulton, Life, II, 18; Porter, I, 151f.
14. Headlam, C., Story of Chartres, 140.
15. Jackson, Gothic Architecture, I, 96.
16. Ferguson, J., History of Architecture, I, 540.
17. Adams, H., 66.
18. Headlam, Chartres, 229.
19. Ibid., 208.
20. Ibid.
21. Adams, H., 76.
22. Connick, C. J., Adventures in Light and Color, 10.
23. Robillard, M., Chartres, 54.
24. Faure, Medieval Art, 348; Bond, Gothic Architecture in England, 33; Moore, C. H., Development of Gothic Architecture, 124.
25. Jackson, Gothic Architecture, I, 189.
26. Ibid.
27. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 108.
28. Armstrong, Sir W., Art in Great Britain, 46.
29. Morey, 293. Germany was closed to mere scholars during the composition of these pages, which must therefore speak of German architecture and sculpture at second hand, or from vague memories of visits in 1912 and 1932.
30. De Wulf, Medieval Philosophy, I, 3.
31. Morey, 297.
32. In Taine, Italy: Florence, 89.
33. Beard, 143.
34. Street, G., Gothic Architecture in Spain, 106.
35. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 168; Dieulafoy, Art in Spain, 147.
CHAPTER XXXIII
1. Lang, P. H., Music in Western Civilization, 51.
2. Ibid., 43.
3. Reese, Music in the Middle Ages, 63.
4. Ibid., 20f; Oxford History of Music, introductory volume, 137.
5. Lang, 71.
6. Grove, Dictionary of Music, s.v. Notation.
7. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 17; Sarton, II (1), 25, 406.
8. The date and identity of Franco are disputed; cf. Grove, s.v. Franco of Cologne.
9. Lang, 130.
10. Ibid., 139.
11. Giraldus Cambrensis, Description of Wales, i, 8.
12. Lang, 97.
13. Jusserand, 196.
14. Reese, 206.
15. Ibid., 246.
16. So argues, with considerable scholarship, Julian Ribera in La musica de las cantigas; cf. McKinney, H. D., and Anderson, W. R., Music in History, 181. Beck, Gennrich, and Reese prefer to derive the name and songs of the troubadours from the trope; cf. Reese, 218.
17. Lacroix, Arts, 203.
18. Addison, Arts, 110.
19. Reese, 123.
20. Rowbotham, 6; Lacroix, Arts, 205.
21. Ibid., 204.
CHAPTER XXXIV
1. In Ogg, 145.
2. Vossler, K., Medieval Culture, I, 5.
3. Dante, La Vita Nuova, xxv.
4. Munro and Sellery, 330.
5. Cf. Pollock and Maitland, I, 57.
6. Mumford, L., Technics and Civilization, 438; Encyclopaedia Britannica, XXI, 1006a.
7. Lyra Graeca, III, 679, app. by J. M. Edmonds.
8. Munro and Sellery, 282; Haskins, Renaissance, 16; id., Normans, 236.
9. Haskins, Renaissance, 72.
10. Thorndike in Speculum, Apr. 1937, 268.
11. Haskins, Renaissance, 72.
12. Coulton, Panorama, 683.
13. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 554.
14. Lacroix, Arts, 472.
15. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 156.
16. Coulton, Medieval Scene, 124; Panorama, 576; Haskins, Renaissance, 71.
17. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XIV, 3.
18. Haskins, Renaissance, 43.
19. Calvert, Moorish Remains in Spain, 426.
20. Haskins, Studies in Medieval Culture, 100.
21. Bevna, Legacy of Israel, 230.
22. Ibid., 211.
23. Sarton, II(1), 125.
24. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 347.
25. Ibid., 244.
26. Wright, Domestic Manners, 271.
27. De Wulf, Medieval Philosophy, I, 61; West, Alcuin, 57.
28. John of Salisbury, Metalogicus, i, 24, in Poole, Illustrations, 98.
29. Thorndike in Speculum, Oct. 1940, 401.
30. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 28.
31. Thorndike, l.c.; Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, III, 350; Crump, Legacy of the Middle Ages, 262-3.
