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The Storm of the Century

Page 27

by Al Roker


  Fort Sumter, 40, 41

  France, 33–34

  Franco-Prussian War, 263

  Freezing conditions, forecasting, 79

  Galveston

  breakwater, 80–81, 279, 280–81

  geography of, 31–32

  history of, 31–51

  hurricane. See Galveston hurricane of 1900

  immigration in, 13, 38, 39–41, 48, 128, 289

  layout of city, 46

  lifting after storm, 281–88

  naming of, 32

  rebuilding of, 278–88

  seawall, 80–81, 242, 279–81, 282–83

  Galveston: A History (McComb), 299

  Galveston: A History of the Island (Cartwright), 299

  Galveston and the 1900 Storm (Bixel and Turner), 298

  Galveston Bay, 33, 50–51, 197–98

  Galveston Canal, 285–86, 287

  Galveston City Hall, 14, 144, 149, 218–19

  Galveston Cotton Exchange, 47, 50, 77, 117–18, 130

  Galveston Cotton Mill, 47

  Galveston Daily News, 51, 81, 85–86, 235–36, 277

  Galveston harbor, 49–51, 274, 279–80

  Galveston hurricane of 1900

  aftermath of, 199–227

  Cuban forecaster warnings, 86–87, 92, 95–97, 99–104, 106–7, 121–22, 294–96

  death tolls, 235–36, 276–77

  erroneous first notice of, 85–86

  erroneous tracking of, 104–6, 107, 114–19, 152

  impact of storm, 111–93

  Thursday pre-storm, 111–19

  Friday waves, 120–31

  Saturday morning storm tide, 132–46

  Saturday afternoon flooding, 147–62

  Saturday night horrors, 163–93

  Sunday aftermath, 199–201

  issues storm warnings, 120–23, 136–37, 243–44

  low pressure readings, 164–66

  wind velocities, 163–67

  meteorological history of, 54, 82–89, 95–97, 104–5

  meteorological origins of, 22–29

  official U.S. prediction, 85–86, 104–6

  relief efforts, 203–4, 206–8, 224–25, 265–68, 274–78

  relief funds, 260–61, 265, 268, 270, 276

  Galveston militia, 220, 222–23, 225–27, 230

  Galveston Movement, 289

  Galveston Pavilion, 46–47

  Galveston refugees

  hospital, in Houston, 266–68, 275

  relief efforts, 203–4, 206–8, 224–25, 265–68, 274–78

  reports of, 204–5, 258

  “white city on the beach,” 277

  Galveston Seawall, 242, 279–81, 282–83

  Galveston Trades Assembly, 48

  Galveston Tribune, 235–36

  Galveston Union Station, 145–46, 150–51, 159, 166

  Galveston Weather Station, 54, 76–79, 104–5, 116–17, 142, 157–59, 242, 277

  Gálvez y Madrid, Bernardo de, 33

  Gangoite, Lorenzo, 89–90, 92–93, 95–96, 99, 104, 106–7, 121

  Garfield, James A., 56, 263

  Garten Verein, 18

  Geneva Convention, 263

  Geronimo, 69–70

  Gilbert, Joe, 16, 244–45, 273–74, 288

  Gonzales, Alcie, 19, 246, 247, 291

  Gonzales, Boyer

  aftermath of storm, 236–37, 245–47

  background of, 16–18

  before the storm, 16, 116

  family business and, 18–19, 246, 291

  inner conflict of, 19–20, 246

  love of painting, 16, 18, 19–20, 245, 246, 291–92

  post-storm life, 291–92

  Gonzales, Edith Boyer, 17

  Gonzales, Thomas, 17, 18–19, 232, 291

  Grace Episcopal Church, 273

  Great Galveston Disaster, The (Lester), 299

  Great Gulf Hurricane of 1900. See Galveston hurricane of 1900

  Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, 293

  Greely, Adolphus W., 73, 74, 75–78, 97

  Greene, Casey Edward, 298

  Gulf Coast flooding of 1912 and 1915, 293

  Gulf of Mexico, 33, 82–85

  Friday storm waves, 123–31

  Halsey, T. P., 82–85, 97

  Hardin, John Wesley, 10

  Hawley, J. H., 218–19

  Hearde, Ed, 231

  Hearst, George, 251

  Hearst, William Randolph, 250–52, 260–61

  Black and, 254–55, 257, 265–66

  Cuba and USS Maine, 94–95

  Heliography, 69–70

  Helm, Jack, 10

  Hertford, Nell, 19, 236–37, 246–47, 248, 291–92

  High pressure, 62–63

  Hiwassee College, 57–58

  Homeopathy, 267

