John C. Stennis Space Center, Bay St. Louis, MS, 274, 352
John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon (Logsdon), 413
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, MA, 361, 444
John F. Kennedy Space Center, FL, 444
“John Glenn Twist, The” (song), 307
Johns Hopkins University, 315
Johnson, Lady Bird, 440, 444
Johnson, Lyndon Baines (LBJ), 115, 117, 140, 265, 443; address of Feb. 5, 1958 on missiles, rockets, and space, 148–49; Atlantic University dedication speech, 449; as chair, Space Council, 214–15, 283, 302, 400; decision for a lunar landing and, 243; Eisenhower criticized by, 134, 210; “Evaluation of Space Program” document, 234–35; first American in space flight, 239; Glenn and, 327; Great Society, 449, 451; health issues, 117; Huntsville, AL visit, 334, 354, 355; JFK and, 111, 138, 193, 199, 255, 283–84, 400; JFK’s assassination and, 440; JFK’s five point memo on NASA for, 233–34; JFK’s moonshot pledge and, 449; JFK’s space tour in Houston and, 360, 362; JFK’s Texas trip, Nov. 1963, 433; as JFK’s VP, 199, 204, 216, 230, 256, 284; media and, 284; moonshot and, xxiv, 234–35, 236, 248, 255; NASA creation and, 164, 165, 283–84; NASA expenditures reviewed by, 400–402; NASA’s Houston Center and, 284, 301–4; NDEA and, 160; New Frontier and, 284; presidential ambitions, 135, 159–60, 177, 192, 194, 199; renaming Cape Canaveral as Cape Kennedy, 444; Senate hearings on U.S. satellite and missile programs, 135, 140; as Senate minority leader, 111, 112; Southeast Asia trip, 1961, 255; space program and, xviii, xxiv, 199, 214, 233–35, 400–402, 444, 449–52, 450; Special Committee on Space and Astronautics and, 148–49, 159, 204; Sputnik and, 132–33, 138; Texas economic boom and, 438; UN speech on space, 177; Webb as NASA head and, 214–15, 217, 452
Johnson, Roy, 158, 160
Juno rocket, 264
Jupiter/Jupiter-C rockets, 140–41, 142, 145, 156, 166, 185, 198, 264
Kaddish and Other Poems (Ginsberg), 185
Kaline, Al, 182
Kammler, Hans, 62, 71–72
Kay, William, 278
Kazakhstan: Baikonur Cosmodrome, 186; Luna launch, 186, 223, 399; Semipalatinsk, A-bomb test, 101, 102; Soviet rocket launches, 128, 152–53
Kefauver, Estes, 118
Kelly, Virginia, 287
Kennedy, Caroline (daughter), 326, 433
Kennedy, Edward “Ted” (brother), 59, 388
Kennedy, Ethel, 329, 441
Kennedy, Jacqueline (wife), xxiii, 105, 115–16, 125, 145, 210, 239, 239, 405; addressing Houston Hispanics in Spanish, 436–37; Apollo 11 earrings, 456, 457; Glenn and, 325, 326; JFK’s assassination and, 440; Khrushchev’s gift of a puppy, 202; LBJ and, 444; letter from von Braun and reply, 454–55; loss of baby, Patrick, 433; Texas trip, Nov., 1963, 433–40; Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy, 336–37
Kennedy, John F. (JFK), xiv, 20; Addison’s disease, 106, 117, 193, 199, 423; anticommunism of, 85, 86, 103, 105; appearance, 21, 117; back problems, 43, 51, 69, 106, 117, 422–23; birth, 4; books written by, 31, 32, 69, 147–48; boyhood books, favorite, xxii–xxiii, 4, 23; brother Joe’s death and, 59; Catholic idealism, 193, 244, 286; character and personality, 4–5, 21, 22, 23, 24, 46, 48, 56, 70, 105, 138, 176, 286, 326–27, 352, 354, 404, 437–38; childhood, xviii, xxiii, 4–5, 13, 21–24; as competitive, 272, 386; Democratic Party and, 104, 