Book Read Free

The Age of Faith

Page 177

by Will Durant


  Index

  The main reference to an item is italicized. The articles a, the, al, and el are ignored in alphabetization.

  Aachen, 465, 469, 470, 471, 474

  art of, 845

  coronations at, 566

  palaces at, 467, 479

  Aama, et-Toteli, el-, 320

  Aaron of Lincoln, 377

  Aaron ben Meshullam, 991

  abacus, 989, 990

  Abba Areca, see Rab

  Abbad, Sahib ibn, 237

  Abba Umna, 361

  Abbas, uncle of Mohammed, 187

  Abbas I, 148

  Abbasa, 199

  Abbasids, 206, 218, 225, 226, 240, 292

  Abbaye aux Dames (La Trinité), Caen, 869

  Abbaye aux Hommes (St. Étienne), Caen, 479, 482, 668, 869, 871

  abbeys, 847, 883

  income of, 767

  abbots, 564, 661, 786, 871

  elections of, 760

  Abd al-Aziz, 291-292

  Abdallah, 162, 284

  Abdallah, son of al-Mansur, 295

  Abdallah, son of Zobeir, 193-194

  Abdallah, uncle of Abu al-Abbas, 196

  Abdallah ibn Qaddah, 261

  Abdallah ibn Tumart, 314

  Abdallah ibn Zobeir, 219, 229

  Abd al-Latif, 282

  Abd-al-Malik, Amarid, 295, 296

  Abd-al-Malik, Umayyad, 193, 194, 195, 208, 219, 228, 229

  Abd al-Mumin, 314

  Abd al-Muttalib, 162

  Abd-er-Rahman I, 292, 302, 303

  Abd-er-Rahman II, 292, 301

  Abd-er-Rahman III, 293, 297, 302, 371

  Abd-er-Rahman V, 296

  Abd-er-Rahman ibn Awf, 190

  Abd-er-Rahman Shandjul, 296

  Abd-er-Rahman, son of Hakam II, 294

  Abel, 1028-1029

  Abélard, Peter, 66, 255, 450, 479, 595, 697, 707, 746, 754, 790, 806, 808, 903, 907, 914, 920, 923, 931-948, 949, 951. 953, 959, 974, 983, 984, 996, 1004, 1009, 1018, 1029

  followersb of, 1082

  Abi’l-Khayr, Abu Said ibn, 256-260, 261, 322

  abortion, 76-77, 223, 360, 824, 844

  Abou ben Adhem, 261

  Abraham, 161, 184, 211, 216, 229, 414, 417

  Abraham ben David, 415, 417

  Abraham, father of Omar Khayyam, 321

  Abraham ibn Daud, 407

  Abraham ibn Ezra, 403

  Abraham al-Fari, 396

  Abraham ben Hiyya (Savasorda), 403, 911, 991

  Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra, 397-398

  Abraham ben Moses, 414

  Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia, 417

  Abraham (Hroswitha), 515

  Absalon of Lund, 665, 1019

  absolution, 544, 741, 760, 782, 815

  absolutism, 504, 656, 674, 726

  Abul-Faraj, see Bar-Hebraeus

  Abul-Faraj, see Isfahani, al-

  Abu Zaid, 320

  Abubacer, 334-335

  Abulcasis, see Zahrawi, Abul Qasim al-

  Abulfeda, 233

  Abydos, 425

  Abyssinia, 49, 146, 156, 165, 349, 993

  Negus of, 172

  academies, 383

  Jewish, 366, 400, 401

  Acarnania, 605

  accountants and accounting, 629, 757, 908

  Accursius, elder, 908, 917, 918

  acolytes, 749, 896, 1027

  Acre (Aqqa), 592, 593, 595, 596, 597, 599, 601, 602, 607, 608, 609, 610, 616, 620, 713, 716, 717

