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The Age of Faith

Page 191

by Will Durant

Qusay, 161, 162

  Qusayr Amra, 271, 276

  Qutaiba, ibn, 238

  Qutayba ibn Muslim, 209

  Qutuz, 313, 340

  Rab (Abba Areca), 348, 356, 364, 376

  Rabanus Gauma, 926*

  Rabanus Maurus, 514-515, 824

  rabbis, 352*, 364, 366, 367, 382, 383, 419

  Rabelais, François, 923, 983, 1052, 1086

  Rabia al-Adawiyya, 259

  Rabina II bar Samuel, 351

  Rabula, 134

  Radagaisus, 28

  Ragusa, 436, 446, 657

  raids, barbarian, 654

  Danish, 483, 871

  Finnish, 659

  Magyar, 450, 476, 536, 614, 637

  Moslem, 290, 450, 536, 614, 845

  Norman, 293, 450, 536, 545

  Norse, 476, 473–474, 475, 492, 499-500, 511, 614, 637, 845, 913, 914

  Rainald von Dassel, 1025

  Ramadan, 163, 212, 214, 215

  Ramón Berenguer, 698

  ransoms, 379, 393, 460, 571, 673

  Rape of Proserpine (Claudian), 33

  Raphael, 290, 1066

  Raqqa, 200, 207, 231, 242

  Rashdall, Hastings, 926*, 927*

  Rashi, 352*, 395, 401, 409

  Rathari, 451

  Rationale divinorum officiorum (Guillame Durand), 748

  rationalism, 250, 314, 338, 415, 790, 808, 917, 940, 946, 955, 982

  Ratisbon, see Regensburg

  Ratramnus, 741

  Ravenna, 27, 28, 38, 39, 94, 98, 109, 110, 128, 129, 132-133, 426, 440, 451, 452, 467, 616, 626, 708, 723, 857, 916, 1065

  Council of, 740

  Ravensburg, 624

  Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, 589, 590, 773, 774-775, 827, 923, 1037

  Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, 775-776

  Raymond of Agiles, 591

  Raymond, Archbishop of Toledo, 910

  Raymond of Peñafort, 402, 783, 966

  Raymond du Puy, 593

  Raymond Roger, Count of Foix, 773, 774

  Rayy, 136, 207, 237, 246, 312, 317, 339

  Razi, al-, 203, 223, 246, 247, 249, 408, 910-912

  reading, 785, 908, 1055

  Reading, 483, 484

  Real Presence, 741

  realism, 859, 869, 885, 931-934, 950, 951, 1013

  reason, 265, 324, 325, 331-332, 338, 343, 368, 405, 407, 411, 412, 477, 523, 724, 807, 808, 917, 938, 939, 940, 945, 946, 950, 956, 957, 974, 978, 980, 981, 982, 1004, 1052, 1067, 1083

  rebellion, 292, 339, 340, 347, 472, 481, 511, 512, 514, 644-645, 672, 683, 724

  Recared I, 47, 95, 370, 349

  records, 908*, 1008

  “rectors,” university, 917, 918

  Red Sea, 58, 119, 155, 156, 157, 161, 208, 349, 404, 596, 616

  reform, 266, 521, 666, 811

  monastic, 536, 791, 792

  “Reform Manifesto,” 723

  Reformation, 547, 708, 784, 809, 810, 820, 1082, 1086

  refraction, 995, 996, 1011

  Refugees, 167, 169, 170

  Regensburg (Ratisbon), 390, 595, 619, 960

  Reggio Calabria, 616

  Reggio Emilia, 549, 712, 765, 918

  Regiomontanus, 328

  Reginald of Châtillon, 596, 597

  Reginald of Piperno, 966*, 976*

  Reginald, subprior of Canterbury, 674

  Regnault de Cormont, 881

  Regno, 717, 718, 720, 723, 725, 857, 1056, 1066

  “regular clergy,” 756

  regulations, economic, 378, 436

  guild, 635-636

  medical, 999

  nautical, 434

  university, 917, 921, 928

  Reichenau, 476, 514, 515, 535

  Reims, 12, 37, 91, 92, 474, 475, 476, 479, 481, 536, 615, 623, 639, 771, 864, 876, 914, 940

