CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: “It Is Blood on Your Hands”
432 Washington in 1943: Selden Menefee, Assignment USA (1943), pp. 36-40.
432 “the federal government . . .”: David Brinkley, Washington Goes to War (1988), p. 111.
433 visit from Shoumatoff: Elizabeth Shoumatoff, FDR’s Unfinished Portrait (1990), pp. 80–81.
433 “quite impressive . . .”: ibid., p. 75.
433 “Winthrop Rutherfurd . . .”: ibid.
433 “Everything whirled . . .”; “seldom seen . . .”: ibid., pp. 76-77.
433 comings and goings of Rutherfurd children: Aiken Standard & Review, society page for various issues, 1939-45.
434 “his extraordinary . . .”: Shoumatoff, FDR’s Portrait, p. 79
434 “You should really paint . . .”; “I did not understand . . .”: ibid., p. 80.
434 Lucy at inauguration: Elliott Roosevelt and James Brough, An Untold Story: The Roosevelts of Hyde Park (1973), p. 282.
434 letters of 1927: Lucy to FDR, April 16 and July 2, 1927, box 21, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
435 “Mrs. Johnson”: the Usher Diary recorded the dates and times of Mrs. Johnson’s visits. Bernard Asbell discovered this information when interviewing William D. Simmons, a Secret Service man. See Bernard Asbell, The FDR Memoirs (1973), p. 411.
435 “How is Mrs. Rutherfurd? . . .”: Shoumatoff, FDR’s Portrait, p. 82.
436 Kasserine Pass: George Howe, Northwest Africa (1957), ch. XXII, pp. 438-58.
436 Red Oak: Life, May 3, 1943, p. 26.
436 “The Secretary of War . . .”: SEP, Aug. 17, 1946, pp. 15, 71.
436 “hometown we dreamed of . . .”: ibid., p. 14.
437 “the Americans are happy . . .”: Joseph Goebbels, The Goebbels Diaries, 1942-1943 (1948), pp. 372, 376.
437 “the striking change . . .”: Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. IV, The Hinge of Fate (1950), p. 706. Churchill is quoting from a summary of the agreed-upon Anglo-American record of the meeting.
437 “stood on the periphery . . .”: Martin Gilbert, The Second World War (1989), p. 401.
437 AB hostess at dinner: AB to John Boettiger, May 15, 1943, box 5, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
438 “the British empire . . .”: Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 710-11.
438 “ ‘Shoot, if you must . . .’”: Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins (1948), p. 729.
438 “He is always using . . .”: Joseph P. Lash, Love, Eleanor (1982), p. 508.
438 “with much interest . . .”; “Sadly FDR left . . .”: Churchill, Hinge of Fate, p. 712.
438 “the PM picks his teeth . . .”: AB to John Boettiger, May 15, 1943, box 5, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
439 “He was placed . . .”: Churchill, Hinge of Fate, p. 713.
439 “a very decided deadlock . . .”: Stimson Diary, May 16, 1943, Yale University.
439 “The President is not willing . . .”: Lord Moran, Churchill—The Struggle for Survival, 1940-1965 (1966), p. 104.
439 “a spoiled boy”: Stimson Diary, May 25, 1943, Yale University.
439 “to plan such operations . . .”: Hastings Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay (1960), p. 298.
439 “a trying guest . . .”: William D. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R. (1958), p. 169.
439 “really likes the PM . . .”: Joseph P. Lash, A World of Love: Eleanor Roosevelt and Her Friends, 1943-1962 (1984), p. 11.
440 effect of the strike: NYT, May 1, 1944, p. 1.
440 “You must have lace . . .”: Sophia Carroll to FDR, April 28, 1943, OF 290 #2, FDRL.
440 “I think you are equally guilty . . .”: Esther Morrow to FDR, n.d. [April 1943], OF 290 #2, FDRL.
440 “While these American boys . . .”: Robert Meyer, Jr., The Stars and Stripes: Story of World War II (1960), p. 60.
440 “What sort of traitors . . .”: “A fighting man” to FDR, June 1, 1943, Harold Ickes Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
440 “If I were on the front lines . . .”: John Jaqua to Ernest Jaqua, May 23, 1943; Ernest Jaqua sent a copy of his son’s letter to HH, June 1, 1943, HH Papers, FDRL.
441 unauthorized wildcat strikes: Rosa Swafford, Wartime Record of Strikes and Lockouts, 1940-1945 (1946), pp. 16-17.
441 “It is the judgment . . .”: Philip Murray to FDR, June 15, 1943, OF 497b, FDRL.
