by Will Durant
architecture, 127-134, 267, 270, 286, 311, 312, 313, 341, 440, 441, 450, 452, 491, 492, 653, 704, 752, 846, 856, 861, 866, 895, 899, 915, 1028, 1085
Byzantine, 441
cathedral, 864, 894
civic, 886, 888
classic, 893, 894
Coptic, 132
ecclesiastical, 516, 847, 870-871
in England, 494
Gothic, 148, 692, 858, 872-875, 893, 894, 906
Islamic, 273
medieval, 892, 926
military, 271, 316
Moslem, 271-274
Norman, 669, 870
Persian, 274
Renaissance, 894
Sasanian, 148-149, 272
Seljuq, 317
Spanish, 700
tower, 272
Western, 845, 846, 868
archives, 278, 909
keeper of, 908*
Arctic, 655, 666
Ardagh chalice, 499
Ardan, 478, 499
Ardashir I, 142, 148
Ardashir III, 151
Ardistan, 274
Areca, Rab, 362
Arezzo, 638, 779, 898, 919, 1062
Argenteuil, 914, 942
Arians, 46-47, 58, 62-63, 91, 92, 100, 101, 108, 451
Ariosto, Lodovico, 1054
Aristippus of Catania, 912
aristocracy, 7, 275, 303, 423, 432, 433, 464, 486, 497, 506, 552, 577, 639, 660, 683, 707, 711, 840, 975, 1037
Arab, 293, 295-296
of birth, 647, 710
of the East, 120
English, 578, 675-676, 679, 905
feudal, 552, 560-564, 826, 836
Florentine, 1061
French, 840, 858
German, 661, 665
Ghibelline, 729
Greek, 432
Hungarian, 658
Islamic, 197, 237, 342
Jewish, 372
ladies of, 578, 1039
landed, 560
mercantile, 641
Roman, 512, 537-538
Viennese, 1040
Aristotle, 9, 99, 122, 123, 138, 240, 241, 250, 251, 253, 255, 257, 288, 335, 336, 337, 342, 405, 406, 407, 412, 476, 554, 606, 611, 630, 720, 804, 820, 860, 879, 911, 912, 913, 915, 925, 928, 931, 938, 949, 953-955, 959, 960, 961, 962, 964, 968, 969, 972, 973, 974-975, 977, 978, 981, 982, 988, 994, 1005, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1014, 1017, 1070
commentaries on, 910, 957, 1004
banned, 415, 954
interpretation of, 336-338, 929
translated, 49, 336
Aristoxenus of Tarentum, 135
Arius, 7-8, 946
Arles, 85, 474, 648, 688, 869
kingdom of, 513
Armagh, 84, 500
arme Heinrich, Der (Hartmann von Aue), 1049
Armenia, 3, 13, 49, 64, 128, 143, 146, 147, 156*, 196, 204-205, 242, 308, 317, 340, 366, 430, 440, 528, 530, 590, 762
Armenians, 140, 432, 436, 619, 652-653
armillary spheres, 242, 244
armies, 23-25, 41, 294, 307, 340, 423, 424, 500, 566, 569, 619, 651, 655, 678, 683-686, 725, 793, 799, 822
armor, 342, 570, 848
Arnaud of Cîteaux, 774, 775, 803
Arno River, 616, 645, 728, 1080
Arnold of Brescia, 707-708, 767, 790, 945
Arnold of Cologne, 391
Arnold of Villanova, 987, 988, 1000, 1016
Arnolfo di Cambio, 811, 861-862, 889-890
Arnstadt, 838
Arnulf, Archbishop of Reims, 511, 540
Arras, 37, 476, 627, 643, 771, 851, 1029
arrengo (popular assembly), 709
Ars cantus mensurabilis (Franco of Cologne), 898
Ars magna (Raymond Lully), 418
Arsacids, 142, 149
art, 292, 310, 311, 312, 432, 450, 455, 456, 457, 501, 544, 578, 652, 653, 657, 669, 704, 748, 750, 752, 827, 845, 846, 857-858, 869, 876, 893, 910, 1015, 1084-1085