  siege of, 822

  actors, 157, 643, 840, 841, 1028, 1029

  Actus Beati Francisci, 798

  Ad Carolum regem (Theodulf), 470

  adab, 264

  Adalbero, Archbishop of Reims, 475, 540, 778, 856

  Adam, 15, 68, 69, 161, 238, 354, 412, 950, 1028

  Adam of Bremen, 619

  Adam de la Halle, 1029

  Adam de Ros, 1068

  Adam of St. Victor, 750

  Adamnan, 532

  Adams, Henry, 879

  Adelaide, wife of Otto II, 511, 512

  Adelard of Bath, 342, 911, 1003-1004, 1009, 1016

  Ademar, Guillem, 1038

  Aden (Adana), 156, 207, 208

  Adeodatus, 65, 66, 67

  Adham, Ibrahim ibn, 261

  adban, 212

  Adhemar of Monteil, 591

  Adhemar, Viscount of Limoges, 673

  Adid, al-, 311

  Adil, al-, 366, 598, 600

  Adonai, 354

  adornment, 273, 847-848, 850

  administration, 126, 308, 442, 464, 467, 653, 1083

  ecclesiastical, 521, 754

  treatises on, 429

  Adrianople, see Hadrianople Adriatic, 454, 616, 617, 708, 812

  Adud al-Dawla, 203, 271

  adultery, 113, 137, 181, 355, 362, 431, 465, 575, 825, 842, 1049

  laws on, 755

  Advent, Second, 809, 1008

  Aeneid (Virgil), 134, 270, 987, 1018, 1068

  aeromancy, 987

  Aeschylus, 283

  Aesculapius, 75

  Aëtius, 38, 40, 41, 91, 117

  Aëtius of Amida, 120, 121

  Afak, 168-169

  Affonso II, 702

  Affonso III, 702

  Aflah, Jabir ibn, 329

  Afghanistan, 136, 196, 203

  Africa, 22, 29, 37-38, 46, 47, 48, 65, 72, 108-109, 117, 209, 242, 264, 275, 282-286, 286-291, 292, 307, 310, 320, 330, 371, 372, 405, 423, 457, 464, 521, 525, 530, 554, 590, 615, 663, 703, 705, 992

  Islamic, 286-289, 410, 616, 980

  “Against the Galileans” (Julian), 15

  Against Those Famous Men in Philosophy, Albert and Thomas (Siger of Brabant), 957

  Agathias, 124

  Agapetus II, 538

  Agha Khan, 310

  Aghmat, 307

  Agnes of Meran, 689

  Agnus Dei, 749

  agnosticism, 264, 301, 331

  Agobard, St., 531, 985

  Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 495

  agriculture, 140, 298, 330, 371, 375, 429, 435, 445, 475, 521, 558-559, 645, 652, 666, 669, 689, 700, 702, 710, 753, 949, 975, 1007

  organization of, 560

  treatise on, 359

  Agrippa von Nettesheim, Cornelius, 418

  Agron (Saadia), 368

  agronomy, 298, 330

  A Guide to the Solitary (Ibn Bajja), 334

  Ahmar, Muhammad ibn al-, 316

  Ahriman, 137, 139, 140

  Aidan, St., 534

  Ailly, Pierre d’, 1010

  Ain-Jalut, 312, 313, 340

  Ainnle, 498, 499

  Akiba, 351, 355, 362-365, 416

  Aisha, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 191, 220, 221, 276

  Aisne River, 37, 876

  Aistulf, 452

  Aix-en-Provence, 688

  Aix-la-Chapelle, see Aachen

  Akkad, 343

  Ala ad-Dawla, 248

  Ala al-Din Muhammad, 339

  Alain of Lille, 955

  Alamut, 262, 309, 310, 340

  Alani, 24, 26, 28, 37, 38

  Alaric, 9, 26, 27-28, 35-37, 38, 40, 41, 69, 72, 111, 817

  Alaric II, 88, 91, 95

  Alban, St., 533

  Albania, 657

  Albategnus, see al-Battani

  Alberic, opponent of Abélard, 940

  Alberic, Roman patrician, 538

  Alberigo, 725, 1080

  Albert of Aix, 822

  Albert, Bishop, 659

  Albert the Great. See Albertus Magnus

  Albertus Magnus, 124, 257, 402, 414, 803, 838, 879, 912, 923, 941, 949, 953, 955, 957, 960-961, 962, 965, 969*, 977, 988, 991, 992, 995, 1003-1005, 1010, 1016, 1077

