by Will Durant
CHAPTER XXXVI
1. Duhem, Système du monde, III, 88.
2. De Wulf, History of Medieval Philosophy, I, 154.
3. Poole, Illustrations, 151.
4. Ibid., 185.
5. 108.
6. Thorndike, Magic, II, 58.
7. Ibid., 50; italics mine.
8. Ibid., 58.
9. Poole, 158.
10. Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 402.
11. In Poole, Illustrations, 164.
12. In Adams, H., 292.
13. John of Salisbury, Polycraticus, v, 16; vi, 24; vii, 17.
14. V, 16.
15. IV, 3.
16. V, 6; vi, 6, 12, 25; iii, 15.
17. VIII, 20.
18. VII, 11.
19. Munro and Sellery, 460; Sarton, II(2), 860; De Wulf, History of Medieval Philosophy, I, 248.
20. Ibid.
21. Robertson, J. M., History of Free Thought, I, 325.
22. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 99.
23. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 345.
24. Id., Medieval Scene, 111.
25. De Wulf, I, 189.
26. Lea, II, 319.
27. Gilson, La philosophie au moyen âge, ed. 1947, 384.
28. Rashdall, I, 354.
29. Lea, II, 320-3.
30. Renan, Averroès, 288.
31. Coulton, Panorama, 449.
32. Rashdall, I, 264.
33. De Wulf, II, 97.
34. Hearnshaw, Medieval Contributions to Modern Civilization, 145.
35. Lea, III, 440.
36. Castiglione, 330.
37. Coulton, Panorama, 461.
38. Gilson, La philosophie, ed. 1947, 564.
39. De Wulf, II, 96, 103.
40. In Gilson, ed. 1947, 564.
41. Ibid., 565.
42. 562.
43. 558; Renan, Averroès, 268.
44. Ibid., 273-5; Gilson, ed. 1947, 559.
45. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 822.
46. De Wulf, I, 144.
47. Id., Philosophy and Civilization in the Middle Ages, 51.
48. Gilson, Philosophy of St. Bonaventure, 8.
49. Sabatier, 41.
50. Gilson, La philosophie, ed. 1922, II, 9.
51. Sarton, II(2), 938; Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 451.
52. Maritain, J., The Angelic Doctor, 32.
53. Ibid., 29.
54. 31; D’Arcy, Thomas Aquinas, 35.
55. Ibid., 51.
56. 46.
57. Grabmann, M., Thomas Aquinas, 32.
58. Wicksteed, P. H., Dante and Aquinas, 93; D’Arcy, 47.
59. Maritain, 45.
60. D’Arcy, 52.
61. De Wulf, Philosophy and Civilization, 166.
62. Maritain, 40.
63. Bevan, Legacy of Israel, 267.
64. Diesendruck, Z., Maimonides and Thomas Aquinas, 5.
65. Gilson, La philosophie, ed. 1922, I, 114.
66. In Sarton, II (2), 915.
67. Thomas Aquinas, De caelo et mundo, lect. 22, in Grabmann, 44.
68. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, i, 2.
69. Ibid.
70. Id., Comm. on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, 333.
71. Id., Summa Theologica, I, xvi, 8.
72. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, i, 12.
73. Ibid., i, 3.
74. Id., Summa Theologica, II IIae, i, 5.
75. Ibid., II IIae, x, 7.
76. Id., Quodlibeta, II, a, 7, in Grabmann, 50.
77. Id., Summa Theologica, II IIae, i, 10.
78. Ibid., xxvi, 10.
79. Id., De veritate, ii, 10.
80. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, i, 11.
81. Id., Summa Theologica, I, ii, 3; Summa contra Gentiles, i, 16.
82. Ibid., i, 3; i, 30.
83. Id., Summa Theologica, I, lxxxiv, 7.
84. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, ii, 38.
85. Ibid., 35.
86. Ibid., iii, 23.
87. Id., Quodlibeta, xi, 4.
88. Id., Comm. on II Sent., VIII, vi, 4, in Hopkins, C. E., Share of Thomas Aquinas in … the Witchcraft Delusion, 78.
89. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, cxvii, 3.
90. Ibid., lcxv, 3; xcv, 5.
91. Ibid., 4.
92. Id., Comm. on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, 146, 157.
93. Id., Summa Theologica, I, lxxvi, 1.
94. In Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 444.
95. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, lxxv, 4.
96. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, ii, 72.
97. D’Arcy, 147.
98. Thomas Aquinas, Comm. on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, 179.
99. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, ii, 49.
100. Id., De anima, iii, 7.
101. Id., Summa Theologica, I, lxxviii, 1-4.
102. Ibid., I, v, 6.
103. De Wulf, History of Medieval Philosophy, II, 25.
104. Thomas Aquinas, De veritate, xxiv, 1.
105. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, i, 1.
