God's Shadow
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Carson, Ben, 395
Cartagena, Colombia, 162, 163
Carthage, 97
cartography, 310–13, 352–53, 356
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 142–43, 149, 158, 337
Castile, 114, 166, 345, 373
Crown of, 345
Castro, Melchor de, 156, 157, 164, 387
Catholic Church, 372
hierarchy of, 352
Luther’s views on, 370–71, 373, 375–81
Protestant Reformation and, 370, 373, 375–81, 383–84
Catholicism, 106, 113, 114–15, 118, 120, 270–71, 349, 384. See also Catholic Church; Christianity
in Americas, 152
enemies of, 370
Catholic monarchs, 55. See also Ferdinand; Isabella
Catholics, 396
the Caucasus, 82, 84, 186, 187, 192, 194, 197–98, 250, 256
Cem, 31–35, 31, 43, 50, 64, 242, 255, 275, 330, 350
in Anatolia, 36
Bayezit and, 31–59
in Cairo, 38–39, 40–41, 51
death of, 58
Europeans and, 43, 44–45
as governor of Konya, 33
handed over to Charles VIII, 56–57, 56
held captive by Knights Hospitaller of St. John, 48–49
journey of, 52
Kasıms and, 41–42, 44
makes Hajj, 39–40, 49, 51
Mamluk Empire and, 38–41, 44, 49–51, 53, 275, 350
in Naples, 57–58
piety of, 51
proclaims himself Sultan of Anatolia, 36
in Rome, 50–54, 55–56
rumored conversion of, 51, 54
in Syria, 36–37
transferred to Rome, 50–54
travels to Rhodes, 45–47, 47
Central Asia, 5, 9, 250, 255
Central Europe, 121
Ceuta, 104–5, 113
Ceylan River, 286
Chaldiran, 261, 262–63, 264
Chaldiran Campaign, 256–63, 256, 267–69, 274–76, 279–82, 288–89, 325, 327, 331, 343
Charlemagne, 145
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 145, 146, 161–62, 329, 340, 345, 351, 373, 396
Charles VIII, 56–58
Chichimecs, 132
Chinese Empire, 5, 17, 78, 86, 105, 358
Christianity in, 93
westward expansion of, 68
Chios, 89, 97–99, 111
Christianity
in Americas, 136–47
in China, 93
Crusades and, 315
impotence of, 372
Judaism and, 179–80
Native Americans and, 136–47, 136, 349
weaknesses revealed by Ottoman Empire, 384
Christians, 7
captured by Ottomans, 20, 378–80
Crusades and, 29–30, 283–84
in Jerusalem, 296, 298, 351–52
in Muslim lands, 65, 144, 379, 383
in Ottoman Empire, 65, 379, 383
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 118, 296
Church of the Resurrection, 296
Circassian mercenaries, 317
Circle of Justice, 69–70, 78, 85, 147
circumcision festival, 24–25
Cistern of Aspar, 361
Civil War, United States, 391
Civitavecchia, 372
Cochin (Kochi), 314
coffee, 319
coffee trade, 318–20, 444–45n
Colombia, slave rebellions in, 162
colonialism, European–Islamic relations and, 396
Columbian Exchange, 153–54
Columbus, Christopher, 2, 7, 153, 155, 268, 284, 296, 386, 392
administrative incompetence of, 138–39
Crusades and, 103–22, 123, 146, 385, 390, 391
death of, 139
funding of his journey, 167
Islam and, 89–102, 103–22, 123, 385, 390, 391
logbook of, 124, 127
maps of, 310–11, 312
motivation for crossing Atlantic, 386
Muslims accompanying, 425n
Native Americans and, 137, 426n
North Africa and, 335–37, 342–43
Reconquista and, 166
sets off on first voyage, 55
Columbus, Diego, 139, 155, 157
Columbus, Ferdinand, 100
Conquista, 130–35, 136–47, 163–64
conquistadors, 140, 349, 386. See also specific conquistadors
Conrad, Joseph, 163
Constantine the Great, 146
Constantinople, 146. See also Istanbul
conquest of, 7, 11, 25, 32, 53, 58, 64, 86, 89, 99, 106, 113, 120, 131, 173, 235–36, 261–62, 273, 305, 352, 371–72, 400
