The Oxford Handbook of German Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century

by Michael N Forster

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Works Cited

  Ameriks, K. “The Legacy of Idealism in the Philosophy of Feuerbach, Marx, and Kierkegaard,” in The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism, ed. K. Ameriks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 258–81.

  Bauer, B. “Charakteristik Ludwig Feuerbachs,” in Wigands Vierteljahrschrift, v. 3 (1845), pp. 86–146.

  Bauer, B. Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte der Synoptiker, v. 1 (Leipzig: Otto Wigand, 1841).

  Bauer, B. Die Posaune des jüngsten Gerichts gegen Hegel den Atheisten und Antichristen: Ein Ultimatum (Leipzig: Otto Wigand, 1841).

  Bauer, B. Die Religion des Alten Testaments in der geschichtlichen Entwicklung ihrer Principien dargestellt, v. 1 (Berlin: F. Dümmler, 1838).

  Bauer, B. The Trumpet of the Last Judgment against Hegel the Atheist and Antichrist: An Ultimatum, tr. [of Posaune] L. Stepelevich (Lewiston, Lamepeter, and Queenston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1989).

  Feuerbach, L. Gesammelte Werke, v. 17, Briefwechsel I (1817–1839).

  Feuerbach, L. Gesammelte Werke, v. 18, Briefwechsel II (1840–1844).

  Feuerbach, L. “Zur Beurteilung der Schrift Das Wesen des Christentums,” in Gesammelte Werke, v. 9, Kleinere Schriften II (1839–1846), pp. 229–42.

  Feuerbach, L. The Essence of Christianity, tr. [of Wesen des Chr.] G. Eliot (New York: Harper & Row, 1957).

  Feuerbach, L. Gesammelte Werke, ed. W. Schuffenhauer (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1967ff.).

  Feuerbach, L. (1970b) Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft, in Gesammelte Werke, v. 9, Kleinere Schriften II (1839–1846), pp. 264–341.

  Feuerbach, L. Vorläufige Thesen zur Reformation der Philosophie, in Gesammelte Werke, v. 9, Kleinere Schriften II (1839–1846), pp. 243–63.

  Feuerbach, L. (1973) Das Wesen des Christentums, Gesammelte Werke, v. 5.

  Feuerbach, L. Lectures on the Essence of Religion, tr. [of Vorlesungen] R. Mannheim (New York: Harper & Row, 1967).

  Feuerbach, L. Principles of the Philosophy of the Future, tr. [of Grundsätze] M. Vogel (Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett, 1986).

  Harvey, V. (1995) Feuerbach and the Interpretation of Religion, Cambridge Studies in Religion and Critical Thought, v. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

  Hegel, G. W. F. Phenomenology of Spirit, tr. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977).

  Hegel, G. W. F. Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, One-Volume Edition, The Lectures of 1927, ed. P. Hodgson, tr. R. F. Brown, P. C. Hodgson, and J. M. Stewart (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1988).

  Jacobi, F. H. The Main Philosophical Writings and the Novel Allwill, tr. G. di Giovanni (Montreal, Kingston, London, and Buffalo: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994).

  Pepperle, H. and I. (eds.) Die Hegelsche Linke: Dokumente zu Philosophie und Politik im deutschen Vormärz (Frankfurt: Röderberg, 1986).

  Schopenhauer, Arthur (1977a) Parerga und Paralipomena: kleine philosophische Schriften, 2 vols. In Hübscher, A. (ed.), Zürcher Ausgabe: Werke in zehn Bänden, 3rd ed., vols. 7–10 (Zürich: Diogenes).

  Schopenhauer, Arthur (1977b) Ueber die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde, in Hübscher, A. (ed.), Zürcher Ausgabe: Werke in zehn Bänden, 3rd ed., vol. 5 (Zürich, Diogenes).

  Schopenhauer, Arthur (1977c) Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, in Hübscher, A. (ed.), Zürcher Ausgabe: Werke in zehn Bänden, 3rd ed., vols. 1–4 (Zürich, Diogenes).

  Schopenhauer, Arthur (1974a) On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Tr. E. F. J. Payne. Intro. Richard Taylor (La Salle, Illinois: Open Court).

