Fanshen
Page 81
flees village, 208
daughter-in-law raped by militiamen, 236
Chu Teh (Commander-in-Chief of Liberation Army), 97
Ch’uan-e. See Chao Ch’uan-e
Ch’uer (Little). See Chang Ch’uer
Ch’un-hsi. See Chang Ch’un-hsi
Ch’ung-lai. See Wang Ch’ung-lai
Ch’ung-wang. See Kuo Ch’ung-wang
Civil War, 5–7
background of, 96–106
outbreak of, 198–199
after two years, 481–482
culmination of, 611–613. See also Kuomintang, People’s Liberation Army
class analysis, by Poor Peasants’ League, 275 ff
Liu Shao-ch’i, quoted on, 280
standards of, 285 ff
standards of, redefined, 401–410
repeated by Poor Peasants’ League according to new standards, 434–441
by Peasants’ Association, 473–475
by People’s Congress, 548–550
summary of, 549
rules for (from Draft Agrarian Law), 625–628
climate, in North China, 3–5
commandism, emerges among cadres, 225 ff
Communist Party, growth of, in North China, 84 ff
dual policy of, after Japanese surrender, 105
and truce with Kuomintang, 130, 198
Long Bow branch founded, 168 ff
role of, in village organizations, 187
Long Bow branch temporarily dissolved, 257
purification of ranks of (gate), 319–364, 449–472
membership of, made public, 321–322, 328–329
peasants’ attitude toward, 326–329, 542
grades of discipline in, 339–340
class status of Long Bow members of, 360
county organization of, 372
first county land reform conference of, 374–415
and self-and-mutual criticism, 383–394
and women’s rights, 396–398
cadres’ attitude toward, 414
second county land reform conference of, 489–508
consolidation movement of (1942), 517
and the People’s Congress, 541–542, 544
and “illegal fruits,” 566–570
role of, in Chinese Revolution, 605 ff. See also Mao Tse-tung, People’s Liberation Army
comrade, use of term, 156n
Congress, People’s. See People’s Congress
co-operation. See mutual aid
corn, as staple in diet, 24
planting method, 428–429
grinding method, 430
damage to crop from hail, 512, 529
County Conference. See Lucheng County
Crook, David and Isabel (Revolution in a Chinese Village), 201, 203n
“Dare to Die Corps,” 87
democracy, 542–543, 604
“extreme,” 431, 520–527, 578, 581. See also elections
Democratic League, 484
“double reduction,” 86, 130
Draft Agrarian Law, provisions of, 7–8. 617–624
compared to Emancipation Proclamation, 8
implementation of, in Long Bow, 269 ff, 434–438. 473–475, 548–550
standards of, for determining class status, 285–287, 401–410, 625–628
summary of results of, in Long Bow, 209, 549, 592
dysentery, 43
Earthbound China (Fei Hsiao-tung and Chang Chih-i), 31n
economy, stagnation of, before Revolution, 35–36
decline in, 44–45
Eighth Route Army, 84 ff, 97n. See also People’s Liberation Army
elections, for delegates to gate, 329–331
for Poor Peasants’ League Committeemen, 431–432
for Provisional Peasants’ Association officers, 442
for Long Bow People’s Congress, 543–545
Emancipation Proclamation, 8
Empress Dowager, the, 60
En-pao. See Wang En-pao
“Enlarge the Army Movement,” excesses of, 236–238, 334, 337
Epstein, Israel (The Unfinished Revolution in China), 79n, 97n
equalitarianism, 486–487, 492
exploitation, by landlords, 29–45
by Catholic Church, 59–81
discussed by cadres after Liberation, 128–130
rate of, determined for class analysis, 285–287, 401–410, 625–628
“extreme democracy.” See democracy
Fa-liang. See Shen Fa-liang
Fan Ming-hsi (son of Fan Pu-tzu), 126, 142
Fan Pu-tzu (landlord), wealth of, 33–34
collaborates with Japanese, 74
dies, 142
Fan Tung-hsi (son of Fan Pu-tzu), 53, 54
becomes “local despot,” 77–79
killed by guerrillas, 92
