American Moonshot
Page 63
Webb-McNamara Report, 243, 248, 254–55
Wells, Bob, 324
Wells, H. G., 7
Whalen, Richard, 31
White, Alvin, 162
White, Bob, 162
White, Edward, 372, 375, 451
White, Robert M., 349
White, William, 55
White Sands Proving Ground, NM, 75, 79, 88; failed launches at, 249–50; V-2 tests at, 81, 97; Viking rocket test launches, 96, 98
Why England Slept (JFK), 31, 32, 70, 398
Why Johnny Can’t Read and What You Can Do About It, 160
Wiesner, Jerome B., xxi, 212, 217, 229, 234, 255, 353, 354, 389
Williams, Andy, 329
Williams, G. Mennen, 132
Williams, John J., 259
Williams, Ted, 319
Williams, Walter, 365
Willy, Wilford “Bud,” 57–58, 440
Wilson, Charlie, 136, 142
Wilson, Woodrow, 6
Winged Warfare (Eaker), 82
Witkin, Richard, 414
Wofford, Harris, 200
Wolfe, Tom, 182, 219, 283, 346
Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP), 377
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 7
Worchester, MA, 6, 7
World War I, 26, 29, 33, 56
World War II: airman Joe Kennedy’s death in, xviii, 56–58; Allied offensive through Italy and France, 53; atomic bomb dropped on Japan, 77; Britain declares war, 31; casualties, 64; Eastern Front, 37, 44, 53; FDR and, 29; German bombing of Britain, 37, 38, 61; German rocketry and, 33, 35, 36, 38–39, 43–45, 52–55, 58, 60, 61–66, 65; Glenn in, 173, 319; Goddard’s bazooka and, 8; Goldwater in, 350; Grissom in, 291; Hitler invades Poland, 31, 36; Hitler invades Western Europe, 37; Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 42; Japanese surrender, 77–78; JFK as naval hero, xviii, 47, 47–48, 53, 56, 203; JFK earns aviator wings, 52, 53; Murrow and, 268; Operation Aphrodite, 55, 56–57; Operation Osoaviakhim, 74; Operation Overlord, 52–53; Pacific Theater, 45, 46, 51, 75, 76; Soviet Union invading Germany, 72–74; U.S. at war, 42; Webb and, 215
Wright, Orville, 6
Wright brothers, xi, xii, 5, 143, 249, 458
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 98, 292
X-15 program, 149–50, 151, 161–62, 173
Yangel, Mikhail, 219
Yarborough, Ralph, 433
Yeager, Chuck, 98, 162, 173, 184
Young, John, 372, 375
Young, Whitney, 261
Zuckert, Eugene, 349
Photo Section
The earliest fictional account of a visit to the moon was written circa AD 170 by Lucian of Samosata. People no doubt had been dreaming of going to the moon for thousands of years before then. Approximately 1,700 years later, Jules Verne sparked the imagination of millions with his novel From the Earth to the Moon (1865). Though Verne was a Frenchman, his book told the story of an American effort to build a moon vehicle, with Florida as the locale of the launch site.
Heritage Images/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
In the high-tension atmosphere of the Cold War, Time magazine’s choice of Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev as its 1957 Man of the Year proved unpopular with readers. The editors made a good case, though, for Krushchev’s dominance in “a year of retreat and disarray for the West.” The most stunning symbol of Soviet aspiration was Sputnik, the first man-made satellite. From Time, January 6, 1958 © Time Inc. Used under license.
From Time, January 6, 1958 © Time Inc. Used under license. TIME and Time Inc. are not affiliated with, and do not endorse products or services of, Licensee.
In 1958, scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, plotted the course of satellites by hand. Receiving tracking signals from earthbound stations, they triangulated them on a curved aluminum surface to chart progress.
John Bryson/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images
Project Mercury astronauts trying on space gear, including pressure suits, in 1959. Known as the Mercury Seven, all would go into space, eventually. Clockwise from left: unidentified technician, Donald “Deke” Slayton, John Glenn, Scott Carpenter, Leroy Gordon Cooper, Virgil “Gus” Grissom, Alan Shepard (in helmet), technician, Wally Schirra, technician.
Ralph Morse/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images
Like the other Mercury astronauts, Gus Grissom (above) trained on a multiple-axis machine specially built to replicate and even exceed the amount of spinning actually encountered in space travel. The “gimbal rig” tumbled in all directions, testing the recruit’s capacity to function under such conditions as well as his ability to regain control of the machine.
Ralph Morse/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images
The launch of the Freedom 7 mission at Cape Canaveral, Florida, on May 5, 1961, was viewed on television by forty-five million people. Alan Shepard, the sole occupant of the capsule, became the first American in space. That fact made his short flight, lasting only fifteen minutes, a watershed in the Cold War.
Bettmann/Getty Images
On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy visited Cape Canaveral to honor John Glenn, who three days earlier had become the first American to orbit the earth. He was photographed receiving a personal tour of Glenn’s Friendship 7 space capsule. Kennedy and Glenn would become warm friends, outside their towering roles in national events.