441 “I have seen pay envelopes . . .”: NYT, May 9, 1943, p. 6.
441 “he would be glad to resign . . .”: Smith conference notes, June 3, 1943, Harold Smith Papers, FDRL.
441 “I understand the devotion . . .”: NYT, May 3, 1943, p. 4.
442 “on essential war work . . .”: NYT, June 4, 1943, p. 1.
442 FDR hesitant to use induction: Stimson Diary, June 9, 1943, Yale University.
442 “I ain’t a traitor . . .”: Rochelle Chadakoff, ed., Eleanor Roosevelt’s My Day (1989), vol. 1, p. 293.
442 “If I were FDR . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 24.
442 “This is a bad bill . . .”: Hassett, Off the Record, p. 180.
442 “In spite of imperfections . . .”: Stimson Diary, June 25, 1943, Yale University.
442 “We the people . . .”: Mrs. Cravens to FDR, June 26, 1943, OF 407b, FDRL.
442 “Let there be no . . .”: text of speech, NYT, June 26, 1943, pp. 1, 3.
443 “In vetoing the Smith-Connally . . .”; “action, not tomorrow . . .”: ibid., p. 4.
443 “a bad rebuff . . .”: Stimson Diary, June 25, 1943, Yale University.
443 “our lack of leadership . . .”; “Perhaps . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 34.
443 More idleness in 1943 in mining: Swafford, Wartime Record, p. 33.
443 “portal to portal pay”: Monthly Labor Review, Dec. 1943, p. 115; see also T. H. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim (1990), pp. 753-59.
444 “We were thrilled . . .”: interview with Michael Lilly.
444 “The domestic scene . . .”: MD, June 20, 1943.
444 “No city in the deep South . . .”; “If these ‘poor whites’ . . .”: Menefee, Assignment USA, pp. 51, 56.
444 “We realize . . .”: Mobile Register, June 3, 1943, p. 8.
444 “No nigger is goin’ . . .”: Menefee, Assignment USA, p. 155.
444 separate shipway: Mobile Register, June 8, 1943, pp. 1, 7.
445 rioting in Detroit: Robert Shogan and Tom Craig, The Detroit Race Riots (1964); see also accounts in Detroit Free Press.
445 “He’s not doing . . .”: Detroit Free Press, June 22, 1943, pp. 1, 2, 8.
446 “It is blood . . .”. Michigan History, Fall 1969, p. 198.
446 “It is my belief . . .”: Lang to FDR, July 29, 1943, OF 93c, FDRL.
446 “I suppose when one . . .”: ER to Josephus Daniels, July 23, 1943, ER Microfilm Collection, FDRL. Daniels had sent her a copy of his editorial denouncing criticisms.
446 “the deliberate effort . . .”: Stimson Diary, June 24, 1943, Yale University.
446 “come to the conclusion . . .”: Stimson Diary, July 5, 1943, Yale University.
446 “Many newspapers and individuals . . .”: C. E. Rhett to Biddle, June 12, 1943, OF 93c, FDRL.
446 “The old, subdued, muted . . .”: NR, July 5, 1943, p. 9.
446 “ . . . the vacillation . . .”: C. E. Rhett to Biddle, June 12, 1943, OF 93c, FDRL.
447 “a sizable population . . .”: NR, July 5, 1943, p. 10.
447 “Large segments . . .”: C. E. Rhett to Biddle, July 12, 1943, OF 93c, FDRL.
447 “highly explosive . . .”: ibid.
447 “Like a defective screw . . .”: Pauli Murray to FDR, June 18, 1943, OF 93c, FDRL.
447 “We urge you . . .”: WW to FDR, June 21, 1943, OF 93c, FDRL.
447 “a straight forward statement . . .”: Bethune to FDR, June 22, 1943, OF 93c, FDRL.
447 “on a par with Nazism . . .”: MD, July 13, 1943.
447 “Detroit should never . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 32.
447 “he must not
irritate . . .”: ibid., p. 38.
447 “Why hasn’t Mr. Roosevelt . . .”: NR, July 5, 1943, p. 12.
448 first week in July: Gilbert, Second World War, p. 442.
448 “The whole world . . .”: NYT, June 27, 1943, sect. IV, p. 3.
448 “It is going to be about the war . . .”: NYT, July 28, 1943, p. 9; Franklin D. Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1943 (1950), p. 324.
449 “The first crack in the Axis . . .”: text of speech, NYT, July 29, 1943, p. 4.
450 “our very national existence . . .”: AM, Oct. 1943, p. 72.
450 “To a large degree . . .”: Richard Leighton and Robert Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1940-1943 (1955), p. 601.