Fan Wen-Ian (President of Northern University), 13
Fanshen, defined, vii
progress of, measured, 208–209, 305, 415, 489 ff, 592
process evaluated, 602–611
Fei Hsiao-tung (Earthbound China), 31
feudal, defined, 26n
“feudal tails,” 203
Fifth District (of Lucheng County), location of, 17n
resistance government of, 89
and Japanese war, 503
“Fill the Holes Movement,” 415
floods, as weapon, 6–7
foot binding, 24
fortune-telling, 48, 165–166
Fourth Column (Japanese garrison in Lucheng County), 77, 79, 99
From Yenan to Peking (Liao Kai-lung). 97n, 98n
“fruits of struggle,” distribution of, 147 ff,
effect of distribution of, 155–156
“illegal fruits” returned, 566 ff
Fu Hsuan, quoted, 157
Fu-kuei. See Kuo Fu-kuei
Fu Tso-yi (Kuomintang general), 6, 611
Fu-wang. See Kuo Fu-wang
Fu-yuan. See Shih Fu-yuan
gate (purification of cadre ranks), initial attempt at, aborted, 238–239
first gate, 319–364
preparations for, inside Party branch, 324
preparations for, among the people, 326–331
delegates to, elected, 329
results of, summarized, 360–364
second gate, 449–472
results of, 471–472
effect of, on Party members, 568–569
Genesis, quoted, 297
gentry, defined, 34
sources of income of, 29–32
standard of living of, in Long Bow, 37
means of maintaining power, 46–54
as collaborators with Japanese, 73–80
as counterrevolutionaries, 161–167
geomancy, 48
“god board,” 444
government, local. See Long Bow
government, national, provincial and county. See People’s Congress
hail, hits village, 511–514
damage of, assessed, 529
taxes reduced as result of, 595
Han Chin-ming (work team member), 262
hardships of, 384–385
Han Fu-ch’u (Kuomintang warlord), 70n
Hei-hsiao, forced to betray his uncle, 234
agrees to accuse Wen-te at gate, 459–460
hired laborer, defined, 27n
History of Christian Missions in China, A (Kenneth Scott Latourette), 59n, 60n
Ho-jen. See Li Ho-jen
Ho Ying-ch’in (Commander-in-Chief of Nationalist armies), 97, 98n
“Home Return Corps,” 5, 166
Hou Chin-ming, runs away from Long Bow, 126
invited to return to village, 310, 311
wife of, delegate to gate, 325, 330
beating of, confessed by Man-hsi, 345
returns to Long Bow, 421
Hou Pao-pei (work team leader, later replaced by Ts’ai Chin), background of, 260–261
prepares Communists for gate, 324
self-
criticism of, 389–392
disagrees with other team members on handling of “bad cadres,” 447–449
takes leave to harvest crops, 489
Housman, A.E., quoted, 1
How to Be a Good Communist (Liu Shao-ch’i), 180, 184
Hsi-le. See Shen Hsi-le
Hsi-yu. See Wang Hsi-yu
Hsiao Wen-hsu, refused admission to Poor Peasants’ League, 425
wife of, elected to People’s Congress, 544
refuses to report on taxes, 597
Hsieh Hung, joins work team as interpreter, 426
mobilizes Hei-hsiao, 459
leaves Long Bow, 601
Hsien-e. See Shen Hsien-e
Hsin-ai. See Li Hsin-ai
Hsin-fa. See Chang Hsin-fa
Hsiu-mei. See Shih Hsiu-mei
Hsu Cheng-p’eng (Kuomintang general and Long Bow landlord), expropriated, 142
uses cousin as “air-raid shelter,” 162
Hsu, Professor (work team member), description of, 265
and examination of village accounts, 308–309
self-criticism of, 392–394
Hsueh-chen. See Hu Hsueh-chen
Hu Hsueh-chen, harvest confiscated to pay off debt, 64
son killed by Japanese soldiers, 69–70
life story of, 174–177
becomes secretary of Women’s Association and joins Communist Party, 177
passes gate, 354–355
elected to Poor Peasants’ League Committee, 431
mobilizes women to back Hsien-e’s plea for divorce, 455–458
in trouble over cotton loan, 520–521
elected to People’s Congress, 544