  Schopenhauer, Arthur (1974b) Parerga and Parapilomena: Short Philosophical Essays, 2 vols. Tr. E. F. J. Payne (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

  de Spinoza, Benedict. Theological-Political Treatise, ed. J. Israel, tr. M. Silberthorne and J. Israel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

  Strauss, D. F. Streitschriften zur Verteidigung meiner Schrift über das Leben Jesu und zur Charakteristik der gegenwärtigen Theologie, v. 1 (Tübingen: E. F. Osiander, 1837).

  Strauss, D. F. (1983) In Defense of My Life of Jesus against the Hegelians, ed. and tr. [of part of Streitschriften] M. Chapin Massey (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1983).

  Selected Bibliography

  Braun, H.-J. (1972). Die Religionsphilosophie Ludwig Feuerbachs: Kritik und Annahme des Religiösen (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: F. Frommann).

  Frei, H. (1985). “David Friedrich Strauss,” in Nineteenth Century Religious Thought in the West, vol. 3, ed. N. Smart, J. Clayton, S. Katz, and P. Sherry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

  Jaeschke, W. (1990). Reason in Religion: The Foundations of Hegel’s Philosophy of Religion (Berkeley: University of California Press).

  Kodalle, K.-M. and T. Reitz (eds.) (2010). Bruno Bauer (1809–1882): ein “Partisan des Weltgeistes”? (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann).

  Lubac, H. D. (1995). The Drama of Atheist Humanism (San Francisco: Ignatius Press).

  Massey, Marilyn Chapin (1983). Christ Unmasked: The Meaning of the Life of Jesus in German Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).

  McLellan, David (1987). Marxism and Religion: A Description and Assessment of the Marxist Critique of Christianity (New York: Harper & Row).

  Moggach, D. (ed.) (2011). Politics, Religion, and Art: Hegelian Debates (Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press).

  Newman, S. (ed.) (2011). Max Stirner (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

  Post, Werner (1969). Kritik der Religion bei Karl Marx (Munich: Kösel).

  Reginster, B. (2006). The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press).

  Reinalter, H. (2010). Die Junghegelianer: Aufklärung, Literatur, Religionskritik und politisches Denken (Frankfurt am Main: Lang).

  Toews, J. E. (1980). Hegelianism: The Path toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805–1841 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

  * * *

  1 For helpful analyses of these developments, see C. Fabro, God in Exile: Modern Atheism, tr. A. Gibson (Westminster, Md.: Newman Press, 1968), esp. 489–745; K. Löwith, From Hegel to Nietzsche: The Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Thought, tr. D. E. Green (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964); H. de Lubac, The Drama of Atheist Humanism, tr. M. Riley, A. E. Nash and M. Sebanc (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1995); and F. Mauthner, Der Atheismus und seine Geschichte im Abendlande, v. 4 (Stuttgart/Berlin: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1923).

  2 L. Feuerbach, Principles of the Philosophy of the Future, tr. M. Vogel (Indianapolis/ Cambridge: Hackett, 1986), 34. Throughout this chapter I have tried to cite the most readily available English translations of the texts under consideration. In some cases I have either preferred or been required to provide my own translations. I have used the “=” symbol to indicate parallel passages in German and English versions of the same texts.

  3 G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, One-Volume Edition, The Lectures of 1827, ed. P. C. Hodgson, tr. R. F. Brown, P. C. Hodgson, and J. M. Stewart (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1988), 389–489.

  4 For a masterful overview of Hegel’s philosophy of religion and some of the disputes surrounding it, see W. Jaeschke, Reason in Religion: The Foundations of Hegel’s Philosophy of Religion, tr. J. M. Stewart and P. Hodgson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).

  5 Part of the historical importance of this book is due to the fact that, after being translated into English by George Eliot, it introduced a generation of Anglophone readers to what came to be called “the German Higher Criticism.” One of the best short introductions to Strauss available in English is H. Frei, “David Friedrich Strauss,” in N. Smart, J. Clayton, S. Katz, and P. Sherry eds., Nineteenth Century Religious Thought in the West, vol. 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 215–60, which includes a bibliographical essay containing references to the relevant primary texts, available English translat
ions, and secondary works in German and English published prior to 1985.

  6 For an astute analysis of Strauss’s Hegelian context, see J. E. Toews, Hegelianism: The Path Toward Dialectical Humanism, 1805–1841 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), esp. 255–87.

  7 D. F. Strauss, The Life of Jesus Critically Examined, ed. P. C. Hodgson, tr. G. Eliot (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1972), 777.