105; education, 23–25, 36–37; in England and Germany (1938), 29; European and Asian trips (1950s), 105; European trip (1940s, postwar), 82–83; European trips (1930s), 20, 27–32, 34; fatalism of, 106–7; federal government’s role in social change and, 167; first political defeat, 118; foreign policy education and, 29–31; generational change and, xx, 127, 191, 194, 200, 209–10, 273; Gridiron Club speech (1958), 159; Harvard University and, 24–25, 29, 31; health issues, 4, 23, 24, 41, 43, 51, 69, 70, 176, 273, 423; House and Senate elections (1946 to 1958), 83–87, 89, 92, 99–100, 103–4, 105, 108–10, 145, 149, 158, 159, 175, 192; Hyannis Port and, 25, 41, 59, 307, 309; at La Querida home, Palm Beach, 51–52, 70; marriage and wife, Jackie, 105, 115–16, 210, 336–37; media and, 106, 116, 125, 145, 147–48, 175, 353–54, 362; as member of Congress, xxii, 93–94, 99–100, 102–5, 111–13, 158, 188, 193–94; as national figure, 175; as playboy, 105; philosophy of courage, 273; political ambitions of, 69–70, 86, 105, 106–7, 117, 138, 148, 149, 159, 175–76, 229; postwar activities, 69–70, 82; power-politics of, 153; private plane, Caroline, 191–92; PT-109 heroism, 1943, xviii, 47, 47–48, 51, 53, 56, 126, 145, 244, 272; public image, 55, 56, 117, 145, 148, 176, 193, 273, 284; romantic strain, xxiii, 87; sailing and a “blue mind,” 4, 25, 41, 370; as speaker, 256, 284, 285, 362, 363, 364–65; values of, xviii, 22, 23; VP try, 117–18, 138; wealth, 24; World War II and, xviii, 26, 31, 37, 40, 41–43, 45–48, 51–52, 203 —presidency and space program, xx; aerospace industry and, 297–98, 335–36; Air Force One revamping, 325–26; American University address, 409–10, 416; antipoverty programs, 250, 260–61, 270; Apollo briefing, Nov. 16, 1963, 431–32; Apollo program and, 247–63, 433, 445; approval rating, 229, 259, 335; “Ask Not” inaugural address, 209–10, 226, 233–34, 247, 257, 361; aspirational moonshot and space vision of, iv, xi, xii, xvi–xvii, xx–xxiv, 126, 127, 242, 258, 260, 272, 290, 314, 328, 360–64, 393, 404, 415, 445; assassination, xii, 440–41; Bay of Pigs, xvii, 232–33, 236, 247, 371; being first in space and, 178, 188, 197, 226, 229, 233–34, 242, 244, 249; Berlin crisis, 310–11, 337; bilateral agreement on demilitarization of space and, 252; Brooks Air Force Base speech, 433–35; budget message on “State of Space,” 397; Carpenter and Aurora 7 mission, 344, 345–46; Catholicism campaign speech, 1960, 203–3, 360, 436; civil rights and, 176, 192–93, 236, 270, 352, 418–19, 431–32, 445; Cold War and, xviii, 138, 192, 226, 398–99, 410, 411, 419; Collier Trophy for Mercury Seven, xi, xii, xviii, 432; Collier Trophy for X-15 pilots, 349; Cooper, Faith 7, and, 403; Cuban Missile Crisis, 371, 383–86, 385, 418, 428; Dallas Trade Mart speech, draft, 438–39; Eisenhower criticized by, 118, 128, 132, 135, 139–40, 153, 158, 165–66, 178, 187–88, 210, 211, 227, 235; environmental movement and, 300; European trip (1963) and “Ich bin ein Berliner” speech, 410, 411, 422, 424; first American in space and, 239, 239, 240; first hundred days, 223; Franklin anecdote in speeches, 201–2; Freedom Doctrine, 256; Gainesville speech, 135–36, 138; Gaither Report and, 166, 178, 212; Gemini program and, 375; Glenn and, 248, 319–20, 324–28, 