The History of Jihad- From Muhammad to ISIS
Page 44
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid., 198–99.
71. Ibid., 201; John Hunwick, Jews of a Saharan Oasis: The Elimination of the Tamantit Community (n.d., Markus Wiener Publishers).
72. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 50.
73. Lal, The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, 130.
74. Ibid.
75. Vincent Arthur Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 (Clarendon Press, 1920), 245.
76. Ibid., 241–42.
77. Lal, The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, 131.
78. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 50–51.
79. Ibid., 51.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. Smith, The Oxford History of India, 248–49.
83. Ibid., 250.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid., 251.
87. Ibid., 250.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid., 250–51.
92. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 55.
93. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 239.
94. Ibid.
95. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 55–56.
96. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 240.
97. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 55–56; Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 240.
98. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 55–56.
99. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 240.
100. Ahmad Shayeq Qassem, Afghanistan’s Political Stability: A Dream Unrealised (Ashgate Publishing, 2009), 20.
101. Marozzi, Tamerlane, 394.
102. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 51.
103. Ibid.
104. Ibid.
105. Ibid., 51–52.
106. Ibid., 52.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid.
111. Ibid.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid., 52–53.
114. Ibid., 53.
115. Marozzi, Tamerlane, 355.
116. Ibid., 360–61.
117. Ibid.
118. Ibid., 361–62.
119. Ibid., 396.
120. Ibid., 396–97.
121. Ibid., 399.
122. Ibid., 400.
123. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 56.
124. Shourie, et al., Hindu Temples, 240.
125. Ibid., 238.
126. Ibid., 238–39.
127. Ibid., 239.
128. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 56.
129. Ibid.
130. Ibid.
131. Smith, The Oxford History of India, 280.
132. Ibid., 281.
133. Ibid.
134. Ibid., 253–54.
135. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 269.
136. Ibid., 240.
137. Ibid., 232–33.
Chapter Seven
1. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 104.
2. Ibid., 105.
3. Esposito, The Oxford History of Islam, 692.
4. Martin Luther, “On war against the Turk,” 1528, http://www.lutherdansk.dk/On%20war%20against%20Islamic%20reign%20of%20terror/On%20war%20against%20Islamic%20reign%20of%20terror1.htm
5. Martin Luther, Works, Weimer ed., 28, 365f ; 30 II, 195; 47, 175, in Luther on Islam and the Papacy by Francis Nigel Lee (Queensland Presbyterian Theological College, 2000), 4.
6. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 147.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., 176, 179.
9. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 119.
10. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 185.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., 187.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., 188.
19. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 124.
20. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 192.
21. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 129.
22. Ronald Segal, Islam’s Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 114.
23. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 150.
24. Ibid., 151.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 152.
27. Gábor Ágoston, “Muslim Cultural Enclaves in Hungary Under Ottoman Rule,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 45, no. 2/3 (1991): 197.
28. Ibid., 156.
29. Ibid., 157.
30. Ibid., 156.
31. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 264.
32. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 159.
33. Ibid.
34. Wheatcroft, Infidels, 27.
35. Ibid.
35. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 270.
37. Ibid., 270–71.
38. Ibid., 271.
39. Wheatcroft, Infidels, 31.
40. Ibid.
41. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 273.
42. Ibid., 275.
43. Ibid., 276.
44. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 192.
45. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 288–89.
46. Ibid., 319.
47. Ibid., 292.
48. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 213.
49. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 315.
50. Ibid., 315–16.
51. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 279–80.
52. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 339.
53. Ibid., 343.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., 346.
56. Ibid., 347.
57. Giles Milton, White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and Islam’s One Million White Slaves (Farrar, Straus and Giroux), 12.
58. Murray Gordon, Slavery in the Arab World (New Amsterdam Books, 1989), 33.
59. Milton, White Gold, 12.
60. Ibid., 13.
61. Ibid., 22.
62. Ibid., 23.
63. Ibid., 28.
64. Ibid., 30.
65. Al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller, section o9.14.
66. Abu’l Hasan al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam as-Sultaniyyah (The Laws of Islamic Governance) (Ta-Ha Publishers, 1996), 192.
67. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 268.
68. Ibid., 237.
69. Ibid., 244.
70. Ibid., 269.
71. Ibid., 233.
72. Ibid., 269.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid., 229.
75. Ibid.
76. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 57.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid., 57–58.
80. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India (Routledge, 2016), 344.
81. Smith, The Oxford History of India, 295.
82. Ibid., 310.
83. Ibid., 306.
84. Ibid., 307.
85. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 57–58.
86. Ibid.
87. Kulke and Rothermund, A History of India, 361; Smith, The Oxford History of India, 350.
88. Smith, The Oxford History of India, 357.
89. Ibid., 358.
90. Kulke and Rothermund, A History of India, 368.
91.
Smith, The Oxford History of India, 359–60.
92. Ibid., 360.
93. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 242.
94. Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangueir, written by himself; and translated from a Persian manuscript, by Major David Price (Oriental Translation Committee, 1829), 33.
95. Ibid.
96. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 59; Smith, The Oxford History of India, 376.
97. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 59.
98. Ibid.
99. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 272.
100. Ibid.
101. Ibid., 246.
102. Ibid., 266.
103. Memoirs of the Emperor Jahangueir, 14–15.
104. Ibid., 15.
105. Lal, The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, 330.
106. Ibid., 271–72.
107. Abdul Hamid Lahori, Badshanama of Abdul Hamid Lahori, translated by Henry Miers Elliot (Hafiz Press, 1875), 39.
108. Ibid., 46.
109. Ibid., 55.
110. Shourie, et al., Hindu Temples, 278.
111. Smith, The Oxford History of India, 409.
112. Ibid., 411–15.
113. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 279; Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 61.
114. Ibid., 280.
115. Ibid., 61.
116. Ibid., 62.
117. Ibid., 280.
118. Ibid., 281; Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 62.
119. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 281.
120. Ibid.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.
123. Ibid., 284.
124. Ibid., 286.
125. Ibid., 285.
126. Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 63.
127. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 285.
128. Ibid.
129. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 288; Smith, The Oxford History of India, 438.
130. Kulke and Rothermund, A History of India, 379; Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 62.
131. Smith, The Oxford History of India, 438–39.
132. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 289.
133. Ibid., 282.
134. Ibid., 279.
Chapter Eight
1. “Sweden, the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Tartars, c 1580-1714—The Realpolitik of a Christian Kingdom,” Världsinbördeskriget, February 14, 2011, https://varldsinbordeskriget.wordpress.com/2011/02/14/sweden-the-ottoman-empire-and-the-crimean-tartars-c-1580-%E2%80%93-1714-%E2%80%93-the-realpolitik-of-a-christian-kingdom/
2. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 372–73.
3. Ibid., 374–76.
4. Umar Busnavi, History of the War in Bosnia During the Years 1737-1739, translated by C. Fraser (Oriental Translation Fund, 1830), 2–3.
5. Ibid., 86.
6. Hamid Algar, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay (Islamic Publications International, 2002), 13.
7. Ibid., 13–14.
8. Bonney, Jihad from Qur’an to bin Laden, 159–60.
9. Algar, Wahhabism, 18.
10. Ibid., 18–19.
11. Ibid., 22–23.
12. Charles Allen, God’s Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad (Da Capo Press, 2006), 61.
13. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 395.
14. Ibid., 405.
15. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 383.
16. Ibid.
17. Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: A Life (Penguin, 2014), 201.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 222.
20. Ibid., 199.
21. Ibid., 202.
22. Ibid., 200.
23. “Halabi, Suleiman al-,” Damascus Online, https://web.archive.org/web/20091231235534/http://damascus-online.com/se/bio/halabi_suleiman.htm
24. Andrew James McGregor, A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006), 48.
25. Roberts, Napoleon, 199.
26. “Kuwaiti preacher, ISIS call for demolition of Egypt’s Sphinx, pyramids,” RT, March 9, 2015, https://www.rt.com/news/239093-islamist-calls-destroy-pyramids/
27. Algar, Wahhabism, 21.
28. Ibid., 30.
29. Ibid., 37.
30. Ibid., 38.
31. Wheatcroft, Infidels, 233.
32. Thomas Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution (T. Cadell, 1833), 147.
33. Ibid., 148.
34. Ibid., 148–49.
35. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 444.
36. Ibid.
37. Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, 156.
38. Ibid.
39. Nomikos Michael Vaporis, Witnesses for Christ: Orthodox Christians, Neomartyrs of the Ottoman Period 1437-1860 (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2000), 340.