106. Id., Summa Theologica, I, lxxvi, 1.
107. Ibid., I IIae, iv, 6.
108. Id., De veritate, ii, 2.
109. Id., Summa contra Gentiles, iii, 27-31.
110. Id., Summa Theologica, II IIae, xiv, 3; xxvii, 1; xxxi, 4.
111. Id., Comm. on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, 207; Summa Theologica, I, xcii, 1; xcix, 2; cxv, 3.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid., I, xcii, 3.
114. Ibid., I, v, 3.
115. Ibid., II IIae, x, 11.
116. Ibid., II IIae, civ, 1; I IIae, xix, 5; De veritate, xvii, 5; on IV Sent., 38.
117. Id., Summa Theologica, II IIae, x, 11.
118. Ibid., 10.
119. Ibid., 11.
120. Ibid., 8.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid., II IIae, xi, 4.
123. Ibid., I IIae, xcvii, 3.
124. Ibid., I, ciii, 3.
125. Ibid., I IIae, cv, 1; cvii, 1.
126. Id., De regimine principum, i, 6.
127. Id., Summa Theologica, II IIae, lxvi, 2.
128. Ibid.
129. Ibid., II IIae, cxviii, 1.
130. Ibid., II IIae, lxvi, 7.
131. Ibid., II IIae, lxxvii, 4.
132. Ibid., II IIae, lxxviii, 1-4.
133. Ibid., I IIae, xcii, 1; cv, 1; II IIae, lvii, 3; lxx, 3.
134. Ibid., I IIae, vii, 1f; Comm. on II Sent., xliv; Summa contra Gentiles, iv, 76; Hearnshaw, Social and Political Ideas, 102.
135. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, xxiii, 5.
136. Ibid., I, xxiii, 1, 3; Summa contra Gentiles, iii, 163, quoting Paul, Ephesians, i, 4.
137. Wicksteed, 266.
138. Gilson, Bonaventure, 7.
139. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, xii, 1, 7-8.
140. Ibid., II IIae, clxxix-clxxxii.
141. Sarton, II(2), 916.
142. Thomas Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles, i, 1.
143. Sarton, II(2), 906.
144. Gilson, Reason and Revelation, 30.
145. Id., La philosophie, ed. 1947, 606.
146. De Wulf, Medieval Philosophy, II, 85.
147. Ibid., 84; Gilson, 603.
148. Quoted in Mill, J. S., System of Logic, pref.
149. Waddell, Wandering Scholars, 113.
150. Gilson, La philosophie, ed. 1922, I, 154.
CHAPTER XXXVII
1. James, Women, 120.
2. Thorndike, Magic, II, 8.
3. Ibid., 814.
4. Coulton, Panorama, 105.
5. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 251.
6. Himes, 161.
7. Coulton, Panorama, 106.
8. Kantorowicz, 354.
9. Thorndike, Magic, II, 169.
10. Coulton, Life, I, 33.
11. Id., Panorama, 115.
12. Milman, I, 542.
13. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 424.
14. Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, III, 421a.
15. Pauph
ilet, A., Jeux et sapience du moyen âge, 317n.
16. Coulton, Social Life, 526.
17. Singer, Chas., Studies in the History and Method of Science, I, 165.
18. Castiglione, 385.
19. Thorndike, Magic, II, 167.
20. Lacroix, Science and Literature, 208.
21. Thorndike, II, 319.
22. Ibid., 328.
23. 689, 949.
24. Sarton 11(2), 1082.
25. Walsh, The Popes and Science, 52.
26. Sarton, 11(2), 1082.
27. Cf. text in Walsh, Popes, app.
28. Ibid., 31, 43.
29. Pliny, Natural History, xxxvi, 26, 67.
30. Thorndike, II, 237.
31. Sarton, 11(2), 611.
32. Thorndike, II, 449.
33. Sarton, 11(2), 617.
34. Singer, Studies, II, 105.
35. Ibid., I, 18.
36. Thorndike, I, 775.
37. Addison, Arts, 78.
38. Giraldus Cambrensis, Itinerary, 6.
39. Augustine, City of God, xvi, 9.
40. Sarton, I, 516.
41. Joinville, 258.
42. Raby, Christian Latin Poetry, 356.
43. Sarton II(2), 575.
44. Kantorowicz, 360.
45. Mumford, 22.
46. Sarton, II(1), 21.
47. Speculum, Apr. 1941, 242.
48. Sarton, 11(2), 1024.
49. Ibid.; Singer, II, 398.
50. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 97.
