Bulganin, Nikolai, 140
Bulkeley, John D., 55
Bull, Stephen, 458
Bumper 8 rocket, 146
Bundy, McGeorge, xvi, 223, 331, 416, 422, 423
Burgess, Colin, 373, 376
Burka, Paul, 365
Burke, Arleigh, 239
Burkley, George, 422
Busby, Horace, 148
Bush, George H. W., 436
Bush, Prescott, 259–60
Bush, Vannevar, 187
Bykovsky, Valery, 378
Byrd, Robert C., 112
Cambridge, MA, xxi, 25, 83, 413
Canterbury School, New Milford, CT, 23, 24
Cape Canaveral, FL (later Cape Kennedy), xiv, xxi, 52, 198, 210–11; Apollo launches and, 298–99, 431–32; Aurora 7 mission, 344–46, 347; Bumper 8 launch, 146; expansion of, 299; Explorer 1 launch, 156; failed launches, 147, 249–50; Freedom 7 mission, 238–40, 239; Friendship 7 mission, 321–25; JFK and, 324–25, 327; JFK’s space tour and, 354; JFK visiting, Nov. 16, 1963, 412, 431–32, 433; Launch Operations Center, 354; location of, 146, 299; Mariner 2 launch, 395; Mercury Control, 261; Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and, 300; post-Gagarin frustration, 228; renaming of, 444; rocket testing at, 107, 114, 142, 145–47, 155, 157, 211; rocket transport to, 296; Sigma 7 mission, 381–82; as technological campus, 432; towns surrounding, 299–300. See also specific missions
Cape Kennedy Air Force Station, 444
Cardin, Pierre, 328
Caro, Robert, 118
Carpenter, Malcolm S., 182–83, 184
Carpenter, Patty, 442
Carpenter, Rene, 189, 345
Carpenter, Scott, xi, 315, 321, 343–46; Aurora 7 mission, 344–46, 347, 403, 453; JFK and, 345–46; JFK’s assassination and, 442–43
Carson, Rachel, 131, 300
Carter, Marshall, 383
Castro, Fidel, 232
CBS, 234; News, 147, 177, 234, 261, 268, 289–90, 293–94, 321, 322, 444, 448; radio, 5, 22, 116, 133, 268
Celeste, Vincent, 104
Cernan, Gene, 238
Chaffee, Roger, 451
Chamberlain, Neville, 30–31, 36, 37
Chelomey, Vladimir, 220
Chennault, Claire, 433
Chicago Daily News, 199
Chinese Communist Revolution, 103
Choate School, Wallingford, CT, 23–24
Chrysler Corporation, xi, 184, 392
Churchill, Winston, 37, 61, 68, 75, 85, 127, 139
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency): “A Brief Look at the Soviet Space Program,” 425–26; concerns about JFK’s peace overtures, 426; Corona spy satellite, 152, 243; National Photographic Interpretation Center, 152–53; on Soviet ICBMs, 167; on Soviet space program, 250, 407, 417
civil rights, 254, 269, 270, 352, 371, 376, 433; Alabama and, 261–62, 431–32; Brown v. Board of Education, 177; Freedom Riders, 236, 269; JFK and, 176, 192–93, 236, 431–32, 445; March on Washington, 418; NASA and, 379
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 379
Clark, David, 182
Clarke, Arthur C., 94, 127–28, 399
Clarke, John, 63–64
Clark University, 7, 10, 17, 303
Cleveland, OH, 164; Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, 168
Clinton, Bill, 340
Cobb, Geraldyn “Jerrie,” 377
Cochran, Jackie, xii, 377
Cold War, xii, xxv, 85, 93, 108, 113, 216; Berlin crisis and, 309, 310–11, 337; conquest of space and, 117, 164, 167, 170–71, 249, 340; Glenn’s historical flight and, 329–30; ICBMs and, 126–27; JFK and, xviii, 138, 192, 226, 398–99, 410, 411, 419; McMahon and U. S. policy, 103; missile gap and, 201; moonshot as negotiating weapon for the U.S., 393, 416–17, 425; science and math education and, 399–400; space race and, xix–xx, xxiv, 81, 93, 103, 104, 117, 127, 220, 249, 253–54, 259, 278, 279–80, 290, 420, 432; Sputnik and, 131–32, 152; threat of nuclear war and, 309–10, 311, 337, 385; U-2 spy plane shot down and, 197–98; U.S. spy satellites and, 152