450 “We are still far . . .”: NYT, July 29, 1943, p. 4.
450 “I can recall . . .”: Saul Bellow, It All Adds Up: From the Dim Past to the Uncertain Future (1994), pp. 28-29.
451 “watched the sun go down . . .”: MD, Aug. 1, 1943.
451 “He is much the most interesting . . .”: Bernard Asbell, Mother and Daughter (1988), p. 163.
451 “to a mature understanding . . .”: Lash, Love, Eleanor, p. 378.
451 “Darling Mum . . .”: Asbell, Mother and Daughter, p. 150.
452 “a terrific hatred”: AB to John Boettiger, June 26, 1943, box 5, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
452 “She looks very thin . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 41.
452 “I’m having the time . . .”: AB to John Boettiger, May 28, 1943, box 5, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
452 “You’d be amazed at the timid . . .”: AB to John Boettiger, Aug. 1, 1943, box 5, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
452 “It is the first time . . .”: AB to John Boettiger, July 16, 1943, box 5, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
452 “I think having me here . . .”: ER to John Boettiger, July 18, 1943, box 26, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
453 “I only like being . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 43.
453 “It was nice . . .”: ER to FDR, July 18, 1943, box 16, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
453 “I guess one of the sad things . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 104.
453 “repeated endeavors . . .”: NYT, July 26, 1943, p. 19.
453 “to be of help . . .”: David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945 (1984), p. 145.
454 “Our own government . . .”: NYT, July 26, 1943, p. 19.
454 “I am convinced . . .”: Jan Ciechanowski, Defeat in Victory (1947), p. 182.
454 “virtually none of . . .”: Wyman, Abandonment, p. 337.
455 “Will any of these Jews . . .”: quoted in ibid., p. 150.
455 “The percentage killed . . .”: MD, Aug. 12, 1943.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: “It Was a Sight I Will Never Forget”
456 “These last few days . . .”: Joseph P. Lash, A World of Love: Eleanor Roosevelt and Her Friends, 1943-1962 (1984), p. 54.
457 “more eloquently . . .”: Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (1952), pp. 387-88.
457 “You know . . .”: MD, Aug. 16, 1943.
457 “fraternal . . .”: Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941-1946 (1975) p. 222.
457 “Mrs. Roosevelt . . .”: ibid.
457 “Your mother is so pleased . . .”: Tommy to AB, Aug. 11, 1943, box 75, Halsted Papers, FDRL.
457 “She is especially anxious . . .”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, 1943 (1950), p. 1439.
458 “I spoke from the library . . .”: MD, Aug. 15, 1943.
458 “The P[resident] was very sweet . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 55.
458 “Darling, it kinda gives me . . .”: AB to John Boettiger, Aug. 11, 1943, box 5, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
458 gift of emeralds: Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins (1948), p. 614.
458 denied by Louise: NYT, Jan. 8, 1943, p. 6.
458 extravagant dinner: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 698.
458 publication of article: ibid.
459 final blow: ibid., p. 750.
459 “This is a fight . . .”: ibid., p. 698.
459 Eager to invite: Tommy to AB, Sept. 2, 1943, box 75, Halsted Papers, FDRL.
459 “Harry and Louise . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 54.
459 “ailing and fearing . . .”: James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (1970), p. 392.
459 “it seemed like . . .”: ibid.
460 “pick and shovel”: NYT, Aug. 18, 1943, p. 1.
460 haunted by memories, “majestic”: Lord Moran, Churchill-The Struggle for Survival, 1940-1965 (1966) p. 116.
460 “If a stranger had visited . . .”: Hastings Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay (1960), p. 309.
460 “Winston’s obstinacy . . .”: Moran, Churchill, p. 117.
461 “a very great preponderance”: Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. V, Closing the Ring (1951), p. 76.
461 discussed the atomic bomb: Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. vii, Road to Victory: 1941-1945 (1986), pp. 470-71.
461 “Until now . . .”: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 225.
461 “We are both mad . . .”: ibid., p. 226.
461 “I gather she didn’t like . . .”: Tommy to AB, Sept. 2, 1943, box 75, Halsted Papers, FDRL.
461 “PM’s sleeping arrangements . . .”: Sir Alexander Cadogan, The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, O.M. 1938-1945 (1972), p. 559.
462 “too much for him . . .”: George McJimsey, Harry Hopkins (1987), p. 295.
462 “of high importance . . .”: ER to FDR, Sept. 6, 1943, box 16, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
462 “I feel a hundred . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 62.
462 “Guadalcanal is no place . . .”: Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (1971), p. 684.