51. Kantorowicz, 354.
52. Sarton, 11(2), 1030.
53. Willoughby, W., Social Justice, 14.
54. Sarton, 11(2), 1041.
55. Ibid., 1098.
56. 1037.
57. 1038-9.
58. Thorndike, I, 740.
59. Garrison, 148.
60. Sarton, II(1), 81, 242.
61. Garrison, 175.
62. Ibid., 181.
63. Castiglione, 381.
64. Bartholomaeus Anglicus, xlv, 4, in Coulton, Social Life, 502.
65. Castiglione, 384.
66. Kantorowicz, 356.
67. Lacroix, Science, 149.
68. Thorndike in Speculum, Apr. 1928, 194; Neuman, Jews in Spain, II, 110.
69. Garrison, 170.
70. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 52.
71. Ibid., 52-7.
72. Garrison, 144, 172.
73. Lacroix, Science, 154.
74. Garrison, 144.
75. Coulton, Panorama, 448.
76. Sarton, II(1), 72.
77. In Castiglione, 337.
78. Garrison, 153.
79. Castiglione, 388.
80. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 345.
81. Sarton, II(1), 84.
82. Joyce, Ireland, 151.
83. Garrison, 186.
84. Speculum, Jan. 1937, 19.
85. Munro and Sellery, 266.
86. In Coulton, Panorama, 304.
87. Jackson, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, I, 142; Barnes, Economic History, 165.
88. Thorndike, II, 28f.
89. Ibid., 25.
90. 538.
91. Ibid.
92. 526, 551, 566, 568, 583.
93. Walsh, Thirteenth Century, 48.
94. Albertus Magnus, De animalibus, iv, 3, in Sarton, II(2), 938.
95. Sarton, II(1), 72.
96. Bacon, Opus tertium, ch. 17.
97. Id., Opus maius, I, xi.
98. Bridges, J. H., Life and Work of Roger Bacon, 125.
99. Bacon, Opus tertium, Brewer ed., p. 28.
100. Id., Opus maius, i, 10.
101. In Little, A. G., Roger Bacon Essays, 10.
102. Opus maius, i, 1.
103. Compendium studii philosophiae, ed. Brewer, p. 469.
104. Opus maius, ii, 12.
105. Ibid.
106. VII, 1.
107. Little, 117; Sarton, II(2), 805, 961.
108. Opus tertium, ch. 29.
109. Opus maius, iv, 16.
110. Ibid., iv, 4; De coelestibus, in Little, 15.
111. Opus maius, vi, 1.
112. Thorndike, II, 650.
113. Opus maius, iv, 4.
114. Bridges, 36; Little, 180.
115. Sloane MS., folio 83b, 1-2, in Little, 178.
116. De secretis operibus artis et naturae, ch. iv, in Little, 178.
117. Little, 321; En. Br., XI, 3.
118. In Bridges, 93.
119. Opus maius, v, 4.
120. De secretis operibus, in Singer, II, 397.
121. Singer, II, 132.
122. Opus maius, vii, ad initium.
123. Bridges, 387.
124. Ibid., 127.
125. 52.
126. De Wulf, Med. Philosophy, II, 139.
127. Opus maius, ii, 5.
128. Compendium philosophiae, in Coulton, Life, II, 55f.
129. Opus tertium, in Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 523.
130. Ibid, in Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 135.
131. Taylor, II, 530.
132. Little, 26.
133. Ibid.
134. 28.
135. Taylor, II, 347.
136. Thorndike, II, 196.
137. Ibid., 203.
CHAPTER XXXVIII
1. Cf. Saxo Grammaticus, 89.
2. Joinville, 140.
3. Iacopo de Voragine, Golden Legend, pp. 48-56.
4. Mâle, 320.
5. Raby, Secular Latin Poetry, II, 289.
6. Haskins, Renaissance, 177.
7. Waddell, Wandering Scholars, 188.
8. In Raby, op. cit., 171.
9. Tr. by Helen Waddell in Medieval Latin Lyrics, 171.
10. In Van Doren, M., Anthology of World Poetry, 454.
11. In Waddell, op. cit., 278.
12. Bieber, M., History of the Greek and Roman Theater, 423.
13. Chambers, Medieval Stage, II, 44; Matthews, B., Development of the Drama, 115.
14. Mantzius, History of Theatrical Art, II, 5.
15. Matthews, 114.
16. Symonds, J. A., Studies of the Greek Poets, 310.
17. Raby, Christian Latin Poetry, 219.
18. Mantzius, II, 10f.
19. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, II IIae, clxviii, 3.
20. Chanson de Roland, 11. 1989-2009.
21. Sturluson, Prose Edda, #72, in Sigfusson.
22. Dasent, G., Story of Burnt Njal, 237-58.
23. In Butler, Women, 101.
24. Cambridge Medieval History, III, 128.
25. Cf. an excellent fictionalized biography of Peire Vidal in Cronyn, G., The Fool of Venus.
26. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 17.