  Albigensians, 47, 612, 708, 764, 770-772, 907

  Albinus, 100, 101

  Albrecht III, 375

  Alcantara, Knights of, 697

  Alcazar, 271, 302, 315, 892

  alchemy, 122, 244-245, 249, 305, 328, 720, 988, 996-997, 1007, 1072

  alcohol, 244*, 997, 1084

  Alcuin, 465-468, 4
70, 483, 497, 514, 564, 579, 742, 914, 1018

  alembic, 244

  Alemanni, 12, 22, 687

  Alençon, 481

  Aleppo, 202, 230, 271, 273, 312, 317, 318, 319, 429, 592, 595, 596, 652

  Alexander the Great, 108, 128, 142, 147, 673, 933, 934, 989, 1044

  Alexander II, Pope, 494

  Alexander III, Pope, 370, 388, 631, 662, 671, 672, 702, 745, 758, 761, 766, 768, 770

  Alexander III, King of Scotland, 683

  Alexander IV, Pope, 725, 759, 765, 922, 957

  Alexander VI, Pope, 735

  Alexander of Aphrodisias, 240, 337, 720, 911

  Alexander of Bernay, 1044

  Alexander, Patriarch of Constantinople, 7

  Alexander of Hales, 406, 414, 802, 922, 941, 955, 958, 959

  Alexander Nevsky, 655

  Alexander Severus, 19

  Alexander of Tralles, 121

  Alexandria, 9, 18, 33, 45, 58, 61, 106, 115, 119, 121, 122, 123, 128, 132, 147, 201, 208, 218, 239, 282, 283, 289, 311, 349, 369, 399, 408, 432, 530, 616, 710, 909, 949, 1047

  library, 282-283

  lighthouse, 272

  museum, 122

  Alexandreis (Walter of Châtillon), 1022

  Alexiad (Anna Comnena), 650

  Alexians, 1002

  Alexis, Patriarch, 430

  Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor, 431, 453, 586, 598, 590, 591, 592, 650

  Alexius I Comnenus, Emperor of Trebizond, 651

  Alexius III, Byzantine Emperor, 603, 604

  Alexius IV, Byzantine Emperor, 603, 604

  Alexius V. Ducas, Byzantine Emperor, 604

  Alfarabius, see Farabi, al-

  Alfonso I, 458, 697, 702

  Alfonso II, 458, 701, 1037

  Alfonso VI, 306-307, 373, 398, 459, 700, 701, 892

  Alfonso VII, 373, 702

  Alfonso VIII, 697

  Alfonso IX, 690, 762

  Alfonso X the Wise, 373, 568, 698, 699, 901, 919, 955, 984, 991, 1085

  “Alfonsine Tables,” 698, 991

  Alfred the Great, 483-485, 491, 496, 500

  algebra, 241, 912, 990, 995

  Algebra (Omar Khayyam), 321

  Algeria, 230, 314

  Algorismus vulgaris (Sacrobosco), 991

  Algoritmi de numero lndorum (al-Khwarizmi), 241

  Alhambra, 270, 271, 315, 316

  Alhazen, see Haitham, Muhammad ibn al-

  Ali, son-in-law of Mohammed, 162, 164, 177, 187, 191-192, 193, 217, 222, 254, 366, 1072

  Ali, slave leader, 210

  Ali Baba, 263

  Alighieri, Dante, see Dante Alighieri

  Alighieri, Alighiero, 1058

  alkalis, 244

  All Souls’ Day, 75

  Allah, 161, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 182, 183, 184, 192, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 235, 250, 258, 259, 260, 264, 333