  Homer, Winslow, 16, 19, 245, 292

  Houston, Sam, 39–40, 41–42

  Howgate, Henry W., 74

  Howth, Clarence

  aftermath of storm, 240, 247

  before the storm, 20–21

  impact of storm, 148, 154–55, 167–69, 171–72, 240

  Howth, Marie, 148, 168–69, 171–72, 240

  Humidity, 60–61, 63

  Hurricane of 1900. See Galveston hurricane of 1900

  Hutchins House (Houston), 271

  Hygrometers, 60–62

  Immigration, 13, 38, 39–41, 48, 128, 289

  Indianola hurricane of 1886, 52

  Intertropical Convergence Zone, 28

  Isaac’s Storm (Larson), 298

  Island of Color (Collins), 299

  Jackson, Andrew, 36

  Jackson, Peter, 254

  Jamaica, 89

  Jefferson, Thomas, 34, 93

  Jet stream, 27–28

  Jews of Galveston, 41, 128, 232, 289

  J.M. O’Rourke Construction, 282

  Johnstown Flood, 199, 264, 272

  Jones, Walter, 218–19, 224, 227

  Jover, Julio, 295–96

  Juneteenth, 43

  Karankawa Indians, 31–32, 37

  Kellogg, John Harvey, 18, 246

  Kelly, Shelly Henley, 298

  Kempner, Harris, 51, 218

  Kempner, Ike, 218

  Ketchum, Edwin N.

  aftermath of storm, 218–21

  background of, 13

  before the storm, 12, 13, 14

  impact of storm, 128–29, 144, 149–50

  as police chief, 12–14, 128, 144

  relieving Fayling of duty, 268–70

  Ketchum, Henry, 149–50, 219

  Kew Observatory, 92

  Key West, Florida, 85, 114–16

  Kirwin, James, 127, 219, 232, 245

  Lafitte, Jean, 35–38

  Lakeview Cemetery, 293

  La Lucha, 106

  La Maison Rouge, 37

  Lansil, Walter, 19, 245

  Larson, Erik, 298

  Lester, Paul, 299

  Levy Building, 54–55, 62, 104, 117, 153, 164–65, 241, 277

  Little Rock weather station, 65–66, 71, 72

  Looting, 220, 221, 225, 232–33

  Louisiana, 33–34

  Louisiana (steamship), 82–85, 97

  Louisiana Purchase, 34

  Low pressure, 84, 87–88, 112–14, 163, 164–66

  Lucas Terrace Apartments, 15

  aftermath of storm, 212–13

  impact of storm, 135–36, 143, 144–45, 147–48, 161–62, 169–71, 172–73

  McCauley, J. P., 170, 173

  McCauley, Mrs. J. P., 15, 170, 173

  McCullough, Annie

  aftermath of storm, 228–30

  background of, 11–12

  before the storm, 11, 12

  impact of storm, 125–26, 139–40, 155, 156–57, 166, 167, 171

  post-storm life, 296–97

  post-storm rebuilding, 278

  McCullough, Ed

  aftermath of storm, 228–30

  background of, 11–12

  before the storm, 11

  impact of storm, 125–
26, 139–40, 155, 156–57, 166, 167, 171

  post-storm life, 296–97

  post-storm rebuilding, 278

  McKibben, Chambers, 206–9, 224–25

  McKinley, William, 45, 94, 95, 99, 205

  Magruder, John B., 43

  Maine, USS, 94–95

  Mareographs, 133–34

  Martí, José, 92–94

  Martial law, 103, 219–20, 223, 225, 227, 248, 255

  Masterson, Bat, 254

  Maury, Matthew F., 52–53

  Mavericks, 68

  Meltemi, 27

  Menard, Michel, 13, 40

  Meteorology, 55–65. See also Forecasting

  Midwest, impact of hurricane on, 201

  Mississippi Flood of 1927, 293

  Monagan, Thomas, 206–10, 224–25

  Monroe, James, 93

  Monroe Doctrine, 93

  Moody, William Lewis, 51

  Moore, Willis, 97–104

  aftermath of storm, 199–200, 205, 243–44

  Clines’ cables, 157–61, 199–200, 243–44

  Cuban cable ban of, 102–4, 106, 294–96

  Cuban forecasting methods and, 89, 99–102, 121–22, 165

  erroneous first notice, 86, 87

  erroneous tracking of storm, 104–6, 107, 111, 113, 115–16, 117

  issues storm warnings, 120–22

  post-storm life, 293–95

  revamping of Weather Bureau, 97–99

  Mormon polygamy, 255

  Morse, Samuel, 44

  Morton, Julius, 97, 99

  Multiculturalism, 41, 48

  Murney, Will, 237

  Napoleon Bonaparte, 34, 35

  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 299

  National Weather Service. See Weather Bureau, U.S.