32. Abélard, Historia Calamitatum, Introd. by R. A. Cram, p. v.
33. Coulton, Medieval Village, 254.
34. Jusserand, 279.
35. Coulton, Panorama, 388.
36. Thorndike, Speculum, Oct. 1940, 408.
37. Rashdall, Universities, III, 370.
38. Aristotle, Politics, viii, 1.
39. Crump, 266.
40. Rashdall, I, 93.
41. Ibid., 113.
42. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, I, 59.
43. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 33; Baedeker, K., Northern Italy, 471.
44. Rashdall, I, 149-67.
45. Ibid., 196.
46. 196-7.
47. Paetow, L. J., Guide to the Study of Medieval History, 448.
48. Haskins, Renaissance, 396.
49. Rashdall, I, 445.
50. Thorndike, Magic, II, 53.
51. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 746.
52. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XI, 995.
53. Rashdall, III, 29n.
54. Ibid., 33.
55. 199.
56. 246n; Sarton, II(2), 584.
57. Davis, Medieval England, 398.
58. Encyclopaedia Britannica, X, 9006b.
59. Ashley, I, 203.
60. Munro and Sellery, 350; Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 65.
61. Waddell, Wandering Scholars, 171.
62. Walsh, 65.
63. Rashdall, IV, 325-36.
64. Ibid.
65. Coulton, Social Life, 95.<
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66. Rashdall, III, 386.
67. Ibid., 439.
68. 441.
69. 440.
70. 96n.
71. 431.
72. 432; Coulton, Life, III, 73.
73. Rashdall, III, 439.
74. Castiglione, 328.
75. Munro and Sellery, 350.
76. Rashdall, I, 466-70.
CHAPTER XXXV
1. V. Cousin in Abélard, Ouvrages inédits, xcix.
2. Gilson, É., La philosophie au moyen âge, ed. 1947, 238.
3. De Wulf, Medieval Philosophy, I, 103.
4. Ibid., 46.
5. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, i, 1.
6. Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, I, 386.
7. Abélard, Historia Calamitatum, ch. 6.
8. Rémusat, C. de, Abélard, I, 39.
9. Abélard, Calamitatum, ch. 5.
10. Gilson, La philosophie au moyen âge, ed. 1922, 1, 89.
11. Abélard, Calamitatum, ch. 5.
12. Rémusat, I, 30n.
13. Abélard, ch. 16.
14. Rémusat, I, 54.
15. Abélard, ch. 6. He does not say that he accompanied her.
16. Ibid., ch. 7; Lea, Celibacy, 269.
17. Abélard, ch. 7.
18. Ibid.
19. Poole, Illustrations, 125.
20. Abélard, Dialectica, introd. to Part IV, in Ouvrages inédits.
21. Ibid.
22. In Rémusat, II, 534-5.
23. Ouvrages inédits, p. clxxxvii.
24. Abélard, Sic et non, in Ouvrages, p. 16.
25. De Wulf, Medieval Philosophy, I, 201.
26. Abélard, Calamitatum, ch. 9.
27. Rémusat, I, 77.
28. Abélard, Calamitatum, ch. 9.
29. Ch. 11.
30. Rémusat, II, 197.
31. Ibid., 196; Gilson, La philosophie au moyen âge, ed. 1947, p. 291.
32. Ueberweg, I, 387.
33. Rémusat, II, 203.
34. Ibid., 205.
35. Abélard, Calamitatum, ch. 12.
36. Ch. 13.
37. Ch. 15.
38. Ch. 14.
39. In Scott-Moncrieff, Letters of Abélard and Héloïse, 53-6.
40. Ibid., p. 82.
41. P. 103.
42. Butler, Women, 68.
43. Prof. Paetow considered the “letters of Héloïse … the vain imaginings of a very vain man.”—Speculum, Apr. 1927, 227. Prof. Gilson concludes in favor of their general authenticity; cf. his Héloïse et Abélard, Paris, 1938, and Speculum, July 1939, 394.
44. Abélard, Scito te ipsum, xiii-xiv, in Rémusat, II, 466.
45. Abélard, Ep. xiii, in Cambridge Medieval History, V, 798.
46. St. Bernard, Eps. 191 and 338, in Taylor, Medieval Mind, I, 417, and II, 385; Adams, H., 313; Ueberweg, 396.
47. Raby, Christian Latin Poetry, 321.
48. Rémusat, I, 260.