40. Ibid.; Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, 187.
41. Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution, 187.
42. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 477.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Bat Ye’or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, 399–400.
47. Ibid., 406.
48. Ibid., 417.
49. Finkel, Osman’s Dream, 470–71.
50. Bonney, Jihad from Qur’an to bin Laden, 149.
51. Segal, Islam’s Black Slaves, 132.
52. Ibid., 133.
53. Ibid., 133–34.
54. Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East (Oxford University Press, 1994), http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html
55. Ibid.
56. Segal, Islam’s Black Slaves, 56.
57. Bat Ye’or, The Dhimmi, 321.
58. Tudor Parfitt, “Dhimma Versus Protection in Nineteenth Century Morocco,” in Israel and Ishmael: Studies in Muslim-Jewish Relations, edited by Tudor Parfitt (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 157–59.
59. Vahakn N. Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide (Berghahn Books, 1995), 147.
60. Ibid., 117.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., 144.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid., 144–45.
69. Ibid., 146.
70. Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, 560.
71. Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide, 146.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., 169, note 121.
74. Andrew G. Bostom, “A Modern Jihad Genocide,” FrontPageMagazine.com, April 28, 2003, http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=18489
75. Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide, 156.
76. Ibid., 59.
77. Frank Lambert, The Barbary Wars (Hill and Wang, 2005), 4.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid., 92–93.
80. “Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary,” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/b-tripoli-ust000011-1070.pdf
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. United States Department of State, The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States of America, vol. 1 (Blair & Rives, 1837), 605.
84. Shourie et al., Hindu Temples, 287.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid., 287–88.
88. Smith, The Oxford History of India, 462.
89. Bonney, Jihad from Qur’an to bin Laden, 101.
90. Ibid., 102.
91. Ibid., 103.
92. Ibid., 104.
93. Smith, The Oxford History of India, 462.
94. Ibid., 465.
95. Rudolph Peters, Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (Mouton Publishers, 1979), 46.
96. Ibid., 47.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid., 48–49.
99. Ibid., 50–51.
100. Al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller, section o9.2.
101. Peters, Islam and Colonialism, 51.
102. Ibid., 51–52.
103. Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Sahih Muslim, rev. ed., translated by Abdul Hamid Siddiqi (Kitab Bhavan, 2000), no. 4553.
104. Sanjeev Nayyar, “So who was really responsible for Partition?” Rediff News, September 17, 2009, http://news.rediff.com/column/2009/sep/17/so-who-was-really-responsible-for-partition.htm
105. Ibid.
106. Peters, Islam and Colonialism, 54–55.
107. Ibid., 56.
108. Ibid., 54–55.
109. Bonney, Jihad from Qur’an to bin Laden, 183–84.
110. Daniel Allen Butler, The First Jihad: The Battle for Khartoum and the Dawn of Militant Islam (Casemate, 2006), 42.
111. Ibid., 43.
112. Peters, Islam and Colonialism, 66–67.
113. Ibid., 69.
114. Ibid., 70.
115. Ibid., 79.
116. Butler, The First Jihad, 53–54.
117. Peters, Islam and Colonialism, 67.
118. Butler, The First Jihad, 105.
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid., 195–96.
Chapter Nine
1. Al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller, section o9.1.
2. Ibid.
3. Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader (Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996), 53.
4. Peters, Islam and Colonialism, 86.
5. Ibid., 87.
6. Ibid., 90.
7. Ibid.
8. Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-century Conflict and the Descent of the West (Penguin, 2006), 180.
9. Manus I. Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 342.
10. “Turks Are Evicting Native Christians: Greeks and Armenians Driven From Homes and Converted by the Sword, Assert Americans,” The New York Times, July 11, 1915.
11. Bonney, Jihad from Qur’an to bin Laden, 150–51.
12. Ibid., 151.
13. “Turkish Massacres: 47,000 Refugees Reach Mesopotamia,” The Times (London), October 11, 1918.
14. “Turks are Evicting Native Christians,” The New York Times, July 11, 1915.
15. “Frequently Asked Questions about the Armenian Genocide,” Armenian National Institute, http://www.armenian-genocide.org/genocidefaq.html; “700,000 Greeks Victims of Turks,” The New York Times, July 10, 1921.