  Negro Longshoreman’s Union, 48, 231

  Nesbit, Evelyn, 290

  New Orleans, 32–36, 49–50, 129

  New Orleans Weather Station, 293

  New York Bazaar for Galveston Orphans, 260

  New York City, impact of hurricane on, 202

  New York Journal, 251–52, 254–55, 258, 259–61

  Cuba and USS Maine, 94–95

  New York Red Cross, 264

  New York World, 95, 198–99, 250–52, 261, 264–65

  Noble, Alfred, 280

  Northeast blizzard of 1888, 75

  Northerly Atlantic jet, 28

  Oil boom in Texas, 48

  Oklahoma, impact of hurricane on, 202

  Patent Office, U.S., 262

  Phoenix Assurance Company, 206–7

  Piracy, 35–37

  Plumiform clouds, 91

  Port Arthur, Texas, 12

  Port Eads weather station, 82, 105

  Postal Service, U.S., 276

  Price gouging, 220, 225, 227

  Pride (ship), 37

  Prouts Neck, Maine, 16, 19, 245, 246

  Psychrometers, 62

  Pulitzer, Joseph, 95, 198, 250–52, 261, 264–65

  “Queen of the Waves” (folk hymn), 177

  Racial segregation, 48–49

  Recurve effect, 104–5, 111, 113–14, 115, 131

  Refugees

  hospital, in Houston, 266–68, 275

  relief efforts, 203–4, 206–8, 224–25, 265–68, 274–78

  reports of, 204–5, 258

  “white city on the beach,” 277

  Relief efforts, 203–4, 206–8, 224–25, 265–68, 274–78

  Relief trains, 203–4, 206–8, 260, 265–66

  Ripley, H. C., 280

  Ritter’s Saloon, 145, 148, 154–55

  Robert, Henry Martyn, 50, 80, 279–81, 282–83

  Robert’s Rules of Order, 50

  Robinson, John Thomas Romney, 60

  Rocky Mountain locust, 65–66

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 95

  Rosenberg Free School, 15

  Rough Riders, 95

  Rowan, J. T., 144–45

  Rudds, William, 10

  Russell, Lillian, 253

  Ryan, Elizabeth, 26, 143, 175–78

  St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 250–51

  St. Louis World’s Fair (1904), 292

  St. Mary’s Cathedral, 127, 219

  St. Mary’s Orphanage

  before the storm, 20–21

  impact of storm, 143, 175–78

  survivors of storm, 236–37

  St. Patrick’s Church, 287

  Salvation Army, 268

  Sam Houston Normal Institute, 15

  Sand dredging, 285–87

  San Francisco earthquake of 1906, 290

  San Francisco Examiner, 250–51, 253–54

  Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 39

  Santa Fe Railroad, 203–4, 288

  Savannah rainy season, 25–27

  Sayres, Joseph, 205

  Scurry, Thomas, 207, 224–25, 268–69, 270

  Sealy, John, 51, 218

  Shafter, William, 100

  Shipboard weather observations, 23, 27, 28–29, 64–65

  Signal Corps, U.S. Army, 56–57, 68–70, 74–75, 92

  Signal flags, 58, 67, 82

  Sisters of Charity, 20

  Slavery, 39, 41, 43

  Smizer, Fleming, 12, 21, 139, 228–29, 230, 233

  Snake Island, 31–32

  “Sob sisters,” 290

  Spain, 32–36, 38

  Cuban War of Independence, 94–95, 99

  Spanish-American War, 264

  “Stadium effect,” 112

  Standard Oil, 48

  Stockman, William B., 101–2, 106, 114–15, 121

  Storms, Floods, and Sunshine (Cline), 299

  Storm surge on Friday, 121–31

  Storm Watchers (Cox), 299

  Straits of Florida, 24, 91–92, 97, 104–7, 111–12

  Sullivan, John L., 254

  Sunshine recorders, 59

  Swiss Red Cross, 263

  Telegraphy, 44, 56–57, 199–200

  Telephones, 44–45

  Texas, history of, 34–43, 47–48

  Texas & Pacific Railway, 66

  Texas City, 206, 207, 208, 271

  Texas Rangers, 10–11, 138, 207

  Texas Revolution, 39–40, 46

  Texas Star Flour Mill, 47

  Texas Weather Bulletins, 77

  Texas Weather Service, 54, 73

  Thaw, Harry, 290