Collier, Robert J., xi
Collier’s, 163, 181; von Braun articles in, 114–15, 142, 181–82
Collier Trophy, xi, 432
Collins, Michael, 184, 443, 447, 458, 461
Collins Radio, 336
Colorado Springs Gazette, 8
Columbus, Christopher, 182
Conger, Dean, 294
Congress of Racial Equality, 236
Connally, John, 433, 440
Connally, Nellie, 440
Conquest of the Moon (von Braun), 127
Conrad, Charles, 375
Conrad, Pete, 372
Convair’s Astronautics, 172, 184, 191–92, 273
Cook, Donald, 234
Cooper, Gordon, xi, 292, 323, 354, 365, 402–5, 435; Faith 7 mission, 402–4; JFK and, 405, 432, 435–36, 440; on LBJ and the space program, 444; Mercury Seven and, 182–83, 184; prayer composed during orbit, 405
Cooper, Trudy, 189
Courrèges, André, 328
Cramer, William, 303
Crockett, Davy, 182
Cronkite, Walter, 177, 289–90, 299, 322, 324, 407, 444, 448; “Godspeed, John Glenn” and, 321
Crossfield, Scott, 162, 173, 182, 349
“Crossing the Last Frontier” (von Braun), 181–82
Cuba: Bay of Pigs, 232–33, 236, 247, 371; Cuban Missile Crisis, 383–86, 385, 418, 428; Soviet military in, 368, 371
Curl, Robert, 365
Daley, Richard, 384
Dallas, TX, 266, 433, 439; JFK assassination in, 440–41; JFK’s Dallas Trade Mart speech, draft, 438–39; Love Field, 439, 440
Dana, Bill, 151
Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics, 18
Dean Acheson (Brinkley), xv
Debus, Kurt, 81
Decision to Go to the Moon, The (Logsdon), 243
de Gaulle, Charles, xx, 127
Democratic Party, 85, 192, 254; Dixiecrats and 1956 Southern Manifesto, 176–77; Humphrey and, 111–12; JFK and failed run for Congress (1946), 87; JFK and selling of, 105; JFK elected to Congress (1946, 1948, 1950), 83–87, 89, 99, 103–4; JFK elected president (1960), 135, 190, 191–204, 205; JFK elected to the Senate (1952), 108–10; JFK’s evolution in, 138; JFK’s policy positions and, 104; JFK try for Stevenson’s VP, 117–18; midterms (1962), 367, 376, 387–88; presidential race (1952), 110, 192; presidential race (1956), 117–18, 192; Southern Senators, 400; Sputnik and, 132–34; Truman and, 84–85
Deterrence and Survival in the Nuclear Age (Gaither Report), 166, 178, 212
Dickson, Paul, 44
Die Frau im Mond (film), 16–17
Discovery space shuttle, 441–42
Disney, Walt, 142, 407
Disneyland, 181, 186
Doolittle, Jimmy, xii, 26–27, 162, 164–65, 169, 182, 238
Dornberger, Walter, 33–34, 35, 36, 38, 44, 48, 49, 62, 63, 72, 150, 315, 338
Douglas Aircraft Company (McDonnell Douglas), 95, 172, 200, 296, 336, 369; Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship, 95–96
Driven Patriot (Brinkley), xv
Dryden, Hugh, xii, 161, 169–70, 198–99, 213, 229, 234, 236, 261, 388, 389, 416, 419; Apollo and, 243, 267–68, 451
DuBridge, Lee, 187
Dulles, Allen, 117, 201
Dulles, John Foster, 141
Eaker, Ira, 81, 82
Earhart, Amelia, xi, xxii, 223
Earth Gazers, The (Potter), 71
East Derry, NH, 238
Echo 1 satellite, 202
Edison, Thomas, 8, 16
Edwards Air Force Base, CA, 98, 151, 162, 163, 277, 374; High-Speed Flight Research Station, 154, 162, 168; U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School, 292
Ehrlichman, John, 458