  Cathedral, 132, 579, 697, 846, 853, 856, 859, 860, 861, 865, 873, 875, 876, 880-881, 882-885, 892, 893, 1085

  coronations at, 566

  Council of, 543

  relics, 404, 426, 432, 442, 523, 524, 706, 743-745, 762, 764, 791, 863, 882

  reliefs, 274, 848, 853, 857-862, 887, 889

  religion, 98, 138, 182-184, 265, 266, 279, 301, 302, 305, 309, 324, 331-332, 336, 338, 341, 349, 350, 360, 361, 372, 396, 398, 402, 406, 411, 425, 433, 442, 456, 461, 463, 467, 504, 506-507, 515, 536, 577, 653, 670, 710, 732, 736, 747, 770, 808, 816, 820, 828, 842-844, 847, 893, 900, 905, 917, 944, 964, 980, 981, 1012, 1015, 1018, 1020, 1052, 1083, 1086

  Babylonian, 366

  Christian, 341, 958

  Hindu, 243

  Jewish, 341, 382-385, 405, 446

  Mohammedan, 183-184, 321, 331-333, 341

  reliquaries, 846, 848, 849

  Rembrandt, 419

  Remi, St., 57, 91

  Remy of Auxerre, 476

  Renaissance, 79, 111, 122, 316, 343, 456, 578, 613, 637, 649, 665, 719, 724, 731, 764, 771, 854, 862, 873, 890, 906, 913, 923, 982, 1027, 1082, 1085, 1086

  Byzantine, 437-443

  Carolingian, 471

  Italian, 240, 650, 854, 1085-1086

  Macedonian, 432

  Ottonian, 512, 514, 913

  Persian, 136

  of the twelfth century, 949

  Renan, Ernest, 87, 786*

  “Renegades,” 299

  rent, 555, 631, 632, 786

  Representation of Adam, 1028

  representative institutions, 699, 700

  Republic (Plato), 240, 506

  reredos, 455, 866

  residence halls, 924, 927

  responsa, 111-112

  responses, antiphonal, 896, 1027

  resurrection, 266, 331, 367, 735, 816, 955, 958, 1077

  Reuchlin, Johann, 365, 418

  Reval, 664, 666

  revenues, 297-298, 369, 432, 442, 484, 521, 552, 718, 764-766, 767

  Church, 521, 766, 813

  college, 924

  ecclesiastical, 758, 814, 831

  local, 713, 831

  royal, 465, 566, 690

  revolt, 295, 372, 373, 426, 427, 430, 431, 436, 438, 462, 619, 672, 682, 982, 1061, 1064

  Ghibelline, 729

  Guelf, 729

  Lombard, 664, 761

  Magyar, 658

  in Palermo, 726

  Saxon, 549

  of thanes, 666

  of workers, 655

  revolution, 262, 428, 442, 538, 637, 638, 808, 854, 987, 1065

  Abbasid, 292

  agricultural, 643-646

  architectural, 317, 870

  economic, 613-649, 915

  Gothic, 875

  legal, 678

  mathematical, 989-992

  medical, 404

  musical, 899-900

  religious, 314

  scientific, 1009

  Spanish, 296

  rewards, 355, 360, 368, 944, 1067

  Reynard the Fox, 1053-1054

  Reza Khan, 274*

  rhapsodes, Greek, 1054

  Rhazes, see Razi, al-

  Rhenish League, 619

  rhetoric, 288, 305, 466, 915, 918, 944

  Rhetoric (Aristotle), 912

  Rhine River, 12, 22, 25, 27, 37, 38, 40, 88, 389, 473, 510, 511, 531, 589, 606, 614, 615, 617, 618, 619, 642, 645, 665, 685, 686, 690, 695, 809, 1032-1033, 1034, 1035

  Rhineland, 91, 391, 589, 646, 685-687

  Rhodes, 289, 431, 434, 616, 620

  Knights of, 610

  Rhodri the Great, 496

  Rhone River, 12, 33, 292, 473, 474, 617, 645, 665

  rhyme, 263, 264, 750, 1022-1023, 1066

  Rhys ab Gruffydd, 684

  rhythm, 264, 279, 490, 896, 900, 1022

  Rialto, Venice, 710, 453

  rich (class), 350, 378, 390, 433, 437, 451, 454, 487, 527, 648, 654, 833

  Richalm, monk, 734

  Richard I Coeur de Lion, 310, 375, 392, 414, 485, 599-602, 638, 672-673, 674, 682, 683, 695, 808, 828, 892, 1036, 1037