  8 D. F. Strauss, In Defense of my Life of Jesus Against the Hegelians, ed. and tr. M. Chapin Massey (Hamden, CT: Archon, 1983), 40.

  9 Strauss, In Defense of my Life of Jesus Against the Hegelians, 27.

  10 For a defense of Strauss’s Hegelian credentials, see M. Chapin Massey, “David Friedrich Strauss and His Hegelian Critics,” The Journal of Religion 57:4 (1977), 341–62.

  11 Analyses of the interrelation and evolution of Young Hegelian critiques of religion and of the state are to be found in W. Breckman, Marx, the Young Hegelians, and the Origins of Radical Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), D. Moggach, The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), and H. Reinalter, Die Junghegelianer: Aufklärung, Literatur, Religionskritik und politisches Denken (Frankfurt and New York: P. Lang, 2010).

  12 For general introductions to Feuerbach’s thought, see M. Wartofsky, Feuerbach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977) and C. Weckwerth, Ludwig Feuerbach zur Einführung (Hamburg: Junius, 2002).

  13 L. Feuerbach, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 17, Briefwechsel I (1817–1839), 105, 107.

  14 F. H. Jacobi, The Main Philosophical Writings and the Novel Allwill, tr. G. di Giovanni (Montreal & Kingston, London and Buffalo: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994), 187. Cf. T. Gooch, “‘Bruno Reincarnate’: The Early Feuerbach on God, Love, and Death,” Journal for the History of Modern Theology 20:1 (2013), 21–43.

  15 L. Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 5, 3.

  16 L. Feuerbach, Lectures on the Essence of Religion, tr. R. Mannheim (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 9; cf. Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums, 10–11.

  17 B. de Spinoza, Theological-Political Treatise, ed. J. Israel, tr. M. Silverthorne and J. Israel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 63.

  18 Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums, 89 = L. Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity, tr. G. Eliot (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), 44.

  19 Feuerbach, Wesen des Christentums, 62 = Essence of Christianity, 25.

  20 Feuerbach, Wesen des Christentums, 106 = Essence of Christianity, 51.

  21 Feuerbach, Wesen des Christentums, 102 = Essence of Christianity, 50.

  22 Feuerbach, Wesen des Christentums, 102 = Essence of Christianity, 50.

  23 Feuerbach, Wesen des Christentums, 75.

  24 Feuerbach, Wesen des Christentums, 316.

  25 In the second edition of The Essence of Christianity (1843) Feuerbach renamed the two parts of his book “The True or Anthropological Essence of Religion” and “The False or Theological Essence of Religion,” respectively. Eliot’s translation is based in this edition.

  26 L. Feuerbach, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 18, Briefwechsel II (1840–1844), 164.

  27 Here Feuerbach follows Hegel. Cf. G. W. F. Hegel, The Encyclopedia Logic, tr. T. F. Geraets, W. A. Suchting, and H. S. Harris (Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett, 1991), 56–63 (Enc. § 24).

  28 Feuerbach, Wesen des Christentums, 31 = Essence of Christianity, 3.

  29 Feuerbach makes this point most explicitly in an unpublished draft of the foreword to The Essence of Christianity, which is quoted at length in C. Ascheri, Feuerbachs Bruch mit der Spekulation; Einleitung zur kritischen Ausgabe von Feuerbach: Notwendigkeit einer Veränderung (1842) (Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1969), esp. 20.

  30 K. Ameriks, “The Legacy of Idealism in the Philosophy of Feuerbach, Marx, and Kierkegaard,” in The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism, ed. K. Ameriks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 259.

  31 G. W. F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, tr. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 14.

  32 L. Feuerbach, “Vorläufige Thesen zur Reformation der Philosophie,” in Gesammelte Werke, vol. 9, Kleinere Schriften II (1839–1846), 246–7.

  33 Spinoza, Theological-Political Treatise, 184.

  34 L. Feuerbach, “Zur Beurteilung der Schrift Das Wesen des Christentums,” in Gesammelte Werke, vol. 9, Kleinere Schriften II (1839–1846), 230.

  35 Cf. Feuerbach’s preface to the second edition (1843) of The Essence of Christianity, where he specifically mentions Jacobi and Schleiermacher, and remarks that “whoever is unfamiliar with the historical presuppositions and stages of mediation of my book lacks the [necessary] points of access to my arguments and thoughts” (Feuerbach, Wesen des Christentums, 24 = Essence of Christianity, xliii).

