A History of the Muslim World to 1405
Page 57
Saray, 195, 263
Sasanian Empire, 4, 8–16, 19, 38–41, 47–49, 52–54, 237, 241
sawm, 82
al-Sayyida Nafisa, 309
al-Sayyida Zaynab, 309
science, 128–130, 200, 222, 291–292, 295–297
Sevener Shi‘ites. See Isma‘ilis.
Seville, 102, 167, 187, 297
Sfax, 163
al-Shafi‘i, Muhammad ibn Idris, 118–119
Shafi‘i madhhab, 119–121, 206, 304
shahada, 81
Shah-nameh, 146–147, 240–241
al-Shahrastani, 204
Shajar al-Durr, 181
shari‘a, 119–122, 219–220, 231, 233, 235, 237–239, 241, 246, 254–255, 302–305
shaykh, role of, 207, 310, 314
shi‘a, 65, 68
Shi‘ism, 46, 65–80, 83, 120, 214–219, 249, 305–306
Shiraz, 14, 93, 143, 150, 246, 299
shirk, 24
Shirkuh, 179
Sibawayh, 88
Sicily, 87, 96, 107, 162–165
Siffin, Battle of, 65
Sijilmasa, 95–96, 98, 106, 155, 165, 241
Silk Road, 108–109, 257
silsila, 207, 223, 314
Sind, 44, 57–58, 79, 110
Siraf, 110
slavery, 29, 59, 90, 92, 97, 106, 121, 238–239, 270
Soghut, 280
Sohar, 110
Somnath, 146
Song of Roland, 100
Sous, 97, 183, 186
Sufism, 123–127, 205–214, 294, 299, 307–316
al-Suhrawardi, Abu al-Najib, 207–208
al-Suhrawardi al-Maqtul, Shihab al-Din Yahya, 211
al-Suhrawardi, ‘Umar, 207
al-Sulayhi, al-Sayyida al-Hurra, 161, 217
Sultaniya, 267
sunna, 80, 116–117
Sunnism, 80–84, 122
Syriac language, 10, 14, 128–129, 132
Syrian Orthodox (Monophysite) Church, 9, 128
al-Tabari, 88
Tabriz, 197, 265–266
Tahart, 96–98, 106, 165
Tangier, 101, 301
taqiya, 76, 193
taqlid, 294, 304–305
tariqa, 206–207, 309
Tarmashirin, 268, 275, 283
Tarsus, 144, 233–234
Tatars, 261
al-Tayyib, 217
Tayyibis, 217
tekke, 206
Thabit ibn Qurra, 129
Timur Lang, 260, 264, 267–268, 283–287, 298–299
Tinmal, 185
al-Tirmidhi, 211
Tlemcen, 96–98, 165
Toledo, 101–103, 105, 167–169, 224
Toqtamish, 264, 269, 283
Tours, Battle of, 58
Trebizon, 111, 278
tribalism, 18, 25, 30–31, 50, 56
Trinity, Christian doctrine of, 29–30
Tripoli, 41, 97–98, 106, 163, 185
Tripolitania, 186
Tughril (d. 1063), 148, 150–151, 253
Tughril (d. 1194), 190
Tunis, 163, 165, 185, 297
Turkish language, 145;
poetry and prose, 148
Turkmen, 149–150, 152–153, 161, 173, 191, 194, 234–236, 314
Turks, incursions into southwestern Asia, 144–151
Tus, 77, 201–202, 205
Twelver Shi‘ites, 76–78, 93, 143, 150, 214–215, 218–219, 305, 308, 315
Ubulla, 109
Uhud, Battle of, 26, 29, 51
Uighurs, 268
Uljaytu, 267
‘Umar II, 55–56, 59, 70, 249
‘Umar ibn al-Khattab, 28, 34, 37–38, 46–47, 49, 63, 67, 83
‘Umar Khayyam, 201
Umayyads of Cordoba, 98–104, 166–167
Umayyads of Damascus, 39–72, 74–75, 115, 123, 230, 239, 248
Urban II, 174
‘Uthman al-‘Amri, 77
‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan, 38, 46, 63–64, 83
Uzbeg, 264, 301
Valencia, 101, 185, 187, 232, 245
Venice, 176, 231, 271–272
Visigoths, 42
wali. See saint.
waqf, 220, 244
Wasit, 56
women, status and roles, 50–52, 120–122, 223, 309;
as rulers, 161, 181, 217
Yarmuk, Battle of, 37
Yasavi, Ahmad, 314
Yazdagird, 37–39
Yazid ibn Mu‘awiya, 68
zahir, 78, 217
zakat, 81
Zanj revolt, 92, 111
Zaragoza, 100, 167, 169, 232
zawiya, 206, 310, 312
Zayd ibn ‘Ali ibn Husayn, 74
Zaydism, 74–75, 93, 97
Zengi, ‘Imad al-Din, 178
Zengi, Nur al-Din, 178–179
Zirids, 155, 162–165, 167–168
Zoroastrianism, 12–13, 43, 48, 300
The Dome of the Rock mosque in Jerusalem, built by the caliph ’Abd al-Malik (685–705). Its style was influenced by Byzantine architectural models.
The Ibn Tulun mosque in Cairo, completed in 877 by the Abbasid-appointed governor to Egypt after whom it is named. It was influenced by Iraqi architectural models.
The mud wall around old Sana’a. In arid climates, both buildings and city walls could be kept in good repair even when made of mud.
A residential street in old Tunis, illustrating the emphasis on privacy to be found through-out most of the Dar al-Islam.
The walls of the citadel at Cairo. Saladin began their construction, using the labor of Crusader prisoners of war.
The ribat at Monastir. It was founded in the late eighth century, but the Aghlabids and Fatimids expanded it.
The interior of the Great Mosque at Cordoba, constructed between 784 and 987.
The Great Mosque at Qayrawan, constructed between 836 and 875.
People washing in fountain in courtyard in Kairaouine Mosque in Fes el-Bali Old Fes in the capital city of Fez Morocco Africa.
Shah or Imam Mosque in Imam Square in Esfahan Iran.
The Samanid dynastic tomb in Bukhara, tenth century. The Samanids were known for their fine decorative brickwork, and the tomb exhibits their skill on both the exterior and interior walls.
The gate to the Udaya Qasaba (“casbah,” or citadel-palace complex), an Almohad monument in Rabat. It was built at the end of the twelfth century.
The stucco vault over the mihrab bay in the Great Mosque, Tlemcen, Algeria. It was built during the reign of the Almoravid ruler ‘Ali ibn Yusuf, and was completed in 1136.
The tomb of the Il-khan ruler Uljaytu (1304–1317), in Sultaniya.
Cairo’s Sultan Hasan madrasa-tomb-mosque complex (on the left), constructed 1356–1363. Elements of this Mamluke monument’s style appear to be due to the influence of architects who fled Iran after the collapse of the Il-khan regime, some two decades earlier.
Tamerlane Tomb Guri Amir Mausoleum in Samarkand Uzbekistan.