Jerusalem's Traitor: Josephus, Masada, and the Fall of Judea
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4 Ibid., 2, 420.
5 Ibid., 2, 441.
6 Ibid., 2, 455-456.
7 Ibid., 2, 497-498.
8 Ibid., 2, 462-465.
9 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 17-19.
10 Ibid., 20-23.
11 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 531.
6. GOVERNOR OF GALILEE
1 Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem, p. 424.
2 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 556.
3 Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History, trans. K. Lake and J. E. Oulton (London: Loeb Classical Library, 1914-1927), I, 171-177.
4 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 25.
5 Ibid., 27.
6 Rajak, Josephus, p. 154.
7 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 28-29.
8 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 569-571.
9 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 79.
10 Ibid., 79.
11 Ibid., 30-31.
12 Ibid., 40-42.
13 Ibid., 66.
14 Ibid., 134.
15 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 585-589.
16 M. Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 201.
17 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 585-590.
18 Ibid., 2, 599-609; Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 132-141.
19 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 610-613; Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 145-148.
20 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 101.
21 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 624-625.
22 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 174.
23 Ibid., 175-178.
24 Ibid., 191.
25 Ibid., 225.
26 Ibid., 80.
27 Ibid., 84.
28 Ibid., 82.
29 Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, pp. 305-306.
30 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 2, 647.
7. THE RETURN OF THE LEGIONS
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 1-12.
2 Tacitus, The Histories, II, 5.
3 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, iv, 1.
4 Ibid., VIII, 4.
5 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 9.
6 Ibid., 3, 63.
7 Ibid., 3, 115-126.
8. THE SIEGE OF JOTAPATA
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 144.
2 Ibid., 3, 143.
3 Ibid., 3, 193.
4 Ibid., 3, 195-196.
5 Ibid., 3, 197-201.
6 Ibid., 3, 204-205.
7 Ibid., 3, 221.
8 Ibid., 3, 229.
9 Ibid., 3, 261.
9. THE CAVE AND THE PROPHECY
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 341-343.
2 Ibid., 3, 351-352.
3 Ibid., 3, 354.
4 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, iv, 5.
5 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 355-360.
6 Ibid., 3, 362-382.
7 Ibid., 3, 384-386.
8 Ibid., 3, 388-391.
9 Ibid., 3, 391.
10 Rajak, Josephus, p. 171, who cites M. Gardner, Aha! Insight (New York: Freeman, 1978), pp. 84 ff.
11 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, iv, 5.
12 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 340.
13 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, xx.
14 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 400-403.
15 Ibid., 3, 405.
16 Ibid., 3, 406.
17 Rajak, Josephus, p. 188.
18 Tacitus, The Histories, II, 78.
19 Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, I, p. 57.
20 M. Smith, “The Occult in Josephus,” in Feldman and Hata (eds.), Josephus, Judaism and Christianity, pp.236-256; S. Mason, “Josephus, Daniel and the Flavian House,” in Parente and Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period, pp. 161-191.
10. JOSEPHUS THE PRISONER
1 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 8, 46-49.
2 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 408.
3 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 414.
4 Ibid., 414-415.
5 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 432-442.
6 Rajak, Josephus, p. 154.
7 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, I, 48.
8 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Vespasian, xxi.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 3, 419-427.
10 Ibid., 3, 484.
11 Ibid., 3, 495-496.
12 Ibid., 3, 536-537.
13 Ibid., 4, 20.
14 Ibid., 4, 37-38.
15 Ibid., 4, 41-48.
16 Ibid., 4, 50.
17 Ibid., 4, 72.
11. JOHN OF GISCHALA COMES TO JERUSALEM
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 86.
2 Ibid., 4, 92-96.
3 Ibid., 4, 105.
4 Ibid., 4, 127.
5 M. Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judea, pp. 199-200.
6 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 145.
7 Ibid., 4, 155.
8 Rajak, Josephus, p. 133.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 161.
10 Ibid., 4, 162-192.
11 Ibid., 4, 208.
12 Ibid., 4, 216-223.
12. THE ZEALOT REVOLUTION
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 233.
2 Ibid., 4, 241-243.
3 Ibid., 4, 271-282.
4 Ibid., 4, 310.
5 Ibid., 4, 318.
6 Ibid., 4, 326.
7 Ibid., 4, 328.
8 Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judea, p. 201; J. J. Price, Jerusalem under Siege (Leiden: E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1992).
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 335-344.
10 Ibid., 4, 357.
11 Rajak, Josephus, p. 134.
12 Josephus, The Jewish War, 4, 397.
13 Ibid., 4, 389-393.
13. THE RECONQUEST OF JUDEA
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 366-367.
2 Ibid., 4, 368-373.
3 Ibid., 4, 425.
4 Ibid., 4, 441-442.
5 Ibid., 4, 477.
6 J. Neusner, A Life of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1962), pp. 113-121.
7 Rajak, Josephus, p. 188.
8 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VI, Nero, xlix, 3.
14. SIMON BAR GIORA
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 503.
2 Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judea, p. 203.
3 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 510.
4 Ibid., 4, 536.
5 Ibid., 4, 540.
6 Ibid., 4, 561-564.
7 Ibid., 4, 573.
8 Ibid., 4, 577.
9 Numbers, xxv, 8-11.
10 Rajak, Josephus, pp. 86-87.
15. THE YEAR OF THE FOUR EMPERORS
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 493.
2 Tacitus, The Histories, V, 10.
3 Ibid., II, 68.
4 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 501.
5 Tacitus, The Histories, II, 74.
6 Ibid., II, 76.
7 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 623-629.
8 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, II, 34.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 1, 68-69.
10 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VII, Vitellius, iii-iv and xiii.
11 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 4, 652.