Einstein, Albert, 422
Eisenhower, Dwight, xix, xx, xxi, 52, 54, 55, 58, 111, 127, 138, 191, 232, 251, 285, 298; ARPA created, 157; Christmas message from space, 172; death of, 453; economic and military policy, 113, 115, 163, 211; Explorer 1 satellite and, 157; “freedom of space” a
nd, 121, 187; Grosse report and, 116–17; “high-thrust space vehicles” and, 195; JFK and space program criticized by, 367–68, 369, 452–53; JFK as “Little Boy Blue,” 260; JFK’s criticism of, 118, 128, 132, 135, 139–40, 153, 158, 165–66, 178, 187–88, 210, 227, 235; Jupiter-C rocket criticized by, 141; leadership style, 139, 187–88, 195; Mercury Seven and, 182; midterms (1962) and, 367; military-industrial complex warning, 315; MISS program and, 163; moonshot funding criticism and, 260, 367–68, 369, 397–98, 399, 414; NASA creation and, 154, 163–64, 165, 167, 169–70; “New Look” defense strategy, 113; nuclear testing by, 339–40; presidential election (1952), 110–11; satellite development and, 122, 128, 139, 141–42, 211; school desegregation and, 141, 144; science advisors, 187; space program and, 148, 128, 254, 367; space race and, 170–71, 202; Sputnik and, 132–36, 138, 140, 141–42, 148, 152, 319; U-2 spy planes and, 121, 153, 197–98; U.S. missile program and, 119, 128; von Braun and, 122, 123, 126, 169, 235
Eisenhower’s Sputnik Moment (Mieczkowski), 93
Elco Motor Yachts, 46
Ellender, Allen, 148–49
Ellington Air Force Base, TX, 374, 440
El Paso, TX, 98, 104
Embry-Riddle Seaplane Base, FL, 52
Equal Pay Act of 1963, 379
Everdell, William, 195–96, 197, 230
“Explaining Tomorrow with the Space Agency” (Fisher), 201
Explorations of the Space of the Universe by Jet-Propelled Instruments (Tsiolkovsky), 11–12
Explorer satellites, 149, 156–57, 171, 186
Exploring the Earth and the Cosmos (Asimov), 125
Faget, Max, 323
Fairbank, John, 104
Fairchild Semiconductor, 172
Faubus, Orval, 141
Feldman, George J., 315
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 379
Fenster, Julie, 231
Fisher, Allan C., Jr., 201
Fitzgerald, John (grandfather), 4, 83
Flash Gordon (comic strip), 22–23, 258
Flight (Craft), 261
Ford, Henry, 29
Ford Motor Company, 220
Forrestal, James, 82–83, 98
For Spacious Skies (Carpenter), 346
Fort Bliss, TX, 79–81, 88, 98, 104
Fortune magazine, 397–99
Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 8
Franklin, Benjamin, 201–2
Freedom 7, 238–40, 239, 242, 283, 289, 293
French, Francis, 373, 376
Friedan, Betty, 379
Friedman, Saul, 439
Friendship 7, 306, 316, 319–25, 374; JFK and, 324–25; on thirty-city world tour, 330–31; Vostok 2 compared with, 329
From the Earth to the Moon (Verne), 3, 8, 10–11, 184
Fulbright, J. William, 453
Fulton, James, 407
Gagarin, Yuri, xvii, xix, 222, 223–29, 308; JFK and, 227, 228, 233, 236, 240, 242; Khrushchev and, 277–78; Soviet fabrications and, 225–26
Gaither, H. Rowan, 166
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 385
Garfield, James, 285
Gemini (Grissom), 451–52
Gemini program (Project Gemini), xix, 297, 317, 318, 427–28; astronauts, 372, 373–75, 399; capsules, 317–18, 368, 413; cost, 375, 388; creation of, 313–14; critics, 405–6; fast-tracking, 375, 405; funding, 396; Gemini VIII, 443; “Kennedy moon corps,” 375; launch schedule, 373; LBJ and, 449–51, 450; mandate, 375, 446; publicity, 399; successes, 450; Titan II rocket and, 318, 413; women ineligible, 376