Universal Images Group/Getty Images
In June 1963, when NASA made the decision to end the Mercury program, the seven original astronauts, who had all been with the program since its inception in April 1959, were photographed together. From left to right: Gordon Cooper, Wally Schirra, Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, John Glenn, Deke Slayton, and Scott Carpenter.
Courtesy of NASA
Engineers working through the night in 1963 at NASA’s assembly center near Edwards Air Force Base in Kern County, California.
Ralph Morse/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images
Gordon Cooper, being strapped into the capsule Faith 7. On May 15, 1963, he piloted the final Mercury spaceflight, orbiting the Earth twenty-two times and staying in space for more than thirty-four hours.
Chris Howes/Wild Places Photography/Alamy Stock Photo
On September 11, 1962, President Kennedy attended a briefing at Cape Canaveral as part of a two-day whirlwind tour of space facilities throughout the South. The briefing was staged at the Launch Complex 34 blockhouse, a windowless control room that was large enough for 134 employees during a rocket launch. Seated with Kennedy are (left to right) NASA administrator James Webb, Lyndon Johnson, Launch Operations Center director Kurt Debus, an unidentified officer, and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.
Courtesy of NASA
On Saturday, November 16, 1963, President John F. Kennedy traveled to Cape Canaveral, where he met with German-born Dr. Wernher von Braun, the leading U.S. Army rocket engineer of the space era, to view the massive Saturn booster rocket, standing next to a model of one.
Interim Archives/Archives Photo/Getty Images
On July 16, 1969, almost six years after John F. Kennedy’s death, the thirty-fifth U.S. president’s dream of an American voyage to the moon came to fruition. Apollo 11 brought together the talents of many thousands of workers, but carried only three on the mission: Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins. The Saturn V rocket, pictured above, propelled the Apollo 11 astronauts into space. Four days later, on July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin took the most daring step of all, climbing into the tiny Eagle lunar module and detatching from the command module, in which Collins remained. The spider-like Eagle then made its way to the surface of the moon.
Ralph Morse/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images
“The Eagle has landed,” Neil Armstrong reported to Houston’s Apollo Mission Control on July 20, 1969. After six hours of further preparations and mandatory rest, Armstrong climbed down a ladder and set foot on the moon, saying, “That’s one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.” Armstrong later took this iconic pho
to of Buzz Aldrin posing with the American flag planted on the Sea of Tranquility. While Old Glory still stands on the moon, ultraviolet (UV) radiation has bleached the colors white.
NASA/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
After more than twenty-one hours on the moon, the Eagle successfully lifted off and approached the command module. The complex docking procedure was completed, reuniting the three astronauts for the journey home to Earth. Only after their safe arrival on July 24 could the Apollo 11 mission be fully celebrated as the epochal accomplishment that it was.
8383/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images
About the Author
DOUGLAS BRINKLEY is the Katherine Tsanoff Brown Chair in Humanities and Professor of History at Rice University, the CNN Presidential Historian, and a contributing editor at Vanity Fair. He works in many capacities in the world of public history, including on boards, at museums, at colleges, and for historical societies. The Chicago Tribune dubbed him “America’s New Past Master.” The New-York Historical Society has chosen Brinkley as its official U.S. Presidential Historian. His recent book Cronkite won the Sperber Prize, while The Great Deluge: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast received the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award. He has received a Grammy Award for Presidential Suite and seven honorary doctorates in American studies. His two-volume, annotated Nixon Tapes recently won the Arthur S. Link–Warren F. Kuehl Prize for Documentary Editing. He is a member of the Century Association, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the James Madison Council of the Library of Congress. He lives in Austin, Texas, with his wife and three children.
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
Also by Douglas Brinkley
Rightful Heritage: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Land of America
The Quiet World: Saving Alaska’s Wilderness Kingdom, 1879–1960
The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America
Cronkite
The Reagan Diaries
The Nixon Tapes
The Great Deluge: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast
Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress, 1903–2003
John F. Kennedy and Europe (editor)
The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter’s Journey Beyond the White House
Rosa Parks: A Life
Driven Patriot: The Life and Times of James Forrestal
FDR and the Creation of the U.N. (with Townsend Hoopes)
Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years
Copyright
AMERICAN MOONSHOT. Copyright © 2019 by Douglas Brinkley. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
FIRST EDITION
Cover photograph © NASA
Cover design by Richard Ljoenes
Digital Edition APRIL 2019 ISBN: 978-0-06-265508-0
Version 02282019
Print ISBN: 978-0-06-265506-6
About the Publisher
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers Australia Pty. Ltd.
Level 13, 201 Elizabeth Street
Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
www.harpercollins.com.au
Canada
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd
Bay Adelaide Centre, East Tower
22 Adelaide Street West, 41st Floor
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5H 4E3
www.harpercollins.ca
India
HarperCollins India
A 75, Sector 57
Noida
Uttar Pradesh 201 301
www.harpercollins.co.in
New Zealand
HarperCollins Publishers New Zealand
Unit D1, 63 Apollo Drive
Rosedale 0632
Auckland, New Zealand
www.harpercollins.co.nz
United Kingdom
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
1 London Bridge Street
London SE1 9GF, UK
www.harpercollins.co.uk
United States
HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
195 Broadway
New York, NY 10007
www.harpercollins.com