  Richard II, Duke of Normandy, 492

  Richard of Cornwall, King of the Romans, 564, 1049

&
nbsp; Richard of St. Victor, 750, 958

  Ricimer, 23, 42

  Riga, 618, 659, 664

  Rigaud, Bishop of Rouen, 806

  Rimini, 616, 708, 770

  Ring of the Nibelungs (Wagner), 1032

  rings, 833, 849, 986

  Risalat al-Ghufran (al-Ma‘arri), 1068

  ritual, 185, 358, 364, 382, 417, 463, 745, 863, 900, 985, 986, 1022

  burlesques of, 841-842

  Catholic, 748-754

  Christian, 896

  Church, 754

  dedication, 867

  Jewish, 356-359

  of knighthood, 572-573

  murders, 388, 389, 391, 721, 780

  Talmudic, 356-359

  Riza, Iman, 217

  tomb of, 317

  roadhouse signs, 614*

  roads, 308, 465, 500, 536, 552, 559, 560, 621, 718, 829, 903

  “Robber Synod,” 49

  robbery, 265, 410, 542, 575, 829, 842, 928, 1072

  Robert I, Duke of Normandy, 480, 481

  Robert II the Pious, King of France, 480

  Robert II, Duke of Normandy, 668-669

  Robert, King of Naples, 1000

  Robert of Arbrissol, 791

  Robert of Chester, 911, 991

  Robert of Clari, 433

  Robert de Coucy, 880

  “Robert the Dominican,” 780

  Robert of England, 995

  Robert de Luzarches, 881

  Robert of Molesmes, 788

  Robert the Strong, 475

  Robin Hood, 648, 667*

  Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 334

  Roccasecca, 961, 962

  Roch, St., 743

  Rochester Cathedral, 871, 883

  rock reliefs, Persian, 149

  Roderick, 97

  Roffredus, 918-919

  Roger II, 329, 510, 703-705, 714, 717, 773

  Roger, Bishop of London, 628

  Roger, Count of Béziers, 291, 775

  Roger of Salerno, 999, 1000

  Roland, 462, 464, 570, 576, 822, 1030-1031

  Rollo (Rolf) of Normandy, 510, 669, 674

  Roman d’Alixandre (Lambert, Alexander), 1044

  Roman Empire, 4, 19, 23, 25, 26, 28-31, 36, 37, 79, 88, 117, 141, 186, 510, 624, 663, 817, 843, 903, 1077, 1082

  Eastern, 609-610, 857

  Holy, 662

  Western, 28-43, 609

  Roman Republic, 513, 538, 707, 817

  Roman de la Rose, 697, 767, 1044, 1051-1053

  Roman de Troie, 1044

  romance, 497, 578, 832, 949, 1085

  age of, 1019-1055

  philosophical, 334-335

  religious, 979

  Romance of Layla and Majnun (Nizami), 324

  romances, 1018-1022, 1042-1051, 1054

  Arabic, 300

  Arthurian, 1085

  cycle of, 1044-1045

  Greek, 1044

  medieval, 576

  Oriental, 611

  Romanesque, 127, 450, 452, 457, 479, 516, 859, 861, 865-866, 868-870, 874, 877, 883, 884, 891, 892, 895, 897

  Norman, 494

  Rhenish, 516

  Romans, 16, 23, 27, 30, 35-36, 39, 41, 80, 81, 89, 95, 98, 99, 118, 134, 136, 140, 202, 225, 303, 328, 386, 430, 456, 468, 495, 537-542, 550-551, 558, 662, 701*, 706, 784, 831, 908, 945, 984, 989, 990, 1002, 1022