dissents from majority opinion on disposition of Pu-ch’ao’s clothes, 563–565
receives new housing, 590
Hu Sheng (Imperialism and Chinese Politics), 60n
Huai-hai campaign, 611
Huan-ch’ao. See Chang Huan-ch’ao
Hung-er. See Li Hung-er
imperialism, Mao Tse-tung’s concept of, as paper tiger, 105
Imperialism and Chinese Politics (Hu Sheng), 60n
income, gentry, sources of, 29–32
peasant, analysis of, for determining class status, 286, 402–410, 625–628
Internationale, The, 320
Japan, invades China, 69–72
collaborators with, 73–81
war against, 82–95
extent of advance into North China (map), 88
defeat of, in Long Bow, 96–100
attempt by Chiang Kai-shek to use troops of, against Communists, 96–98
Jen-pao. See Shih Jen-pao and Wang Jen-pao
Jen Pi-shih, quoted, 27n, 473, 551
Johnson, Chalmers A. (Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power), 70n
Juichin standards, for class analysis, 285–286, 625–628
k’ang, defined, 37n
Kao Settlement, location of, 12
keta, 24
K’uan-hsin. See Chang K’uan-hsin
Kuei-ts’ai. See Chang Kuei-ts’ai
Kung Lai-pao, joins resistance against Japanese, 90
killed by Japanese, 94
Kuo Cheng-k’uan, assists in trial of Father Sun, 121–122
elected head of Peasants’ Association, 133
recounts story of Ching-ho’s trial, 137–138
fails to curb excesses of Yu-lai, 236
threatens suicide, 323
elected to People’s Congress, 544
Kuo Ch’ou-har, beaten by Wen-te, 234–235
confronts Wen-te at gate, 464–465
wife of, reaction to Yu-lai’s return, 419–420
Kuo Ch’ung-wang, as landlord, 34
in puppet regime, 74
tried by village, 133–138
class status of heirs analyzed, 436
Kuo Fu-kuei, appointed puppet chief of police, 74
expropriated, 119
accepted into Poor Peasants’ League, 311
Kuo Fu-wang, as landlord, 34
beaten to death by peasants, 138
Kuo Huang-kou (Yellow Dog Kuo), conducts first of Long Bow’s public trials, 110–117
transferred out of Fifth District, 119
attacked by dissidents, 127
Kuo Lo-ts’ai, Father, 80
Kuo Te-yu, appointed puppet chief of public affairs, 74
becomes puppet village head, 93
on trial before village, 109–116
Kuo Yuan-lung, prefers not to attend a struggle meeting, 222
defends village Communists, 327
elected as delegate to gate, 330
elected to People’s Congress, 544
Kuomintang, in Long Bow, 32, 54
defections of forces to Japanese, 79
and Japanese surrender, 96 ff
truce with Communists, 130, 198
counter-revolutionary activity of, 144–145, 166
Revolutionary Committee of, founded, 484
territory controlled by (1948), 539. See also Chiang Kai-shek, Civil War
La Vie du Père Lebbe (Chanoine Leclerq), 60n
Lafcadio Hearn, quoted, 373
Lai-hsun. See Wang Lai-hsun
Lai Jo-yu, Secretary (head of Communist Party of Taihang Sub-region), 602
Lai-pao. See Kung Lai-pao
Land and Labour in China (R.H. Tawney), 35n, 44n, 45
land reform, significance of Chinese program of, xxiv-xxv
training of work team cadres for, 263–264, 267–268
analyzed and discussed at Lucheng County conferences on, 374–415, 489–508
aim of, explained by Mao Tse-tung, 487
terminated in Long Bow, 586–590. See also Draft Agrarian Law, Fanshen
“Land to the Tiller,” policy of, 200, 402
landlords, class defined, 27n, 625
sources of income of, 29
expropriation of, in Long Bow, 128–146
treatment of, after expropriation, 386, 508, 537n
landownership, in China before Revolution, 27
in Long Bow before
Revolution, 28
importance of, to peasants, 47
changes in, in Long Bow as result of land reform, 209, 592
in Lucheng County (June 1948), 489–490
Lao-pao. See Chang Lao-pao
Lao-szu. See Li Lao-szu
Lao (Old) Tui-chin. See Wen Tui-chin