327; Goldwater criticism of, 351–52; Grissom flight and, 294; increased military spending and, 126; joint space initiatives with the Soviets proposed, 278–79, 330, 338–39, 420–22, 427; Khrushchev summit in Vienna, 236, 256, 258, 277–80, 281, 416; LBJ and, 111, 138, 199, 214, 255, 283–84, 400; LBJ’s “Evaluation of Space Program” document, 234–35; leadership by, xviii, xix, 139, 232–33; legacy of, xxv, 298, 386, 445, 460; meeting, Nov. 21, 1962, on merits of space exploration and moonshot, 388–93; Mercury program and, 185–86, 237; Mercury Seven and, 248, 405; midterms (1962) and, 387–88; missile gap and, 119–20, 166–67, 177, 178, 193, 201, 210, 212, 226, 283–84; moonshot costs, effects on other programs, 272; moonshot decision made, 243, 248; moonshot pledge (message to Congress, May 25, 1961), xi, xii, xiii, xvi, xvii, xix, xxv, 246, 247, 255–58, 263, 277, 290, 364, 421, 443, 444, 449, 459–60; NASA and a space program, iv, xviii–xix, xxi, 135–36, 177–78, 188, 195–97, 199, 200, 204, 210, 212, 217, 219, 226–34, 253, 259, 261, 284, 294–95, 348–49, 354, 396, 415, 456; NASA funding, xvii, xviii, xxi, 178, 191, 219, 231, 294–95, 354, 369–70, 389, 396–97, 405; NDEA and, 140, 160; New Frontier and, xviii, xix, 178, 195, 199–200, 214, 227, 242, 263, 331, 335–36, 339, 369, 397, 398, 399, 407; New Frontier and the space program, xix, xxv, 200, 201–2, 204, 221, 226, 228, 242, 243, 248, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265, 270, 272, 283, 325, 326, 329, 331, 335–36, 337, 363–64, 398, 399–400, 407, 408, 420–21, 429, 438–39, 453–54; nuclear test–ban treaty and, 310, 317, 337, 339, 340, 341, 343, 346, 385–86, 408, 409, 445; nuclear weapons and, 341, 346; Peace Corps and, 223, 260, 428, 445; “peace in space” and, 319, 343; Prather honored by, 244; pre-campaign
trip to Texas, 433–40; presidential race (1960), 118, 135, 175–76, 190, 191–204, 205; presidential race (1964), press conference, July 17, 1963, on U.S. dominance of space, 415; press conferences and, 286–88; Rice University speech, xxii, xxiii–xxiv, 358, 359, 360–64, 367, 444; Schirra and, 381; Schweitzer letter to, 419, 423; on science and math education, 136, 140, 160, 191, 399; Shepard and, 241–42, 245, 248, 272, 283; Soviet man in space and, 222, 226; space facilities tour (1962), 334, 352–54, 355, 359–66, 368–69, 370, 394; space program rationale, 231–34; space race and, 115, 118–19, 126, 127, 139, 149, 165–66, 172, 177, 178, 187–88, 197, 201, 202, 203, 205, 211–12, 220, 226, 242, 244, 256–57, 279–80, 310, 318, 328, 432–33; “Sputnik diplomacy” coined by, 149; staff and inner circle, 193, 200; State of the Union Address, 1962, 318; Thomas testimonial dinner speech, Nov. 21, 1963, 437–38; Topeka “Science and Security” speech, 139–40, 145; UN speech on space, 422–25, 428; von Braun and, 125–27, 142–43, 210, 235–36, 353–54, 355, 402, 431–32; Webb and, 217, 218, 220–21, 350, 389–93, 420–21, 428–29; Webb-McNamara Report and, 243, 248, 254–55; White House taping system, 350; Wiesner Report and, 212–13, 259; women’s rights and, 379; world peace and, 87, 103, 119, 279, 409–10, 416–17, 419
Kennedy, John F., Jr. (son), 433
Kennedy, Joseph, Jr. (brother), 21, 22, 28, 29, 41–42, 58, 86, 286, 320; death in World War II, xviii, 56–59, 107, 126, 127, 440; JFK edits memorial essays, 69; as Navy pilot, 40, 42, 52, 53