General Dynamics, 321, 445
General Electric, 79, 172, 273, 437
George, Walter, 400
German Studies Review, 456
German V rockets, 39; V-1 “buzz bomb,” 53–54, 55, 58, 61; V-2 rockets, 21, 35, 43–45, 48, 49, 52–54, 58, 60, 61–67, 65, 75–76; V-3 long-range gun, 53, 58
Germany, 11, 19, 25–28, 31–33, 36, 37; defeat of, 71–72, 72, 74; Projekt Amerika, 55; RAF and U.S. bombing of, 50, 53, 55; rocket program, at Peenemünde, 34–35, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48–49, 49, 53, 60, 61, 62, 64, 71; rocket program, slave labor and, 48, 50, 61, 64–65, 71, 80, 98; rocketry pioneers and research, 10–14, 33, 37–38; secret facility (Mimoyecques), 53, 55, 56, 57, 58; secret facility (Mittelwerk), 49–50, 54, 62, 64, 71, 73, 81; Society for Space Navigation, 16; Soviet capture of facilities and personnel, 73–74, 79; Treaty of Versailles and, 14–15, 28, 31–32; U.S. capture of scientists, von Braun, and rocket assets, 71, 73–74; von Braun and, 12–14, 26, 33–36, 54, 58, 60, 62, 64; war casualties, 64; war crimes trials, 81, 98
Gilpatric, Rowell, 342, 343, 352
Gilruth, Robert, 170, 261, 267, 317, 318, 319, 365, 375, 440, 451
Ginsberg, Allen, 185
Glenn, Annie, 189, 321, 324, 343, 440
Glenn, John, xi, 108, 150, 173–75, 204, 275, 315–32, 335, 344, 392, 435, 441–43; awards, 319, 327, 329; Cold War and, 329–30; Friendship 7 mission (first American to orbit the earth), 306, 316, 319, 320–32, 374, 451; JFK and, 248, 319–20, 324–28, 327, 365; JFK’s assassination and, 440–41; Kennedy family and, 326, 329, 440–41; Mercury program and, 173–75, 182–84, 227–28, 292; as New Frontier icon, 326, 329, 331, 337; political ambitions, 326, 441; public relations and, 331; rejects women as astronauts, 378; RFK and, 441; at Seattle NASA conference, 331–32; speech to Congress, 326; ticker-tape parade, 326, 328, 333; Titov visit and, 343; Vought F-8U Crusader flight, 174
Glennan, T. Keith, 170, 178, 182, 187, 194–95, 213, 214, 227, 260, 276
Glushko, Valentin, 219
Goddard, Robert, 2, 6–10, 11, 17–19, 23, 27, 75–78, 96, 185, 303; patents by, 8, 185; predictions by, 146–47; proposes rocket to the moon, 8–9, 10; rocket experiments, 2, 14–15, 16, 18, 26; V-2 rockets and, 68
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 154, 185, 300–301
Goldwater, Barry, 350–52, 367, 419, 449, 453
Gomel, Bob, 362
GRAB electronic intelligence satellite, 243
Gravity’s Rainbow (Pynchon), 78–79
Great Depression, 21, 24, 26
Grissom, Betty, 189
Grissom, Virgil “Gus,” xi, 291–92, 305, 344, 354, 368; Apollo 1 disaster and death of, 451–52; on Gemini capsules, 317–18; JFK and, 294, 365, 405, 432; Liberty Bell 7 mission, 282, 291–95, 307, 312, 451; memoir, 451–52; Mercury Seven and, 182–83, 184
Gromyko, Andrei, 422, 424, 442
Grosse, Aristid V., 116–17
Grumman, 284, 369, 413
Guggenheim, Daniel, 18
Hagerty, Hames, 141
Haldeman, H. R., 458
Halleck, Charles, 414
Hampton, VA, xxi, 98, 149, 164, 210; Langley Research Center, 6, 164–65, 168, 274; Mercury program and, 170, 198, 227; Space Task Group, iv, 172, 261, 268, 303
Haney, Paul, 248
Hansen, James, 169, 375
Harding, Warren, 192
Hardwick, Elizabeth, 194
Harlow, Bryce, 159–60, 458
Hart, Janey Briggs, 378
Hart, Phil, 378
