The Founders at Home: The Building of America, 1735-1817
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Brooklyn, N.Y., 135–37, 139, 145
Buckley, William F., 380
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de, 306–8, 381
Bulge, Battle of, 155
Bull Run, Second Battle of, 89
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 71, 128, 130, 131, 134, 175, 227
Burgoyne, John, 128, 152
Burke, Edmund, 57, 109, 120, 207, 278, 288, 319
Burlington, Lord, 318
Burr, Aaron:
Hamilton’s duel with, 293–96
Madison and, 368–69, 370
as vice president, 382
Bute, Lord, 223
Butler, Pierce, 182
Cadwalader, John, 137, 147, 149, 154
Calhoun, John C., 365, 390
Callender, James, 291–92, 363–64
Camden, S.C., 154
Canada, 256, 257, 391–92
in War of 1812, 391–93
canals, 84
Canning, George, 388
Cannons of Etiquette, 379
Caribbean, 87, 167
Carter, Robert “King,” 54
Cary & Co., 121–22
casualties:
American, 128, 147, 149, 151, 173–74, 397
British, 71, 128, 147, 149, 151, 152, 165, 169, 397
in French and Indian War, 103, 106
of illness, 155
Catholic Church, 5, 220, 233, 327
Cato (Addison), 21, 128, 133, 156
Cato’s Letters (J. Trenchard and T. Gordon), 23, 25, 30, 355
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 89
Chantilly plantation, 61, 66, 79, 81
chaplains, 326
Charles I, king of England, 26, 36
Charles II, king of England, 18
Charleston, S.C., 138, 164, 166, 170, 172, 198
Charlestown, Mass., 141
Charlottesville, Va., 303, 313, 399
checks and balances, 9, 21, 46, 183, 251, 277, 279, 349, 356
Chernow, Ron, 129, 272
Cherokees, 377
Cherry Street presidential mansion, 189
Chesapeake, 380, 389
Chesapeake Bay, 50, 58, 151, 167–68
childhood, colonial, 58, 68
Chiswick House, 318
circuit court, 254–55, 261, 262
Circular Letter from Congress to Their Constituents (J. Jay), 233–34
City Tavern, 182
Civil War, 62, 89, 165, 173, 287, 320, 322, 353, 402
Clay, Henry, 369, 389, 396
Clingman, Jacob, 291
Clinton, George, 252, 289
Clinton, Sir Henry, 128, 157–58, 164, 166, 168
Cockburn, George, 394–95
Coercive Acts (1774), 70
Coke, Edward, 8, 22, 26
Colden, Cadwallader, 39–43, 223
Coleman, William, 293–94
Coles, Edward, 367
colonization, 5–8, 52
hazards and hardships of, 51–53
independent spirit of, 11
Columbia College, see King’s College
Committee for Detecting Conspiracies, 229
Committees of Correspondence, 46, 68–69, 123
Congress, U.S., 203, 205, 254, 351, 382, 388–89, 393
powers of, 162, 179–80, 190, 234, 249, 286, 332–33, 359–60
Republican control of, 375, 389, 391
Connecticut, 71, 227, 255, 388
“Connotaucarious” (Town Taker), 100
constitution, British, 26–27, 36, 74, 124, 276–77
Livingston’s explanation of, 41–42
monarchy’s threats to rights of, 39–43
Constitution, U.S., 9, 190, 226, 250, 341, 351, 398
altering of, 209, 311
debates over interpretation of, 362–66
drafting of, 9, 18, 27, 72, 278–80, 320
fine-tuning of, 80–81
Fourteenth Amendment to, 353
Madison as Father of, 13, 321
Madison vs. Hamilton on, 353–62
Montpelier metaphor for, 375
ratification of, 80, 183–84, 254, 279–81, 337
right to jury trial in, 24–27
signing of, 11, 47
Tenth Amendment to, 361
Washington’s view of, 183–84, 207
Constitution (Old Ironsides), 393
Constitutional Convention, 11, 80, 93, 178, 179–85, 192, 210, 250, 275–78, 320, 334–37, 359, 367
U.S. government framed at, 336–50
consumer revolution, eighteenth century, 58
Continental Association, 71
Continental Congress, 11, 43, 46, 48, 50, 70–72, 77, 84, 86, 160, 171–73, 175, 182, 219, 228, 233, 235–36, 241–42, 247, 275, 310, 315, 324, 328–30, 367–68