Byzantine, 126-135, 439-442, 846
calligraphic, 853
Chinese, 273
Christian, 150, 700, 747
classic, 719, 861
Dutch, 686
German, 515-516
Gothic, 205, 701, 846, 847, 875, 880, 1086
Greek, 150, 444, 1086
Irish, 499
Islamic, 237, 270-278, 286, 315-319, 341, 342, 343, 441
Italian, 456, 802, 855, 890
military, 892
miniature, 479
Moorish, 315-319
pictorial, 851-857
purpose of, 847
religious, 441-442
rewards of, 854
Sasanian, 148-150, 270
Serbian, 657
teaching of, 920
Art of Love (Ovid), 939, 1018
Artabanus V, 142
Arte della Lana, 623, 624, 728
Arte de’ Calimala, 624, 728
Artemis-Diana, 48, 746
arthritis, 999
Arthur, Count of Brittany, 674
Arthur, King, 81, 496, 575, 673, 822, 1019, 1045-1048
Arthurian cycle, 1045-1047
artisans, 270, 278, 350, 553, 579, 688, 864, 875, 876
Byzantine, 455
Greek and Saracen, 704
Hebrew, 376
Moslem, 342
artists, 270, 276, 278, 293, 309, 440, 479, 516, 757, 854, 864, 876
Byzantine, 128-129, 455, 846, 851
French, 880
Gothic, 455
Greek, 449, 704, 845
Italian, 852
Moslem, 273, 857, 908
Renaissance, 862
secular, 847
Artois, 475
count of, 814
arts, 285, 287, 857, 923, 924, 994
Byzantine, 133-135
ceramic, 849
and crafts, 491, 847
domestic, 807
French, 476-479
German, 512
home, 505
Islamic, 318
metal, 848
patronage of, 724
resurrection of, 845-862
schools of, 917, 919, 923
seven, 920
in Spain, 96
training in, 914
aruspex, 987
Aryans, 136, 141
Asaf-ha-Jehudi, 403
Asal, 334-335
Ascalon, 592, 613
asceticism, 258, 259, 260, 358, 518, 520, 527, 790, 799, 802
asepsis, 1001
Asgard, 507
Ashari, Abul-Hasan al-, 252, 405
Ash down, battle of, 483
Asher ben Yehiel, 380, 415, 416
Ashi, Rab, 351
Ashkenazim, 370*
Ashoka, 58
Ashot III, 205
Ashraf, Kab ibn al-, 169
Asia, 4, 13, 49, 107, 128, 192, 218, 219, 270, 275, 285, 298, 312, 330, 369, 371, 383, 393, 423, 434, 525, 586, 610, 612, 616, 658, 673, 857, 993
Byzantine, 155
Central, 119, 238, 339, 992
Islamic, 249, 616
Roman, 146
Western, 147, 187, 192, 207, 218, 227, 242, 312, 341, 423, 554, 638
Asia Minor, 3, 46, 128, 130, 147, 150, 151, 156*, 191, 200, 206, 308, 311, 317, 318, 329, 348-349, 369, 370*, 431, 440, 590, 603, 616, 652, 769
Askold, 448
Asma, 168
Aspasia, 319
Assandun, 485, 492
assassination, 285, 292, 295, 296, 308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 368, 396, 428, 433, 501-502, 529, 568, 671, 783, 952, 958
Balkan, 657
Assassins, 262, 309-310, 340
assemblies, 463, 467, 718, 814, 839
Asser, 483, 484, 491, 496
Assisi, 753, 792, 793, 794, 796, 798, 799, 800, 801, 854, 855
basilica of, 802
Cathedral, 888
Assyria, 343
Astarte, 746
Astrakhan, 208, 446
astrolabe, 242, 244, 305, 937, 991
astrology, 121, 122, 139, 217, 244, 352, 364, 409, 417, 433, 438, 720, 911, 956, 970, 9
84, 987, 991, 996, 1000, 1005, 1007, 1016, 1067