Kennedy, Joseph, Sr. (father), 4, 23, 24, 28, 29–30, 41, 51, 86, 89, 432, 459; expectations for his sons, 106; facilitating for his sons, 41, 55, 106; JFK’s political campaigns and, 83, 110, 159, 191–92, 398; Joe Jr.’s death and, 59; moonshot and, 260; wealth of, 273
Kennedy, Kathleen (sister), 107, 286
Kennedy, Patrick Bouvier (son), 433
Kennedy, Robert F. (RFK, brother), 200, 216, 233, 236, 326, 329; Apollo program and, 441; assassination of, 441; federal troops sent to Mississippi, 371; gaffe about Texas, 359–60; Glenn and, 441; as JFK campaign manager, 108, 110, 199; JFK-Khrushchev summit and, 443; JFK’s assassination and, 441
Kennedy, Rose Fitzgerald (mother), 4, 23, 41, 89, 459
Kerouac, Jack, 137
Kerr, Robert S., 216–17, 221, 265–66, 284, 414
Kerr-McGee oil company, 216
Khrushchev, Nikita, xx, 113, 121, 127, 158, 186, 198, 203, 250; Berlin crisis and, 309, 310–11; Cuban Missile Crisis and, 383, 384; first man in space and, 224, 226, 228; gift to Jackie Kennedy, 202; Gilpatric’s Wilton speech and, 342; Glenn’s flight and, 330; ICBMs and, 137, 210; JFK’s assassination and, 442; JFK’s peace overtures and, 409–10, 424–25; JFK summit in Vienna, 236, 256, 258, 277–80, 281, 416; joint space initiatives with the U.S. and, 278–79, 330, 338–39, 416, 427–28; moonshot and, 425–27; nuclear testing and, 340; space race and, 137, 157, 204, 205, 408, 414, 415; as Time’s Man of the Year, 152; using space for geopolitical intimidation, 310–11, 316–17, 340; U.S. nuclear tests and, 346–48
Khrushchev, Sergei, 415
Kilby, Jack, 172
Kilgarlin, Bill, 436
Killian, James, 187
Kincheloe, Iven C., 150, 161–62, 173
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 193, 371, 433, 418, 419; JFK and, 418–19
Kistiakowsky, George, 228
Korean War, 104, 113, 135, 151; future astronauts in, 108, 174, 291–92, 344, 376; U.S. air superiority in, 108, 114
Korolev, Sergei, 94, 121, 187, 219, 263, 408, 415
Korth, Fred, 360
Kraft, Chris, 228, 261, 273, 344–45, 381
Krantz, Gene, 384
Krock, Arthur, 397–98, 426
Lambright, W. Henry, 209
Lane, John, 105, 109, 110
Lang, Fritz, 16
Langley Memorial Aeronautical Propulsion Laboratory, 6, 154, 168
Lattimore, Owen, 104
Launius, Roger D., 247
Lautner, John, 328
Lehman, Milton, 185
Lehrer, Tom, 67
LeMay, Curtis, 95; questions for Douglas Aircraft, 95
Lessere, Samuel E., 143
Leuchtenburg, William, 200
Ley, Willy, 35
Liberty Bell 7, 282, 293, 305, 318, 451
Liebenow, William, 46, 48
Life magazine, 163; age of space exploration and, 200; on Glenn, 320; global view of the space race and, 228–29; JFK’s Rice University speech, 362; Mercury Seven and, 184; NASA publicity and, 399; U.S. vs. Soviet high schools, 140; von Braun and, 143
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 385–86, 419, 423, 445
Lincoln, Abraham, 210, 241, 285
Lincoln, Evelyn, 191, 239, 239, 376, 381
Lindbergh, Charles, xv, 17–18, 29, 74–75, 182, 318, 324, 326, 404, 433
Lloyd, O. B., Jr., 376
Lockheed Electronics Co., 437
Lockheed Martin (Glenn L. Martin Co.), 96, 200; U-2 spy plane and, 197, 198
Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., 266
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 108, 109, 110, 201
Lodge, John Davis, 109