  allegiance, oaths of, 566

  military, 553

  allegory, 867, 907, 1051-1052

  Almagest (Ptolemy), 240, 244, 912, 991

  Almanzor, see Amir, Muhammad ibn Abi

  Almeria, 304, 315

  Almohads, 314, 315, 372, 697

  Almoravids, 314

  alms, 214, 518, 693, 803, 831

  Alp Arslan, 308, 312, 318

  Alpetragius, see Bitruji, al-, 329, 911, 991

  alphabet, 1067

  Arabic, 277

  Hebrew, 406, 417

  Latin, 897, 906

  Slavonic, 535

  Alphonse, brother of Louis VIII, 776

  Alps, 616, 617, 687, 839

  Alptigin, 203

  Alrui, David, 385

  Alsace, 12, 444, 663

  altars, 863, 866, 1085

  Althing, 1083

  Alypius, 66, 67, 135

  Amalasuntha, 102, 109

  Amalfi, 290, 434, 436, 586, 593, 612, 616, 703, 989

  Cathedral, 439

  Amalric of Bene, 954, 955-956

  Ambrose, St., 26, 34, 35, 42, 45, 47, 54, 55-56, 66, 69, 76, 78, 79, 81, 87, 135, 457, 630, 749, 750, 896, 933, 964, 1008

  “Ambrosian chant,” 896

  America, 156*, 241, 270, 504, 990, 1082

  amethysts, 992

  Amfortas, 1047, 1048

  Amida (Diarbekr), 13, 121, 312, 340, 874

  Amiens, 37, 474, 623, 639, 647, 648, 690, 876

  Cathedral, 579, 697, 743, 846, 853, 859, 861, 865, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 887, 889, 983, 1085

  Amin, 235, 280

  Amir, Caliph, 319

  Amir, Muhammed ibn Abi, 294-295

  Amirid family, 296

  Amleth (Hamlet), Prince of Jutland, 1019

  Ammar, ibn, 297

  Ammianus Marcellinus, 3, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 24, 31-32, 33, 51, 78, 136, 141, 515

  amoraim, 351, 352

  Amr, mosque of, 286

  Amr ibn al-As, 170, 192, 282-283, 369

  Amstel River, 686

  Amsterdam, 686, 695

  amulets, 417, 433, 986

  Anabaptists, 809

  Anacharsis, 446

  Anacletus II, 760, 791

  Anacreon, 907, 1086

  Anagni, 706, 815, 962, 1000

  Anan ben David, 367

  Anastasius I, 55, 103

  anathema, 755, 780

  Anatoli, Jacob, 386, 910, 961

  anatomy, 266, 720, 994

  Anatomy of Melancholy (Burton), 403

  Anaxagoras, 1070

  anchorites, 788*, 792

  Ancient Chronicle (of Russia), 448

  Ancona, 616, 708, 714, 725

  Ancren Riivle, 806

  Andalusia, 292, 297, 306, 307, 314, 315

  Andrea Pisano, 890

  “Andreas” (Cynewulf), 491

  Andreas Capellanus, 577

  Andrew I, 658

  Andrew II, 607, 658, 810

  Anécdota (Procopius), 106, 107, 120, 125

  anemia, 693

  anesthesia, 246, 1001

  Aneurin, 495

  angels, 325, 416, 524, 977, 1079

  Angers, 475, 697, 916, 923

  Angles, 22, 43, 80, 89, 450, 483, 489, 492, 501, 522, 532, 683, 905

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Alfred), 483*, 491, 625*

  Anglo-Saxons, 114, 487, 495, 568, 667*, 668

  Angoulême, 91, 393

  Cathedral, 868

  Ani, 205

  mosque of, 317

  Aniene River, 737

  animals, 357, 797, 853, 859, 994, 1005, 1054, 1055

  Anjou, 393, 480, 671, 688, 689, 791

  Anna, sister of Basil II, 448

  Anna Comnena, 650, 827

  Annals of the Apostles and Kings (al-Tabari), 238

  Annibaldi, 706

  Annunciation, 747, 881, 885

  Anselm of Aosta, St., 669, 734, 808, 916, 932-933, 949, 969, 979

  Anthemius, Emperor, 42

  Anthemius, mathematician, 130

  Anthemius, Patriarch, 107, 113

  anthologies, 305, 371-372, 437

  Anthony of Egypt, St., 51, 57, 743

  Anthony of Padua, St., 802, 904

  anthrax, 1002

  anthropomorphism, 250, 314

  Antichrist, 772

  anticlericalism, 769-784, 1052

  Antidotary (al-Razi), 910

  Antigone (Sophocles), 89

  Antioch, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19, 21, 31, 45, 49, 51, 52, 59, 119, 121, 128, 132, 143, 145-146, 190, 201, 218, 230, 239, 375, 404, 429, 586, 590, 591, 592, 593, 595, 596, 598, 608, 663, 827, 949