462 “In some ways . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 60.
462 “I have no zest . . .”: ibid.
463 “When I left”: NYT, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 13.
463 “We liked this speech . . .”: ibid.
463 “a genuine impulse . . .”: J. William T. Youngs, Eleanor Roosevelt: A Personal and Public Life (1985), p. 9.
463 “her shoes dusty and scarred . . .”: NYT, Sept. 13, 1943, p. 21.
463 “Mrs. Roosevelt literally . . .”: Lash, World of Love, pp. 62-63.
463 “followed by a brace . . .”: copy of letter received by Florence Kerr attached to HH to ER, Oct. 19, 1943, box 214, HH Papers, FDRL.
464 “When I say that . . .”: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, p. 685.
464 “in some magic way . . .”: TIR, p. 298.
464 “Over here . . .”: NYT, Sept. 6, 1943, p. 19.
464 “It was a sight . . .”: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, p. 685.
464 “a fine impression . . .”: FDR to ER, Aug. 30, 1943, box 12, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
464 “If I wasn’t busy . . .”: as repeated in ER to Tommy, Sept. 18, 1943, Malvina Thompson Papers, FDRL.
464 “I’ve had so many . . .”: ER to FDR, Sept. 15, 1943, box 16, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
465 “How little I ever thought . . .”: MD, Sept. 12, 1943.
465 “How I hated . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 71.
465 “I was ahamed . . .”: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, p. 691.
465 “leapfrogging” substituted: Samuel Eliot Morison, The Two-Ocean War (1963), p. 282.
466 “FDR, should there . . .”: ER notes, Sept. 22, 1943, box 12, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
466 “No, but she will . . .”: William D. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R. (1958), p. 200.
466 “Hope you come . . .”: FDR to ER, Sept. 21, 1943, box 12, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
466 “Did you have fun . . .”: repeated by AB in AB to John Boettiger, Nov. 11, 1943, box 6, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
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466 “she had never . . .”: AB to John Boettiger, Sept. 22, 1943, box 6, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
466 “Pa asked me . . .”: Bernard Asbell, Mother and Daughter (1988), p. 169.
466 “Oh, no, Eleanor . . .”: NYT, Aug. 30, 1943, p. 8.
467 “Yes, she has been . . .”: NYT, Sept. 29, 1943, p. 23.
467 “They missed her usual . . .”: Time, Oct. 4, 1943, p. 25.
467 “while the farmers . . .”: NYT, Oct. 17, 1943, p. 28.
467 “The outcry in Congress . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 84.
467 “[Tommy] is worried . . .”: ibid., p. 81.
467 “her deep horror . . .”: ibid.
467 “the crosses row on row . . .”: MD, Sept. 17, 1943.
467 American casualties: figures provided by the Army History Center and Navy History Center, Washington, D.C.
467 “emotionally . . .”; “I know and understand . . .”: FDR, Jr, to ER, Oct. 21, 1943, box 26, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
468 “I think another . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 81.
468 “I think the things . . .”: NYT, Aug. 28, 1943, p. 3.
469 “Lack of money . . .”: Theodore Mosch, The G.I. Bill (1975), p. 32.
469 ‘I’d like to see . . .”: NYT, Dec. 18, 1943, p. 12.
469 “Baruch is still . . .”: ER to John Boettiger, Dec. 8, 1943, box 6, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
470 One World: Jack Goodman, ed., While You Were Gone (1946), p. 452-53.
470 “The representatives of 44 nations . . .”: MD, Nov. 9, 1943.
470 “with a sky so blue . . .”: ibid.
470 “Good news comes . . .”: Hassett, Off the Record, p. 218.
470 “one of the bitterest . . .”: Robert Coakley and Richard Leighton, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1943-1945 (1989), p. 192.
470 “Mrs. R wanted very much . . .”: Lash, World of Love, p. 93.
470 “The OM sat all over her . . .”: AB to John Boettiger, Dec. 6, 1943, box 6, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
471 “not just because of . . .”: AB to ER, Nov. 11, 1943, box 57, Halsted Papers, FDRL.
471 “I’ll read him your desire . . .”: ER to AB, Nov. 6, 1943, box 57, Halsted Papers, FDRL.
471 “The answer was . . .”: AB to John Boettiger, Nov. 11, 1943, box 6, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
471 “ . . . Pa seems to take . . .”: AB to John Boettiger, Nov. 11, 1943, box 6, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
471 “goes along very strongly . . .”: AB to John Boettiger, Dec. 11, 1943, box 6, Boettiger Papers, FDRL.
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