Latourette, Kenneth Scott (A History of Christian Missions in China), 59n, 60n
Leclerq, Chanoine (La Vie du Père Lebbe), 60n
leftism, in land reform policy, 401, 413, 503
Mao Tse-tung quoted on, 486–487, 507
Lenin, V. I., 105
quoted, 509
Li, District Magistrate, 252
Li Fu-ying (Kuomintang general), 70n
Li Ho-jen, becomes center of dissident Catholic clique, 195
coerced into army, 237
and election for delegates to gate, 330
class status of, 439–440, 475
Li Hsin-ai (wife of Li K’ao-lur), 300–302
accepted into Poor Peasants’ League, 311
accuses Chang K’uan-hsin at gate, 359
Li Hsun-ta (labor hero of Yenan), 221, 586
Li Hung-er, becomes militia captain, 182
abuses of, as militia captain, 229–230
arrested, 257
accused at women’s meeting, 458
before gate, 462–463
comes to work team for help, 466
assigned to special school for delinquent cadres, 470–472
Li K’ao-lur (husband of Li Hsin-ai), story of, 237–238
Li Lao-szu, in carpentry co-operative, 214–215
testifies in class analysis of his brother (Li Pao-yu), 298
leads off first criticism at gate, 336
elected to Poor Peasants’ League Committee, 432
elected to People’s Congress, 544
Li P’an-ming, rescued by mutual aid, 213
/> helps Old Lady Wang plant corn, 429
Li Pao-yu, complains to village office of wife’s infidelity, 50
class analysis of, 297–300, 439
Li Shen, quoted, 37
Li Sung-lin (“Little Li,” assistant leader of work team), life story of, 261–262
explains Draft Agrarian Law to Long Bow’s poor peasants, 269–272
discouraged with work as cadre, 444
argues with Secretary Chang over policy, 497–499
Li Tung-sheng, dies of beating by peasants, 142
resemblance to character in Red Leaf River, 314
Li Tzu-ch’eng (leader of rebellion in 1630), 486
Li Village Gulch, meeting of district cadres in, 128–131
Li Wen-chung (work team member), life story of, 262–263
effect of marriage on, 387
Liang (Fifth District Leader), takes over Anti-Traitor Movement in Long Bow, 119
and trial of Father Sun, 121
organizes Long Bow branch of Communist Party, 170–171
initiates change of policy toward “air-raid shelters,” 188
Liang, Chi-hu (work team member), 262
leads evaluation of village head (Chang Ch’un-hsi), after his appearance at gate, 339–340
describes his reaction to meeting of work team cadres at Lu Family Settlement, 380–381
Liao Kai-lung (From Yenan to Peking), 97n, 98n
Liberated Areas, defined, 5n
growth of, 87–88
in North China (1947), 425–426
map of, 245
in continental China (1948), 539
in North China (1948), map of, 612
Liberation Army. See People’s Liberation Army
Lindsay, Michael, 86n
Linfene, siege of, 482, 593
Little Ch’uer. See Chang Ch’uer
Little Li. See Li Sune-lin
Liu Chih. warlord, 70
Liu Po-ch’eng (Liberation Army general), 6, 7, 342
Liu, Secretary (Taihang Subregion Party leader), 469–470
Liu Shao-ch’i, quoted, on meaning of being a Communist, 179–180, 184
on impurities in Party, 180, 184, 317, 442
on influence of exploiting classes on masses, 188
on class analysis, 280
on leadership of Peasants’ Associations, 303
on necessity of accepting criticism, 341
on Party purification, 350, 566
on necessity of people struggling for
themselves, 417
on the importance of paying attention to backward elements, 454
on difficulty of applying Marxism in China, 476
on necessity of subordinating partial interests to the whole, 560
on relation of Party to masses, 608
“local despots,” 53
Long Bow, derivation of name, ixn
typical and atypical aspects of, xxii
relevance of history of, xxiv-xxv
language spoken in, xiin
author’s assignment to, 14