astronomers, 309, 403, 991
Christian, 698
Irish, 533
Islamic, 242, 288
Jewish, 402-403
Astronomical Canon (Ptolemy), 122
astronomical tables, 241, 244, 305, 911
astronomy, 139, 240, 241, 242, 244, 288, 322, 329, 336, 343, 352, 372, 398, 402-403, 408, 437, 438, 460, 497, 698, 911, 913, 915, 919, 987, 990, 991, 1007, 1067, 1077, 1084
Asturias, 462
King of, 458, 459
asylum, right of, 753
asylums, 693, 823
for insane, 331
poor, 293
Ataulf, 36-37
Athanagild, 92, 95
Athalaric, 102
Athanaric, 46
Athanasius, St., 7-8, 18, 55, 57, 58, 115
atheism, 331, 334, 336, 674
atheists, 725, 955-956
Athens, 9, 11, 27, 33, 61, 62, 73, 99, 121, 123, 138, 258, 446, 654, 845, 893
University of, 9
Athos, Mt., 440, 530
Atiyya, Abu’l, 223
Atlantic Ocean, 196, 462, 596, 695, 752, 845
atomism, 905, 955
atonement, 359, 523, 740, 964*
Day of, 384
Attalia (Antalya), 595
Attica, 128, 434
Attila, 38-41, 41-42, 97, 443
also see Etzel
Attis, 75
Aucassin, 1050-1051
Aucassin et Nicolette, 697, 736, 1049-1051
Audovera, 92
Augsburg, 444, 549, 619, 809
Augusteum, Constantinople, 5, 129, 130
Augustine, St., 30, 31, 38, 45, 48, 54, 55, 56, 64-75, 76, 78, 121, 122, 177, 260, 332, 522, 523, 524, 533, 630, 734, 735, 737, 738, 744, 750, 788, 808, 822, 896, 932, 959, 961, 964, 967, 971, 976, 977, 980, 984, 986, 992, 1013
Augustinian Canons, 788
Augustus, 23, 34, 132, 156, 428, 1063, 1085
Aurelian, 23, 88, 108
Ausculta fili (Boniface VIII), 814
auscultation, 998
Ausonius, 56, 57, 75, 78, 85-86
Austin Friars, 804
Austrasia, 92, 93, 460
Austria, 607, 658, 660, 663, 664
authors, 236, 293-294, 322, 757, 908, 1016
autocracy, 425, 525, 526, 706
auto-da-fé, 782, 783
Auvergne, 87, 475
Auxerre, 83-84, 466, 476, 479, 670, 951
Cathedral, 857, 860
Avars, 4, 423, 424, 443, 446, 451, 462, 660
Ave Maria, 693, 742, 985
Avempace (Abu Bekr ibn Bajja), 333-334, 337, 957
Avenzoar, see Zuhr, Abu Marwan ibn
Averroës (Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd), 123, 249, 251, 255, 257, 258, 330, 332, 333-338, 342, 343, 407-408, 415, 606, 910, 913, 954, 955, 957, 961, 963, 964*, 909, 971, 977, 978, 982, 984, 1005, 1068, 1070
Averroism, 337-338, 370, 955-958, 979
Aversa, 452
Avesta, 89, 141, 142, 186*, 269
aviaries, 840
Avicebron, see Gabirol, ibn
Avicenna (Abu Ali al-Husein ibn Sina), 203, 223, 243, 244, 247-249, 251, 255-257, 259, 276, 279, 322, 325, 334, 336, 337-338, 342, 407, 412*, 898, 910, 911, 913, 954, 955, 957, 961, 963, 982, 1011, 1014, 1068, 1070
Avignon, 292, 389, 577, 610, 621, 648, 688, 695, 706, 822, 919
Council of, 387
papacy to, 729, 815
Avila, 701, 890
Cathedral, 890-891
Avitus, 42, 86, 87
Avranches, 671, 939
Awan, ibn al-, 330
Awfi, Muhammad, 319
Aw ja, ibn Abi al-, 212
Aybak, 312
Ayyub, 310
Ayyubids, 311, 312
Azbar, el-, 273
mosque of, 286, 287-288