  Romantic movement, 578, 894

  Romanus I Lecapenus, 435

  Romanus II Argyrus, 429, 430, 512

  Romanus III, 430

  Romanus IV Diogenes, 308, 431

  Romanus, monk, 135, 895

  Romaunt of the Rose (tr. Chaucer)* 1052*

  Rome, 3, 16, 23, 26, 27-28, 30, 31-32, 33-36, 38, 39, 40, 41-43, 44, 45, 46, 50-51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 65, 66, 69, 72, 74, 76, 87, 91, 95, 98, 99, 100, 109-110, 115, 118, 120, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145-147, 149, 156, 201, 202, 204, 216, 284, 290, 297, 340, 379, 381, 389, 396, 404, 426, 432, 440, 450, 452, 453, 456, 458, 465, 467, 468-469, 471, 474, 495, 501, 512, 517, 520, 521, 522, 526, 527, 529, 530, 533, 535, 537-541, 544, 545, 547, 549, 550, 552, 588, 612, 616, 621, 629, 633, 642, 651, 653, 662, 672, 674, 680, 681, 682, 697, 706, 707, 713, 716, 729, 730, 753, 756, 759, 760, 765, 767, 770, 776, 791, 798, 803, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 823, 831, 845, 849, 857, 893, 903, 904, 906, 911, 916, 935, 966, 979, 998, 1000, 1002, 1003, 1023, 1039*, 1064, 1078, 1082, 1085, 1086

  churches in, 127, 439, 846, 852, 1002

  synod at, 548, 549, 788, 1059

  University of, 811, 919

  Romulus Augustulus, 42

  Roncesvalles, battle of, 462, 1030

  roofs, 643, 865-867, 870, 871, 879, 880

  rosary, 742

  Roscelin, Jean, 697, 808, 931, 932, 940, 949, 953

  rose windows, 875, 880, 881

  Rosh-ha-Shana, 359

  Rostislav, Prince, 535

  Rostov, 448, 656

  rota system, 653

  Rotharis, 633

  Rothschild, Meyer Amschel, 380

  Rouen, 473, 475, 476, 492, 494, 615, 617, 618, 639, 643, 648, 668, 674, 882, 1037

  Cathedral, 857, 859, 882

  Round Table, 575, 1045

  Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 78

  Rua, 38

  Ruadhan, St., 84

  Rubaiyat (Omar Khayyam), 248, 322-323

  Rudagi, 267-268

  Rüdiger, Bishop of Speyer, 389

  Rudolf I, 660, 664, 811, 1074

  Rudolf I, King of Burgundy, 686

  Rudolf III, King of Burgundy, 686

  Rudolf of Swabia, 550

  Rufinus, 26, 51, 55, 59, 60

  rugs, 272, 278, 287, 318, 319, 851

  Rügen, 666

  naval battle of, 503

  rule, monastic, 536, 756, 785, 787, 788, 798

  “Rum,” sultanate of, 311

  Rumaykiyya, 297

  Rumi, Jalal ud-din al-, 245, 312, 324-325, 339, 340

  Runnymede, 676, 677

  runes, 509

  Rural Code, 434

  Rurik, 448

  Rus, 447, 448

  Rusafa, 232, 233

  Ruskin, John, 881

  Russia, 3, 24, 39, 43, 62*, 204, 209, 367, 432, 443, 444, 446-448, 473, 502, 510, 535, 536, 544, 615, 616, 617, 619, 653-657, 658, 659, 832, 895, 1082