Harvard University, 23, 24–25, 29, 31, 86, 474n24
Hayward, John, 234
Heavens and the Earth, The (McDougall), 21
Heimburg, Karl, 353
Hellman, John, 55
Hershey, John, 51, 55, 56
Hess, Rudolf, 35
Hibbs, Al, 314
Higgins Industries, 46
Himmler, Heinrich, 48, 50, 62
Hitler, Adolf, 26, 28, 72; Nerobefehl, 71; V-2 rockets and, 39, 43–45; von Braun, Dornberger, and, 35–36, 38, 39, 43, 64
Holloway, James L., 380
Holmes, Bonnie, 445
Holmes, Brainerd, 313, 386–87, 388, 414
Honeywell, 437
Hopkins, Harry, 24
Hotz, Robert, xii
Houbolt, John C., 274–75, 276, 296
Houston, TX: Clear Lake City, 304, 437; crowds greeting JFK, 359, 436, 438; economic benefits from space program, 360, 427, 437–38; JFK’s Catholicism speech in, 203, 360, 436; JFK
visiting, Nov. 21, 1963, 436–37; JFK visiting, Sept. 11–12, 1962, 359–66, 366, 394; LBJ and, 284, 301–4; NASA’s Manned Spacecraft Center in, xxiii, 170, 284, 300–304, 313, 360, 362, 365–66, 366, 394, 436, 437, 438, 452, 459; Rice Hotel, 360, 374, 436; Shepard in, 442; as Space City, U.S.A., 303; Space Task Group in, 303
Houston, W. V., 155
Houston Chronicle, 240, 303, 439
Houston Post, 303
Houston Press, xxiii, 360, 361
Hubble, Edwin, 5
Hughes, Sarah, 440
Hughes Aircraft Co., 200
Hull, Cordell, 76
Human Condition, The (Arendt), 129
Humble Oil, 301, 302, 304
Humphrey, Hubert, 111–12, 192, 194, 259
Huntsville, AL, xi, 104, 143, 264, 431; ABMA at, 105, 149, 155, 168–69; Ballistic Missile Agency base, 353; Mercury program and, 227; NASA and, xxi, 168, 198, 210; OGMC at, 104, 114; Ordnance Rocket Center at, 107; race discrimination at, 379, 431–32; Redstone Arsenal, 107, 108; as Rocket City, U.S.A., 352; Saturn rocket and, 229, 267, 273, 313, 352, 353, 413; von Braun and German rocket team in, 104–5, 107, 116, 141, 142, 149, 155–56, 169, 185, 187, 261, 267, 295, 353, 456. See also Marshall Space Flight Center
Hyannis Port, MA, 25, 41, 59, 307, 309
IBM, 185, 296, 437
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), xvii, xix, 88, 93, 179, 337; antimissile defense, 251, 340–41; Atlas and Titan, 118, 119; Cold War and, 126–27; Eisenhower and, 114, 128; first long-distance flight, 172; Gaither Report and, 166; JFK and, 118–19, 191, 201; JFK at simulated Russian strike, 417; missile-detection satellites, 211; nuclear-tipped, 94, 118; Polaris and Minuteman, 201, 211, 412; Soviet Semyorka, 129; Soviet Union and, 94, 101, 118–20, 137, 149, 158, 171, 210, 278; U.S. capability, 75–76, 78, 81–82, 94, 119–20, 166–67, 201, 210, 211, 314; U.S. costs, 128; U.S. solid-fueled programs, 119; von Braun and, 53–54, 58, 78, 88, 94. See also missile gap
intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM), 141, 166, 171, 384
International Geophysical Year (IGY), 121–22, 145, 155, 165
In the Shadow of the Moon (French and Burgess), 373
Into the Silent Sea (French and Burgess), 376
Isaacson, Walter, 395
Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 132, 138, 192
James, William, 194
Japan, 42, 77–78, 94
Jefferson, Thomas, 87, 231, 241, 254, 284, 398, 456
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 114, 122, 155, 164, 168, 200, 268, 314, 337, 340, 349, 395
JFK and the Masculine Mystique (Watts), 242
Jodrell Bank Observatory, UK, 416
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