Azerbaijan, 210, 328, 340
Aziz, 284, 287
Aziz, ibn, 276
Azriel, Jewish mystic, 417
Baalbek, 230, 271, 310, 319, 404
Babik al-Khurrani, 210
Babylon, 157, 191, 232
Babylonia, 185, 241, 343, 366, 367, 369, 384, 402, 405, 417, 989
Babylonian Captivity, 365, 815
backgammon, 838
Bacon, Francis, 243, 336, 981, 982, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1015
Bacon, Roger, 249, 251, 257, 288, 289, 338, 733, 802, 804, 831, 843, 899, 912, 913, 923, 925, 953, 958, 980, 982, 988, 991, 992, 995, 1003, 1006-1015, 1016, 1082
badges, 387, 388, 392, 764
yellow, 394
Badi al-Hamadhani, 263
Badia y Leblich, Domingo, 155*
Badoer, Agnello, 454
Badon, Mt., battle of, 81
Baghdad, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 222, 223, 226, 227, 232-234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 246, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 264, 265, 268, 273, 278, 285, 297, 302, 304, 308, 309, 310, 312, 317, 330, 331, 338, 340, 366, 369, 404, 432, 436, 438, 440, 447, 457, 467, 597, 719
Christians in, 333
Great Mosque of, 593
colleges in, 319
Bagratuni family, 205
Bahram I, 149
Bahram II, 149
Bahram V Gur, 144
Bahram Cobin, 146
Bahya, 386, 910
Baibars, 312-313, 340, 607, 608
Baitar, Abu Muhammad ibn, 329, 330
Bajazet, 840
Bajja, ibn, see Avempace
bakers, 625
Bakhtisha, Jibril ibn, 246
Balas, 144
Baldur, 507
Baldwin I, Latin Emperor, 603, 605
Baldwin II, Latin Emperor, 652, 694, 849
Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, 590, 592
Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 593
Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem, 595
Baldwin IV, King of Jerusalem, 1020
Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, 481, 482, 493
Balearic Islands, 698, 919
Balian, Lord of Nablus, 598
Balkans, 23, 25, 39-40, 43, 47, 98, 118, 150, 432, 443-446, 462, 528, 553, 586, 657-659, 665, 769, 779, 832, 903, 992
Balkash, Lake, 993
Balkh, 49, 136, 144, 152, 191, 194, 323, 324, 337, 340, 993
ballads, 268, 508, 1030, 1031, 1033
Balliol, John, 924
Balliol, John, King of Scotland, 683, 924
Baltic Sea, 443, 447, 448, 462, 514, 618, 645, 654, 658, 664, 665
ports, 376
states, 616, 659, 832
Baluchistan, 136, 196
Bamberg Cathedral, 886, 909
Bangor, 497, 500
banishment, 335, 374, 393, 427, 525, 528, 529, 533, 730, 777, 779, 1061
bankers and banking, 120, 379, 436, 613, 627, 628, 710, 729, 730, 839, 1084
Cahorsian, 628
Christian, 377, 385, 392
Florentine, 728-729
French, 767
Italian, 628
Jewish, 378, 385, 393, 395
Bannockburn, 682, 684
banquet, 836
baptism, 462, 467, 475, 528, 738, 740, 769, 821
compulsory, 389, 390, 393
Bar Cocheba, 347
bar mizvah, 382*
Barbad, 138
barbarians, 22-43, 314, 434, 444, 473, 519, 754, 818, 829-830, 843, 893, 906, 930, 1039