  Russians, 4, 436, 442, 586

  Russkaya Pravda, 653

  Rustam, 151-152, 269, 270

  Rutebeuf, 746

  Ruthard, Archbishop of Mainz, 390

  Ruthwell, 491

  Ryazan, 653, 656

  Saad, 151-152

  Saadia ben Joseph al-Fayyumi (Saadia Gaon), 367-368, 405, 417

  Saale River, 510, 550

  Sabaeans, 156, 218, 243

  Sabbah, Hasan ibn al-, 309-310

  Sabbath, 185, 358, 382, 386, 410

  saboraim, 352

  Sachsenspiegel, 665

  “Sacramentary” (Hadrian I), 748

  sacraments, 523, 528, 529, 707, 732, 738-742, 769, 985, 1054

  sacrifice, animal, 348, 356

  human, 507

  sacrilege, 277, 755

  Sadducees, 350, 367

  Sa‘d ibn Zangi, Atabeg, 326

  Sa‘ di (Musharrif ud-Din ibn Muslih ud-Din Abdallah), 197, 312, 325-328, 379

  Sadillot, 242

  Sadiq, Jafar al-, 261

  Saemund the Wise, 508

  Saffah, al- (Abu al-Abbas), 196-197

  Saffarids, 202

  “Saga of Olaf Tryggvesson” (Snorri), 504

  sagas, 496, 822, 1030-1036

  Sahara Desert, 155, 284

  Sahdi, Ibrahim al-, 329

  Sahih (al-Bukhari), 211

  Said ibn Judi, 306

  St. Albans, 377, 871, 1020

  St. André (Aube), 627

  “St. Anthony’s fire,” 1002

  St. David’s, 496

  Cathedral, 871

  St. Denis, 476, 876, 882

  abbey of, 461, 694, 696, 743, 786, 791, 847, 852, 876-877, 938, 940

  St. Gall, 384, 466, 476, 533, 564, 786, 1028
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  St. Gildas (Morbihan), 942

  St. Giles, prior of, 816

  St. Gilles (Gard), 774

  St. Gotthard Pass, 533, 621

  St. John’s Eve, 745

  St. Mark’s, Venice, 440, 441, 455, 605, 709, 868

  mosaics of, 851-852

  St. Omer, 671, 853

  St. Peter’s, Rome, 36, 127, 520, 530, 544, 550, 707, 865

  abbey of, 839

  church of, 100, 290

  spire of, 882

  St. Peter’s Church, Glastonbury, 486

  St. Quentin, 623, 639, 690

  St. Riquier, abbey of, 786

  St. Sophia, Constantinople, 5, 62, 63-64, 105, 106, 117, 126, 129-131, 148, 155, 205, 231, 432, 438, 439, 455, 605, 856, 896

  St. Victor, monastery of, 750, 808, 921, 934

  Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 87

  Sainte Chapelle, Paris, 694, 849, 875, 882

  saints, 261, 310, 332, 3-33, 342, 426, 456, 515, 523, 527, 531, 736, 743, 745, 769, 797, 802, 806, 807, 853, 857, 863, 867, 891, 896, 1029, 1054, 1079

  saints’ days, 1022

  Saisset, Bernard, 814

  Sala (Ijssel) River, 88

  Saladin, 108, 223, 229, 286, 310-311, 312, 313, 317, 318, 333, 366, 408, 413, 596-598, 600-602, 673, 715, 827, 828, 955, 1020

  Salamanca, 903, 979

  cathedrals at, 891

  University of, 919

  Salerno, 290, 291, 403, 404, 452, 456, 457, 616, 703, 923, 1001

  school at, 370, 997, 998, 999

  Salic Law, 88-90, 696

  Salih, al-, 312

  Salimbene, Fra, 694, 713, 765, 804, 830, 1019

  Salisbury, 640, 667, 951

  Cathedral, 883, 885

  Sallust, 72, 1018

  Salonika (Thessalonica), 25-26, 132, 436, 440, 453, 535, 616, 619, 651, 657, 739

  salvation, 260, 355, 941, 976, 1075

  Salvation Army preachers, 733*

  Salvian, 29, 30, 65

  Salvino d’Amarto, 996

  Salzburg, 622

  Archbishop of, 758

  Council of, 1025

  Samanids, 203, 206

  Samarkand, 49, 194, 206-207, 231, 236-237, 339, 340

  Samarra, 201, 275, 276

  Great Mosque of, 273

  Samo, 660

  Samson, Abbot of Bury St. Edmund’s, 786, 926

  Samuel, Tsar of Bulgaria, 430, 446

  Samuel Halevi (Ismail ibn Naghdela), 296, 371, 396, 397

  Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, 413, 910

  Samuel ben Meir, 401

  San Germano, Treaty of, 717

  San Gimignano, 835, 892

  Sancho I, King of León, 459

  Sancho I, King of Navarre, 293

  Sancho III the Great, King of Navarre, 458

  sanctity, 442, 468, 786, 791, 810, 844, 945, 946

  sanctuary, 567, 753

  Sängerkrieg, 1039

  sanitation, 681, 835, 1003

  Santa Claus, 62*

  Santayana, George, 336*

  Santiago de Compostela, 295, 638

  Cathedral, 458, 869

  Santiago, Knights of, 697

  Saône River, 473, 475, 481, 617

  Sapienza, Rome, 919

 

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