12 Ibid., 4, 657.
13 Ibid., 4, 657.
14 Ibid., 1, 5.
15 M. Goodman, “Josephus as Roman Citizen,” in Parente and
Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period, p. 335.
16. TITUS TAKES COMMAND
1 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 416.
2 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Titus, i.
3 Tacitus, The Histories, V, 1.
4 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 45-46.
5 Ibid., 2, 220.
6 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, XX, 100.
7 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 6-7.
8 Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule, p. 316.
9 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 47-49.
10 Ibid., 3, 79-84.
11 Ibid., 5, 85.
12 Ibid., 5, 97.
13 Ibid., 5, 121-127.
17. THE SIEGE BEGINS
1 Tacitus, The Histories, V. 12.
2 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 250.
3 Ibid., 5, 261.
4 Ibid., 5, 265.
5 Ibid., 5, 274.
6 Ibid., 5, 302.
7 Ibid., 5, 306.
8 Ibid., 5, 308.
9 Ibid., 5, 317-330.
10 Ibid., 5, 332-334.
11 Ibid., 5, 342-346.
12 G. Webster, The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries ad (London: Adam Charles Black, 1969), pp. 132-135.
13 First Book of the Maccabees, vi, 39.
14 Ibid., iv, 8.
15 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 355.
16 Dio Cassius, Dio’s Roman History with an English Translation, trans. E. Cary (London: Loeb Classical Library, 1914-1927), vol. 8, lxv, 5.
17 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 363-374.
18 Ibid., 5, 376-419.
19 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, in Complete Works, 8, 418.
20 Mason, “Josephus, Daniel and the Flavian House,” in Parente and Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period, p. 168.
21 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 1, 69; C. Thoma, “John Hyrcanus I as Seen by Josephus and Other Early Jewish Sources,” in Parente and Sievers (eds.), Josephus and the History of the Greco-Roman Period, p. 136.
22 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 393.
18. INSIDE JERUSALEM
1 Josephus, Contra Apionem, in Complete Works, I, 49.
2 Rajak, Josephus, p. 196.
3 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 435-437.
4 Ibid., 5, 441.
5 Ibid., 5, 442-446.
6 Ibid., 7, 268-270.
7 Ibid., 5, 455-456.
8 Ibid., 5, 460-65.
9 Ibid., 5, 474-477.
10 Ibid., 5, 485.
11 Ibid., 5, 486.
12 S. Perowne, The Later Herods (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1958), p. 174.
19. THE WOODEN WALL
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 5, 512-518.
2 Ibid., 5, 519.
3 Ibid., 5, 526.
4 Ibid., 5, 534-540.
5 Ibid., 5, 541-547.
6 Ibid., 5, 552.
7 Ibid., 5, 563-564.
8 Ibid., 5, 565.
9 Ibid., 5, 566.
10 Ibid., 6, 4.
11 Ibid., 6, 7.
12 Ibid., 6, 17.
13 Ibid., 6, 34-53.
14 Ibid., 6, 55.
15 Ibid., 6, 57-58.
16 Ibid., 6, 81.
17 Ibid., 6, 81-90.
20. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 6, 93-95.
2 Ibid., 6, 98-110.
3 Ibid., 6, 124-128.
4 Ibid., 6, 144.
5 Ibid., 6, 132.
6 Ibid., 6, 148.
7 Ibid., 6, 167.
8 Ibid., 6, 169-176.
9 Ibid., 6, 188-189.
10 Ibid., 6, 196-198.
11 Ibid., 6, 201-213.
12 Ibid., 6, 229-231.
13 Ibid., 6, 252.
14 Tacitus, The Histories, V, 13.
15 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 6, 250.
16 Ibid., 6, 267.
17 Ibid., 6, 270.
18 B. Levick, Vespasian (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 118.
19 F. Parente, “The Impotence of Titus,” in Sievers and Lembi (eds.), Josephus and Jewish History in Flavian Rome and Beyond, p. 66.
20 Rajak, Josephus, p. 211.
21 F. M. Abel, Histoire de Palestine depuis la conquête d’Alexandre jusqu’à l’invasion arabe (Paris, 1952), I, p. 33. Tacitus, The Histories, II, 2.
22 Tacitus, The Histories, II, 2.
23 L. Feldman and G. Hata, “Editors’ Preface,” in L. Feldman and G. Hata (eds.), Josephus, Judaism and Christianity, p. 17.
21. A HOLOCAUST
1 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 6, 271-276.
2 Ibid., 6, 285.
3 Ibid., 6, 317.
4 Ibid., 6, 286.
5 Ibid., 6, 388.
6 Ibid., 6, 288.
7 Ibid., 6, 300-309.
8 Ibid., 6, 328-333.
9 Ibid., 6, 348-350.
10 Ibid., 6, 386.
11 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Titus, v, 2.
12 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 6, 395-399.
13 Ibid., 6, 435.
14 Ibid., 6, 442.
15 Ibid., 7, 4.
16 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 6, 419.
17 Ibid., 6, 420.
18 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 418.
19 Ibid., 419-421.
20 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 7, 38.
21 Ibid., 7, 119.
22 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 422.
23 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, VIII, Titus, v, 3.
24 Ibid., VI, 1.
25 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 423.
26 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 7, 132-157.
22. THE PROPAGANDIST
1 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 422.
2 Z. Yavetz, “Reflections on Titus and Josephus,” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 16 (1975): 431-432.
3 Levick, Vespasian, pp. 79-74.
4 B. W. Jones, The Emperor Titus (London: Croom Helm, 1984), p. 87.
5 Josephus, Vita, in Complete Works, 425.
6 Josephus, The Jewish War, in Complete Works, 7, 453.