Loewy, Raymond, 325
Loftin, Laurence K., Jr., 275
Logsdon, John, 219, 243, 413, 433
Long Beach Independent Press-Telegram, 287, 324
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 346
Los Angeles Times, 288
Lovelace, Randy, 183–84, 377, 378–79
Lovell, Sir Bernard, 310, 416, 419, 420
Lovell, James A., 372, 375
Luce, Henry, 31
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, xiii, 452
MacArthur, Douglas, 94
Mahan, Don, 285
Mailer, Norman, 142
Malina, Frank, 27, 114
Mallory, George, 364
Mancini, Henry, 329
“Man-in-Space-Soonest” (MISS), 160–63, 173
Mao Zedong, 103
Mariner 2, 348, 395–96, 397
Marshall, George, 94, 104
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 154, 168–69, 337, 349, 375, 379, 413; Eisenhower and von Braun at, 123; JFK visits, xxiii, 264, 334, 352–54, 355, 402; Office of Launch Vehicle Programs, 268; Space Science Laboratory, 192; von Braun at, 192, 261, 267, 295, 334, 431–32, 445
Mars Project (von Braun), 107
Martin/Martin Marietta Co, 172, 273, 318
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 212, 413
McCarthy, Joseph, 104, 113
McCone, John, 425
McCormack, John, 100
McDivitt, Jim, 372, 375
McDonnell, James Smith “Mac,” 368
McDonnell Aircraft, xi, 284, 317, 320, 368, 392; JFK visiting, 368–69, 370
McDougall, Walter A., 21, 75, 170, 171, 215, 263, 424
McElroy, Neil, 142, 157–58
McFarland, Ernest, 350
McGee, Frank, 289
McKay, John, 150, 162
McMahon, Brien, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 108–9, 110; as “Mr. Atom Bomb,” 100
McMahon, Patrick, 48
McNamara, Robert, 220, 234, 253–54, 317, 340, 342, 360, 369, 414, 426, 428–29; lunar landing decision, 243
Mead, Margaret, 131
Medaris, John, 156, 157, 167
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 28
Mercer, Johnny, 329
Mercury program (Project Mercury), xi, xii, xviii, xix, xxii, xxiv, 161, 173, 181–88, 194, 204, 261, 297, 306, 309, 312, 318, 413; acceleration of, 236–37, 312, 314; aerospace contracts and, xi, 185, 298, 317; Atlas rocket failure and, 250; Atlas rockets and, 219, 261, 313, 320–21; capsule of, 182, 267; capsule recovery, 240; Carpenter and Aurora 7 mission, 343–46, 347, 403; Collier Trophy ceremony and, xi, xii, xviii, 432; Cooper and Faith 7 mission, 402–4; cost of, 226, 229; delays, 250, 261, 316, 319; Eisenhower and, 197; first manned space mission, 170, 219, 237–40, 239, 445–46; funding and, 219; Glenn and, 173, 174–75; Glenn and Friendship 7 mission, 306, 320–32, 451; Grissom and Liberty Bell 7 mission, 282, 291–95, 305, 307, 312, 451; J
FK and, 185–86, 197; JFK and Oval office meetings with astronauts, 241–42, 245, 248, 325–26, 345–46, 382–83, 404, 405; JFK’s moonshot speech and, 261; JFK’s New Frontier and, 242; launch schedule, 237, 373; Mercury-Redstone rocket, 238, 239, 292, 305; Mercury Seven astronauts, xi, xii, xviii, xxii, 173, 181–88, 200, 283, 365, 432; mythos of, 186; NASA infighting and, 213; national pride and, 270; publicity and, 212; public response, 240–42; “the right stuff,” 182; risks of, 228, 237, 294; Schirra and Sigma 7 mission, 375–76, 381–82; Shepard and Freedom 7 mission, 227–28, 237–40, 239, 242, 248, 259, 261, 283, 289, 293, 403; Shepard as commander, 219; Soviet Vostok 2 as concern, 309; spacesuits for, 173, 182; spacesuit test fatality, 237, 244; technology needed for, 185; televising missions, 237, 239, 240, 259, 289, 291, 293–94, 321–22, 344, 403; von Braun and, 185; Wiesner Report and, 213, 214; wives of astronauts, 189