  36 Cf. V. Harvey, Feuerbach and the Interpretation of Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), esp. 54–62, 134–228, where Harvey distinguishes, and defends the superiority of, the theory of religion contained in Feuerbach’s later writings from the one presented in The Essence of Christianity.

  37 L. Feuerbach, Lectures on the Essence of Religion, 21.

  38 L. Feuerbach, Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft, in Gesammelte Werke, vol. 9, Kleinere Schriften II (1839–1846), 340, 264 = Principles, 73, 3.

  39 L. Feuerbach, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 18, Briefwechsel II (1840–1844), 376.

  40 The best introduction to Bauer’s thought is the monograph by Moggach cited in footnote 11, though Moggach considers Bauer primarily as a political theorist. A number of recent essays on Bauer’s theorizing about religion are included in K.-M. Kodalle and T. Reitz eds., Bruno Bauer (1809–1882): Ein “Partisan des Weltgeistes”? (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2010), esp. 29–130. See also Toews, Hegelianism, 288–326.

  41 The criteria first proposed by Strauss for distinguishing among Right, Left, and Center Hegelians did not have directly to do with political differences, but only with differences concerning the extent to which it might be possible to establish by philosophical means the actual historical occurrence of events described in the New Testament. Cf. Strauss, Defense, 43–60. The long-standing tendency to assign various Hegelians either to the Right or to the Left has tended to inhibit appreciation of the range of positions on a number of distinct, though interrelated, issues found in their writings. Cf. J. Stewart, “Hegel’s Philosophy of Religion and the Question of ‘Right’ and ‘Left’ Hegelianism,” in D. Moggach ed., Politics, Religion, and Art: Hegelian Debates (Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 2011), 66–95.

  42 While some commentators have questioned whether Bauer ever considered himself an apologist for Christianity, he admits as much when he writes in 1842 that, by the time he had published his open letters to Hengstenberg in 1839 he had already “broken with the sophistry of the apologetic standpoint.” B. Bauer, Die gute Sache der Freiheit und meine eigene Angelegenheit (1842), in H. and I. Pepperle eds., Die Hegelsche Linke: Dokumente zu Philosophie und Politik im deutschen Vormärz (Frankfurt: Röderberg, 1986), 492.

  43 B. Bauer, Die Religion des Alten Testaments in der geschichtlichen Entwicklung ihrer Principien dargestellt, vol. 1 (Berlin: F. Dümmler, 1838), xxii.

  44 Cf. B. Bauer, Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte der Synoptiker, vol. 1 (Leipzig: Otto Wigand, 1841), vii–viii.

  45 H. Leo, Die Hegelingen: Actenstücke und Belege zu der s. g. Denunciation der ewigen Wahrheit, 2nd expanded ed. (Halle: Eduard Anton, 1839).

  46 B. Bauer (1841), Die Posaune des jüngsten Gerichts gegen Hegel den Atheisten und Antichristen: Ein Ultimatum (Leipzig: Otto Wigand, 1841), 6 = B. Bauer, The Trumpet of the Last Judgment against Hegel the Atheist and Antichrist: An Ultimatum, tr. L. Stepelevich (Lewiston, Lamepeter, and Queenston: E. Mellen Press, 1989), 60.

  47 Bauer, Posaune, 48 = Trumpet, 97.

  48 Bauer, Posaune, 6 = Trumpet, 60.

  49 Bauer, Posaune, 77 = Trumpet, 122.

  50 B. Bauer, “Charakteristik Ludw
ig Feuerbachs,” Wigands Vierteljahrsschrift, v. 3, 109, 110.

  51 On Marx’s relation to Bauer, see Z. Rosen, Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx: The Influence of Bruno Bauer on Marx’s Thought (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1977).

  52 K. Marx, Early Texts, ed. and tr. D. McLellan (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1971), 13.

  53 De Lubac (Drama of Atheist Humanism, 41) cites these words as occurring in a letter written by Marx “to Hartmann,” referring presumably to Lev Hartmann (1850–1913), a Russian radical with whom Marx became personally acquainted in London in 1881. There is, however, no letter from Marx to Hartmann to be found in the standard German and English editions of the letters of Marx and Engels.