27. Lecky, Morals, II, 232.
28. Speculum, Oct. 1938, 380-7.
29. Tr. by Ezra Pound in Van Doren, 660.
30. Reese, Medieval Music, 232.
31. Fiedler, Das Oxforder Buch Deutscher Dichtung, 5.
32. Walther von der Vogelweide, I Saw the World, 41.
33. In Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 56.
34. Walther von der Vogelweide, Songs and Sayings, 33.
35. Walther von der Vogelweide, I Saw the World, 16.
36. Taylor, II, 62.
37. Walther von der Vogelweide, I Saw the World, 69.
38. Walther von der Vogelweide, Songs and Sayings, 22.
39. Taylor, II, 58.
40. Prestage, Chivalry, 100; Coulton, Life, III, 77; Francke, German Literature, 111.
41. Kroeger, A. E., The Minnesinger of Germany, 4.
42. Schoenfeld, Women of the Teutonic Nations, 162.
43. Tr. by Arthur O’Shaughnessy in Van Doren, 663.
44. Chrétien de Troyes, Arthurian Romances, 1.
45. Ibid., 318, 309.
46. 287.
47. Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, I, 67.
48. In Taylor, II, 8.
49. Wolfram, I, 188; vi, 937.
50. Aucassin et Nicolette, 6.
51. Ibid., 12. Fr
ench text in Pauphilet, 444.
52. Aucassin, 13.
53. William of Lorris and Jean Clopinel de Meung, Romance of the Rose, ll. 8767f, 8858.
54. Lines 8511f.
55. 7849.
56. 1685.
57. 9267-70, 9725-47.
CHAPTER XXXIX
1. Tr. by D. G. Rossetti.
2. Asin y Palacios, Islam and the Divine Comedy, 271f.
3. Dante, Purgatorio, xxvi, 91f.
4. Sedgwick, Italy, II, 277.
5. Tr. by D. G. Rossetti.
6. Vossler, II, 152.
7. In Sedgwick, II, 291.
8. Cf. Purgatorio, xxx, 55.
9. Sedgwick, II, 283.
10. Vossler, I, 323.
11. Dante, Inferno, xv, 85.
12. Vossler, I, 164.
13. Dante, La Vita Nuova, ii, tr. Rossetti.
14. Ibid., iii.
15. xix.
16. xxvi.
17. xxxii.
18. Paradiso, xxx, 28.
19. Id., Purgatorio, xxxi, 60.
20. Symonds, Dante, 55.
21. Dante, De monarchia, iii, 11.
22. Ibid., 16.
23. De monarchia, pref., xxxiii.
24. Dante, Eleven Letters, vi.
25. Ep. vii.
26. Symonds, Dante, 79.
27. Ep. x.
28. Symonds, Dante, 92.
29. Letter to the Italian Cardinals (1314).
30. Dante, Il Convito, x, 5.
31. Ibid, vii, 4.
32. The authenticity of this letter has been unconvincingly questioned by Vossler, I, 76.
33. Dante, Eleven Letters, p. 197.
34. In Coulton, Panorama, 208.
35. Dante, Paradiso, end.
36. Ibid., x, 137f.
37. Cf. Blochet, Sources orientales de la Divine Comédie, Paris, 1901, and Asin y Palacios, La escatologia musulmana en la Divina Comedia, Madrid, 1919, translated as Islam and the Divine Comedy.
38. Asin y Palacios, 55-61.
39. Ibid., 171-3, 276-7.
40. Ibid., 232.
41. Rowbotham, 130.
42. Dante, Inferno, i, 1-3.
43. Ibid., i, 86.
44. Ibid., iii, 1-9.
45. Ibid., iii, 50.
46. Ibid., iv, 131-43.
47. Ibid., v, 121-42; tr. Cary.
48. Ibid., xix, 53.
49. Ibid., xxviii, 22-42; tr. Cary.
50. Id., Purgatorio, v, 13.
51. Ibid., vi, 76-93.
52. Ibid., xxvi, 112.
53. Ibid., xxvii, end.
54. Ibid., xxx, 37-9.
55. Ibid., xxxi, 49-51.
56. Ibid., end.
57. Id., Paradiso, iii, 85.
58. Ibid., xxvii, 22-8.
59. Id., Inferno, xviii, 57-63.
60. Id., Paradiso, ix, 127.
61. Id., Inferno, xxiv, 125.
62. Ibid., xxxiii, 152.
63. Ibid., xxxiii, 80-4.
64. Ibid., xxxiii, 148.
EPILOGUE
1. Coulton, Medieval Village, 290.