  public buildings of, 440

  see of, 530

  Antiochus Epiphanes, 359

  Antiphonary of St. Gall, 852

  antipodes, 992, 1073

  anti-Semitism, 385-394

  Antonina, 108

  Antonines, 114, 1002

  Antoninus Pius, 14, 77, 114

  Antwerp, 618, 686

  Anwari, 232, 320

  Apamea, 145, 147

  Apennines, 549, 553, 802

  Aphorisms (Hippocrates), 240, 910

&nbs
p; aphrodisiacs, 220

  apocalypses, 732

  Apocrypha, Christian, 416

  Hebrew, 416

  Apollinaris, St., 30, 112

  Apollinaris Sidonius, 57, 78, 85, 86-88, 93, 531, 539, 552, 1018

  Apollinia, St., 743

  Apollo, 5, 19

  Apollonius of Perga, 122, 240, 854, 911

  Apology for Christianity (al-Kindi), 251

  Apostles, 132, 739, 759, 770, 794, 802, 1079

  Apostles’ Creed, 479

  Apostolic See, 50, 952, 1079

  appeal, right of, 525, 692, 693, 780

  appeals, court of, 759

  appointments, 756, 762, 828

  lay, 546-547

  apprentices, 634, 635, 636, 914, 915

  apses, 865, 885

  Apuleius, 466, 1018, 1022-1023

  Apulia, 453, 717, 724, 812, 861, 1056

  Aqqa, see Acre

  Aqsa, mosque of el-, 874

  aqueducts, 313, 456, 531, 713, 1003

  Aquileia, 26, 35, 40, 55, 453

  Aquinas, St. Thomas, 94, 124, 252, 255, 257, 338, 407, 412*, 414, 554, 611, 632, 733, 734, 751, 752, 785, 803, 822, 824, 825, 838, 897*, 912, 913, 921, 923, 933, 940, 941, 949, 953, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961-967, 968-972, 976-977, 980, 981, 991, 995, 1005, 1009, 1014, 1026, 1030, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1074, 1077, 1078

  style of, 964-965

  Aquitaine, 37, 461, 475, 480, 671, 672, 688, 690, 828, 1039

  duchy of, 689, 827, 828

  Ara pads, Ravenna, 132

  Rome, 861

  Arab conquests, 187-196

  arabesques, 270, 273, 287, 876

  Arabi, Muyhi al-Din, 333, 462, 1068

  Arabia, 119, 143, 146, 155-162, 187, 188, 190, 195, 200, 206, 215, 218, 219, 223, 238, 264, 273, 282, 284, 349, 358, 367, 369, 596, 617, 847

  Arabia Deserta (Doughty), 155*

  Arabs, 4, 22, 48, 49, 109, 115, 117, 140, 144, 146, 148, 151-344, 349, 357, 370, 371, 372, 423, 425, 544, 624, 629, 645, 831, 874, 913, 1085

  Aragon, 402, 698, 699, 700, 701, 762

  Arbogast, 26

  Arbre de sciencia (Lully), 979

  arcades, 457, 874, 881, 882, 884

  Arcadius, 26, 27, 64, 103

  Arch of Khosru, 148-149

  archbishops, 511, 525, 564, 667, 758, 763, 802, 914

  archery, 570, 678, 840, 1050

  arches, 303, 304, 455, 873, 874

  converging, 899

  diagonal, 866, 872

  half, 873

  horseshoe, 286

  longitudinal, 866

  pointed, 286, 872, 873, 874, 882, 883, 884, 887, 888, 890

  principle of, 866

  ribbed, 867

  Romanesque, 457, 861, 892

  round, 268, 286, 870, 871, 872, 874, 877, 889, 891

  transverse, 866, 872

  triumphal, 432

  archimagus, 139

  Archimatheus, 998

  Archimedes, 99, 911, 912, 990

  Archipoeta, 1025-1026

  architects, 457, 467, 491, 846, 847, 864, 889

  English, 864, 883

  French, 875, 882

  Gothic* 864, 865, 873, 881

  Greek and Saracen, 704

  Seljuq, 317

 

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