Jews in, 173
rebirth of, 29
renamed Istanbul, 11
conversion, 51, 379. See also conversos; Moriscos
conversos, 167, 169–70, 177–78
convivencia, 116
Coptic church, 296
Córdoba, 116
Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, 96
Corsica, 112
Cortés, Hernán, 129, 131–32, 137, 145, 295, 340, 349, 358
Crete, 47, 174
Crimea, 210–23, 210, 212, 265
Crimean Tatars, 214–15
Crooked Islands, 127
Crusades, 29–30, 32, 38, 43, 46, 50–51, 53–55, 58, 101, 123–24, 283–84, 371–73, 375–77
in Americas, 386
Christianity and, 315
Columbus and, 103–22, 123, 385, 390, 391
Crusaders, 90–95, 351 (see also Knights Hospitaller of St. John)
in North Africa, 336–39, 349
Cuba, 127, 128, 130, 137, 138, 162, 222, 312
Curzola, Battle of, 93
Cushman, Robert, 388
Cuzco, 134–35
Cyprus, 328–29
Çorlu, 227–28, 357, 359
Battle of, 227–28
Dakar, 150
Dalorto, 95
Damascus, 255, 285, 290, 292–93, 293, 294–97, 325, 381, 391
Dardanelles, 17
D’Aubusson, Pierre, 45, 48
David, Siznado, 143–44
Davis Strait, 101
Dellys, 338
The Desert Bride, 393
devşirme, 20, 379–80
dhimmis, 144
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 130, 146, 340
Dimetoka, 239, 240
Diouf, Sylviane A., 162
Diu, 316
Diyarbakir, 252, 267, 275–77, 282
Djerba, 114, 350
Dome of the Rock, 94, 285, 297–98, 297, 381
Donation of Constantine, 146
dragomans (interpreters), 352
Dubrovnik, 172, 328
Dulkadir dynasty, 276
Dulkadir tribal confederation, 281
Dum Diversas, 106, 108, 150, 151
East Africa, 314
Eastern Nestorian Church, 93
Ebrahim, brother of Ismail, 194
Edirne, 217–18, 224–27, 235–36, 239, 252–54, 325–27, 330–31, 333, 351–52, 354, 354, 355, 356–57
Egypt, 130–31, 154, 282, 285, 298–302, 303–13, 316, 328, 329, 343, 348, 352, 388, 391–92
Elbistan, 286, 288
Elliott, J. H., 132
Elmina, 109. See also São Jorge de Mina
encomiendas, 137
England. See Britain
Enos, 98
Enriquillo, 158–60
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 399–402
claims Muslims discovered Americas, 401–2
expanded powers of, 404
political Islamism and, 402–3
at Selim’s tomb, 404–5, 404
Erzincan, 194, 195, 259, 260, 267
Erzurum, 260, 261, 267
eschatology, 29, 370
Ethiopia, 315, 318, 352
ethnic minorities, 79–80. See also specific groups
Europe, 12, 122, 318. See also specific regions, nations, and empires
“Age of Exploration” in, 86, 108
Americas and, 386–96
anti-Semitism in, 171
colonialism and, 396 (see also Africa; Americas; India; specific empires)
conflict with Ottoman Empire, 2, 5, 32
death of Mehmet and, 29–30, 32, 38
eclipsed by Americas, 249–50
European imperialism, 66 (see also specific empires)
fragmentation of, 329, 374
Islam and, 90, 386–96 (see also Islamic–Christian relations)
Ottoman succession and, 29–30, 32, 38, 42, 44, 45–59
Ottoman territory in, 17, 20
persecution of Jews in, 170, 179
portrayed ascendancy of, 4
religious civil wars in, 349, 352
Renaissance in, 371–72
repression of Jews and Muslims in, 167
trade and, 86, 95, 99–100
violence against religious minorities in, 55
European–Islamic relations. See Islamic–Christian relations
exploration/explorers, 103–4, 153. See also conquistadors; specific explorers
Eyüp, 36, 359
Fatih Mosque, 28, 361, 362
fatwas, 253–54, 257, 333
Ferdinand, 2, 55, 110–11, 112, 114–16, 119–20, 122, 124, 127, 137–39, 180, 335–39, 347
burial in Alhambra, 338
death of, 345
expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain, 172