barbarism, 79, 423, 443, 445, 464, 470, 514, 520, 893, 984, 1036, 1073, 1082, 1084
barbers, 1000-1001
Barcelona, 372, 400, 402, 403, 404, 459, 462, 571, 612, 615, 617, 623, 638, 699, 857, 892, 979, 1000, 1085
Cathedral, 909
Count of, 460
Bardas, the Caesar, 428, 430, 437, 528, 529
Bardesanes, 528
Bardi family, 628, 629
bards, 495-496
Irish, 901, 1054
Islamic, 263-270
Welsh, 684, 901, 1054
Bar-Hebraeus (Abu-’l-Faraj), 282, 283, 984
Bari, 290, 369, 440, 453, 616<
br />
Barmakids, 197, 199, 246, 308
barons, 472, 560, 566, 691, 774, 822
robber, 565, 614, 688
baroque, 894
Bar-sur-Aube, 615
Bartholomew of England, 1006, 1015
Bartholomew, St., 743
Basel, 619, 641, 642, 687
Cathedral, 848
Bashin, 200
Basil I the Macedonian, 428-429, 432, 435, 439, 529
Basil II, Bulgaroctonus, 430, 435, 444, 448
Basil, St., 9, 55, 62, 78, 792, 895, 896, 1002
Basilica (Leo VI), 434
basilicas, 127, 129, 132, 450, 479, 864-865, 876, 895
Basina, 91
Basques, 458, 462, 1030
Basra, 175, 191, 207, 208, 210, 232, 237, 252, 254, 259, 262, 273, 320
bathing, 271, 356-357, 379, 835
baths, 5, 67, 129, 130, 293, 302, 313, 456, 611, 718, 835
Battani Abu Abdallah, al- (Albategnus), 241, 242, 991
Batu, 655, 656, 658
Batuta, ibn, 339
Bavaria, 39, 92, 444, 462, 511, 556, 906
Bavarians, 510, 665, 905
Bayeux, 474
Cathedral, 851
Tapestry, 851
Bazh, 268
beards, priests’, 528, 529
Beatific Vision, 258, 807, 973, 1069, 1079
Beatitudes, 742, 1073
Beatrice, 729, 1037, 1058-1061, 1065, 1067-1069, 1075-1079
Beauvais, 474, 475, 481, 623, 639, 643, 648, 841
Cathedral, 865, 873, 881-882, 890
Bede, St., 80, 83, 483, 484, 488-489, 491, 522, 533, 534, 542, 872, 902, 1077
Bedouins, 22, 157-158, 216, 219-220, 263
Bee, 479, 482, 494
Becket, Thomas à, 486, 669-672, 684, 739, 743, 744, 753, 761, 768, 784, 871, 951, 987
Beghards, 769, 809
Béguines, 769, 809
Beirut (Berytus), 132, 239, 592, 600, 609
Bekr, Abu, caliph, 165, 166, 175, 187, 188, 189, 215, 227, 228, 258, 334-335, 336
Bela IV, 658
belfries, 342, 754, 865
Belgium, 622, 648, 685
Belgrade (Singidunum), 13, 39
Belisarius, 47, 102, 106, 107-111, 115, 116, 117, 125, 132, 146
Benedict I, 520
Benedict V, 539
Benedict VI, 539
Benedict VIII, 540
Benedict IX, 540
Benedict XI, Blessed, 815
Benedict XV, 978
Benedict of Aniane, St., 536
Benedict Biscop, 488, 491
Benedict of Nursia, St., 57, 517-519, 522, 524, 527, 536, 742, 805, 909, 1078
Benedictine order, 457, 545, 785, 958
Benedictine Rule, 517-519, 536
Benediktbeuren, 1024
Benevento, 440, 451, 452, 538, 706, 723
duchy of, 543
Duke of, 290
Benjamin of Tudela, 366, 375, 376, 404, 433
Benoît de Ste. Maure, 1044-1045
Benveniste, Sheshet, 404
Benvenutus Grassus, 403
Beowulf, 489-491, 504, 1030, 1044
bequest, rules of, 754, 766
Berbers, 22, 23, 117, 202, 283, 284, 285, 289, 290, 291, 295-296, 299, 371, 372, 408, 458
Berengar II, 511-512