  Thomas Gonzales and Sons, 17–19

  Thorne, Daisy

  aftermath of storm, 212–13, 245

  background of, 15

  before the storm, 14–15

  engagement of, 15–16

  impact of storm

  Saturday morning storm tide, 135–36, 143, 145

  Saturday afternoon flooding, 147–48, 161–62

  Saturday night horrors, 169–71, 172–73

  post-storm life, 288

  wedding of, 273–74

  Through a Night of Horrors (Greene and Kelly, eds.), 298

  Tracy, Camillus, 20, 143, 175–78

  Trade (trading), 47–48

  “Trap” effect, 166

  Travis, William, 39

  Tremont Hotel, 40, 41, 42, 218–19, 224

  Trinity Episcopal Church, 17

  Tropical depressions, 87–88, 89

  Tropical storms, 130

  Tropical waves, 28–29, 87–88

  Tuffy, Louis J., 231

  Turner, Elizabeth Hayes, 298

  University of Arkansas Medical School, 72

  University of Texas Hospital, 288

  University of Texas Medical School, 8, 78

  U.S. Weather Bureau. See Weather Bureau, U.S.

  Vaughan, G. L., 205

  Viñes, Benito, 89–92, 95–96, 99

  Virginia Point, 203–4

  Von Herrmann, Charles F., 68–70, 74–75

  War Department, U.S., Cuban cable ban, 102–4, 106, 294–96

  War of 1812, 36

  Waves on Friday, 123–31

  Weather Bureau, U.S., 55–56, 73–76

  claimi
ng tropical disturbance, 85–86, 87

  Cline and, 54–56, 58–59, 65–68, 70–71, 73, 76–77, 78–79

  Cuban hurricane forecasters and, 86, 97, 99–104, 121–22, 294–96

  daily reports, 57–58

  erroneous first notice, 86, 87

  erroneous tracking of hurricane, 104–6, 107, 114–19, 152

  Greely and, 73, 74, 75–78

  history of, 57–58

  investigations and inspections of, 74–77, 78–79

  issues storm warnings, 120–22, 136–37

  Moore’s revamping of, 97–100

  official hurricane prediction, 85–86, 104–6

  recommended books about, 299

  transfer to Agriculture Department, 73–74, 76

  von Herrmann and, 68–70, 74–75

  Weather forecasting. See Forecasting; Weather Bureau, U.S.

  Weather instruments, 58–65

  anemometers, 59–60

  barometers, 62–65

  hygrometers, 60–62

  Weathervanes, 59

  Weekend in September, A (Weems), 298

  Weems, John Edward, 298

  Western Union, 103, 152, 160–61, 203, 259

  When the Heavens Frowned (Cline), 299

  White, Stanford, 290

  White Cross, 264

  Williston Seminary, 17–18

  Wilson, Woodrow, 294

  Wind patterns, 27–28

  Wind velocities of hurricane, 163–67

  Wolfram, Arnold

  aftermath of storm, 237

  background of, 9–10

  before the storm, 9, 21

  impact of storm, 138, 149–50, 173–75, 178, 183–84, 187–89

  post-storm life, 288

  Wolfram, Henry, 9–10

  Wolfram, Mary Schmidt, 9

  Young, Samuel, 130–31, 152–53

  ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  AL ROKER is known to more than thirty million TV viewers and has won thirteen Emmy Awards, ten for his work on NBC’s Today. He also hosts Wake Up with Al, a weekday morning program on the Weather Channel. A New York Times bestselling author, Roker lives in Manhattan with his wife, ABC News and 20/20 correspondent Deborah Roberts, and has two daughters and a son.

  Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.

  CREDITS

  Cover design by Mumtaz Mustafa

  Cover images courtesy of the Library of Congress

  Historical newspaper headlines courtesy of the New York Times

  COPYRIGHT

  THE STORM OF THE CENTURY. Copyright © 2015 by Al Roker Entertainment. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

 

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