Meredith, James, 352, 371
Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes, A (Goddard), 7, 8, 11
Metraux, Rhoda, 131
Michoud Operations, New Orleans, LA, 274, 296, 336
MiDAS satellite, 211, 243
Mieczkowski, Yanek, 93, 178
Milikin, Robert, 27
Millichamp, Ivy, 71
Minneapolis-Honeywell Co., 336
Minow, Newton, 283
missile gap, 119–20, 166–67, 177, 178, 193, 201, 210, 212, 226, 283–84
Mizner, Addison, 51
Moffett Federal Airfield, CA, 154, 238
Monroe, James, 285
Montgomery, Julius, 379
Montgomery, Robert, 56, 285
moon: American flag planted on, xiii; Army Signal Corps bounces radio waves off, 88; distance from Earth, xiii, xxii; moon base, Sea of Tranquility, xiii; Pioneer 4, first successful U.S. spacecraft flyby, 168; plaque left on, xxv; Shepard golfing on, televised, 442; Soviets’ Luna 1 passing close to, 130; Soviets’ Luna 2 crash-landing on, 186; Soviets’ Luna 3 and first photograph of the far side, 187; U.S. landing on, xiii, xxiv–xxv, 443, 447, 448, 456, 458–60. See also Apollo program
Moon, Wally, xxiii
“Moon River” (song), 329
moonshot, xxiii, xxiv, 247–63, 425, 438; civilian control of, 163, 164, 167; Clarke on a lunar landing, 127–28; cost of, xviii, 248, 250, 254, 255, 259–61, 263, 271–72, 273, 363, 365, 386, 434, 449; critics of, 255, 260, 270–72, 276, 367, 368, 426, 428–29; decision for a lunar landing, 243, 248, 250; Eaker and, 82; as economic stimulus, 250, 254, 260, 265, 266, 267, 268, 295, 298, 304, 360, 369, 401; global response, 290; gloomy predictions about, 314; Goddard and, 8, 10; great achievement of men on the moon, 431; JFK’s “leapfrog” and, 230; JFK’s New Frontier and, 200, 201–2, 248, 260, 263, 272, 325, 329, 331, 363–64, 421; JFK’s Nov. 21, 1962, meeting on, 388–93; JFK’s personal motivations for, 272–73, 327–28; JFK’s pledge: a man on the moon by the end of the decade, xii, xiii, xvi, xix, xxv, 246, 247, 255, 258, 262, 290, 364, 378, 421, 443, 444, 449, 459–60; JFK’s rationale for, xxii, 202, 231–34, 257, 260, 272; JFK’s vision for, iv, xi, xii, xvi, xx–xxi, xxiii, 126, 127, 242, 260, 290, 328, 360–64, 404; LBJ’s advocacy, 248, 400–402; LBJ’s “Evaluation of Space Program” document and, 234–35; NASA-DOD collaboration on, 243; publicity and, 259; selling to American taxpayers, 268; Shepard’s successful flight and prioritizing, 242, 248, 259; as showcase for American technological might, 392; Soviet financial limitations and, 415–16; Soviets and, 262–63, 407–8, 413, 419, 425–26, 427–28, 452; technological advances and, 395, 395, 400, 401–2, 433–35, 512n434; technological difficulties of, 251, 262, 297; Tsiolkovsky’s vision for, 12; unmanned vehicle lobbied for, 271; USAF “Space Plan” and, 253; U.S. as sole competitor for, 388; U.S. chances of beating the Soviets, 318–19; U.S.-Soviet joint mission queried, 415–25; Verne’s fiction and, 3–4, 8, 10–11; von Braun and, 13, 81, 88, 127, 187, 194, 235–36, 262, 274; Webb-McNamara Report and, 243, 248, 254–55. See also Apollo program; Gemini program; Mercury program; NASA
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