Reconquista and, 338 (see also the Reconquista)
the Fernandina, 96
Fez, 120, 171
Firenk Suleyman Bey, 44–45
Five Pillars of Islam, 39–40
Florida, 396
France, 42, 48–49, 170, 373, 387
Francis I, 329, 373
Franciscans, 118, 296
Friedman, Thomas, 383
Fugitive Slave Act, 161
Fulani Muslims, 162
Gabon, 106
Gabriel, angel, 271
Galway, 101, 102, 109, 117
Gambia River, 150
Gate of Tears, 314–15
Gaza, 298, 299
Genghis Khan, 214
genízaros, 132
Genoa, 90–92, 91, 92, 97–99, 139, 180
Georgia, 198–202, 206, 207, 209, 221, 228
Georgians, 333
enslaved, 199–202
Germaine of Foix, 345
Germany, 170, 173
al-Ghawri, Ashraf Qansuh, 255, 281–82, 289–90, 292, 296, 299, 308
Gibbon, Edward, 5
Gibraltar, 95, 338
gift-giving, diplomacy of, 273
Ginsberg, Allen, 393
Giovio, Paolo, 360, 364
Giray, House of, 215, 220, 227
Goa, 314
gold, 67, 95–96, 109, 126, 137, 153, 167, 285, 291, 311, 340
Gold Coast, 109
Golden Horn, 359, 361
Granada, 55, 116, 119–21, 121, 132, 134, 152, 166–69, 337–38, 343, 345, 386
El Gran Cairo, 304, 340
Grand Khan, 93–95, 102, 105, 110, 117–18, 122, 124, 127–28, 138, 315, 334–35, 386
Great Mosque (al-Masjid al-Nabawī), 40
Greece, 38, 350, 358
Greek Orthodoxy, in Ottoman Empire, 180
Greeks, 6, 400
Greenland, 101
Grimaldi, Gaspare, 49
Grislis, Egil, 373, 378
Gritti, Andrea, 11, 28
Guanahani, 126
Gujarat, 314, 352
Gülbahar Hatun, 15–17, 20–22, 25, 32, 64, 69–75, 77–78, 82, 113, 149, 245
Gülbahar Hatun Mosque, 72–73, 73
Gülen, Fethullah, 403–4
Habsburg Empire, 352. See also Spanish Empire
Habsburgs, 345, 352. See also Spanish Empire
Hadım Ali Pasha, 206–7, 208
Hafsa, 75, 213–14, 215, 216, 218, 361, 362–63
Hafsid Empire, 96–97, 341
Hagia Sophia mosque, 325
the Hajj, 39–40, 49, 51
Hama, 292
Hamdani, Abbas, 353
Hamon, Joseph, 175
Hamon, Moses, 175
Hamza Saru Görez, 253
Hankins, James, 50, 371–72
Hannibal of Carthage, 29
harem, 20, 22, 24, 27, 37, 43–44
Hasan Can, 356, 358–59
Hasan Pasha, 225
Havana, 130, 163
head tax, 143–44
Henry the Navigator, 105–6, 108, 109, 114, 116, 117, 150, 268
Henry VI, 29
Henry VII, 100
Henry VIII, 222
Hernández de Córdoba, Francisco, 130
the Hijaz, 300, 308, 309
Hindus, 370
Hispaniola, 97, 128, 146, 148–64, 148, 312, 320, 352, 387
plantation owners on, 152–53
slave rebellions in, 155–58
slavery in, 152–53
Hizmet, 403
Holy Roman Empire, 145, 373. See also Byzantine Empire
Homer, The Iliad, 341
Homs, 290
Honduras, slave rebellions in, 162
Hormuz, 268, 280
Horn of Africa, 327
humanists, 50, 372
Hungary, 11, 50, 54, 173, 180, 263, 296, 328–29, 365, 387
Hüsünşah, mother of Şehinşah, 82
Iberia, 107, 113, 114, 131, 137, 334. See also Portugal; Portuguese Empire; Spain; Spanish Empire
expulsion of Jews and Muslims from, 271, 337
Iberia (continued)
Muslims in, 114–22, 121, 335–38, 335–39, 343–44
slave trade in, 151
Ibn ‘Arabi (Muhy al-Dīn), 294–95, 325
Ibn Iyās, 289–90
Imbros, 98
imperialism, 66, 68, 78, 86, 137. See also specific empires
Incas, 17
India, 66, 86, 250, 313, 317, 327–28, 340
Indian Ocean, 12, 269, 282, 314–19, 314, 316, 327–28, 332, 341, 349, 360, 365
Indonesia, 352
indulgences, 375–76
İnegöl, 36
Innocent VIII, Pope, 50, 51–52, 53–54, 55
the Inquisition, 55, 144, 167, 169, 180, 337, 379
intra-Muslim conflict, Islamic law and, 252–53
Ionian Sea, 372
Iran, 3, 11, 69, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 185–96, 250–69, 318. See also Safavid Empire
Shiite Muslims in, 402
silk trade and, 254, 327–28
Turkey and, 402, 403
Iraq, 80, 331–33, 396
Ireland, 101, 102, 117
Irving, Washington, 392
Isaac, prophet, 179
Isabella of Castile, 2, 55, 110–11, 112, 114–20, 122, 124, 127, 137, 138–39, 155, 180, 335–37, 347, 385
burial in Alhambra, 338
death of, 337–38, 345
expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain, 172
last testament of, 337–38
Reconquista and, 338 (see also the Reconquista)
La Isabella, estate of, 155
La Isabella, island of, 127
Isabella of Portugal, 161–62
Ischia, 350–51
Isfahan, 251–52
ISIS, 402
La Isla Española, 128. See also Hispaniola
Islam, 2–5. See also Islamic–Christian relations
Americas and, 123–35, 148–64, 385–96, 401–2
Columbus and, 89–102, 103–22, 123, 385–86, 390, 391
constituent role in modern history, 12
cosmopolitanism of, 40
Erdoğan and, 401
Europe and, 90, 386–96 (see also Islamic–Christian relations)
fear of, 130
influence on Luther, 370–71, 373, 375–81
influence on sugar production, 153–54
Judaism and, 179–80
Luther’s views on, 375–81
Native Americans and, 152
<
br /> predicted to supplant Christianity in 2070, 396
projected onto New World, 130–35, 148–64, 385–96, 385, 401–2
Protestantism and, 380–81
Renaissance and, 50–51
Spanish Empire and, 140–47, 385–88 (see also Islamic–Christian relations)
United States and, 390–96
in West Africa, 150–52
Islamic–Christian relations, 89–102, 140–43, 165–68, 179–82, 198, 268–69, 296, 335–39, 343–44, 349–50, 356, 369
Americas and, 123–35, 148–64, 385–96, 385, 401–2
Columbus and, 89–102, 103–22, 123, 385–86, 385, 390, 391
Islam projected to supplant Christianity in 2070, 396
Protestantism and, 370–71, 373, 375–81
Renaissance and, 50–51
Islamic law, 382–83
four schools of, 369
intra-Muslim conflict and, 252–53
Islamic law courts, 68
Islamism, political, 402–3
Ismail, 86, 190–93, 191, 194, 203–4, 207, 249, 250–69, 281, 282, 328, 333
Istanbul, 7, 11, 22–25, 68, 230, 254, 265–66, 276, 324–25, 340, 343, 387–88
Aleppo and, 278–79
astronomers in, 261–62
celebrations of Selim’s ascension to the throne, 238
Hebrew printing press in, 175–76
Jews in, 173–76, 179
known as the Abode of Felicity (Dersaadet), 236
rebirth of, 29
Selim’s arrival in to take throne, 233–34
Selim’s circumcision festival in, 24–25
Selim’s journeys to, 37–39, 211–13, 220–23, 224–34, 226, 228, 236
Italian Wars, 373
Italy/Italian city-states, 11, 32, 42, 54, 56, 69, 150, 172. See also specific cities
Jaén, 118
Ja‘far Çelebi, 266
Jamestown, 387, 388, 396
Janissary Corps, 34–36, 79, 82–83, 132, 149, 206, 208, 220–23, 227, 274
after Selim’s death, 361
in Istanbul, 229, 231
Selim and, 198–202, 220–21, 228–34, 236, 238, 279–80, 326, 361
Java, 320
Jeddah, 315–16
Jerez, Rodrigo de, 127
Jerusalem, 10, 42, 86, 131, 315, 325, 375, 381, 386, 388, 390–91
campaign for, 283–85, 284, 296–98, 351
Christians in, 296, 298, 351–52
Church of the Holy Sepulchre in, 118
Columbus and, 90–91, 94–96, 102
Crusades and, 32, 46, 50, 54, 58, 90–91, 94–96, 102, 122, 124, 138
Jews in, 179, 296
Muslims in, 297–98
Selim in, 296–97
Jesuits, 162
Jesus, 91, 179
Jews, 165–82, 288, 370, 396
banished from Britain, 170
banished from France, 170
in Cairo, 179
European persecution of, 170
expulsion from Iberia, 337
expulsion from Spain, 55, 83, 125, 165–72, 165, 171, 271, 337
flight to North Africa, 171–72
flight to Ottoman Empire, 172–79