powers of, 332–33
Conway, Thomas, 152–54
Conway Cabal, 153
Cooper, James Fenimore, 228–30, 262
Cooper, Myles, 44, 278
Corbin, Hannah Lee, 43–44, 88
Corbin, Thomas, 53–54
Cornwallis, Lord, 141, 149–51, 158, 164–70, 240, 274
corruption, publications in exposing of, 30
Cosby, William, 24–25
Cosway, Maria, 303, 307, 316
cotton gin, 160
“counterfactual history,” 398–99
courts:
Constitutional role of, 280
as shield of liberty, 24–27, 29, 39–40
threat to judicial independence in, 40–42
“Cow-Boys,” 229, 230
Cowpens, Battle of, 165
credit, belief as central to, 283, 284–86
Creeks, 377, 397
Cromwell, Oliver, dictatorship of, 52, 113
Crosby, Enoch, 230
Cruger, Nicholas, 268–69, 281
Cumberland Island, Ga., 88
Cunningham-Forsey trial, 41, 42
Cupid (slave), 116
Custis, Betsy, 114
Custis, Jacky, 114
Custis, Nelly, 115, 191, 213, 214
Custis, Patsy, 114, 118
Deane, Silas, 71, 76–78, 156, 234–36, 329–30
Dearborn, Henry “Granny,” 392
Debating Society, 224
debt:
to Britain, 205, 249, 255, 256, 258, 259, 341
default on U.S. national, 391
in Hamilton’s financial vision, 283–84, 354–55
taxation to repay, 162, 163, 355
of war, 80, 192, 333, 354–55
Decatur, Stephen, 393
Declaration of Independence, 46, 51, 135, 255, 320, 401
signers of, 10, 11, 72, 335
writing of, 4, 72–73, 309, 310, 314, 363
Declaration of Rights, 222, 324–26
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms, 71–72
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Lafayette), 196–97, 319
de Grasse, Comte, 167–68
De Lancey, James, 24–26, 39–40
De Lancey family, 30, 32, 225
Delaware, 167
Delaware River, 141–42, 144, 147
Christmas Day crossing of, 144–45
Democratic-Republican Societies (Democratic Societies), 198, 199, 202–4, 209, 256, 258, 371, 379
depression, 180, 400
Dickinson, John, 46, 68–69, 226, 277, 349
Dictionary of American Biography, 269
Diderot, Denis, 335
Dinwiddie, Robert, 98–104, 107–8, 110
Discourses (A. Sidney), 21
Dissenters, 5–6, 33, 326
divine right of kings, 33, 36, 38
Dorchester Heights, 132
Duane, James, 275–76, 279
duels, 224, 293
du Pont, William, Sr., 374
Dutch, 98
in New York, 18, 20, 270–71, 275
Dutch Reformed Church, 19, 20, 29, 32, 270
dysentery, 105
East Indies, 259
economy:
belief as central
to, 283, 284, 328, 329, 354
colonial cash crunch in, 121–22
in colonization, 6–7
commerce in, 7, 93
crisis in, 327–29, 334, 354
depression in, 180
equality in, 7
illicit expansion of money supply in, 62
inclusiveness in, 12
inflation in, 62, 159–61, 328–29
money, 282–83
moral purpose of, 281–82
in Washington’s vision, 161–62
see also Hamilton, Alexander, financial vision of
education, as crucial to liberty, 207–8, 310
elective despotism, 326
Elizabeth River, 44, 48
Elizabethtown, N.J., 44
embargoes, 71, 387–89
emulation theory, 109–10, 123, 164, 201
Encyclopédie (D. Diderot), 335
Enforcement Act (1809), 388
Enlightenment:
end of in America, 381
influenced by, 298
Jefferson influenced by, 13, 278, 305–7, 308–10, 380
Madison influenced by, 322, 380
philosophy of, 3, 253
W. Livingston influenced by, 22
entertaining, 59–60, 79–80
by Dolley Madison, 382–86
epilepsy, 114, 322
Epilogue to the Satires (A. Pope), 30
Episcopal Church, 209, 310
Epistle to Arbuthnot (A. Pope), 20
“era of good feelings,” 398
Eutaw Springs, Battle of, 82
Exchequer Courts, nonjury trial by, 24
executive, limited powers of, 277
extended republic, 341
Fable of the Bees (B. Mandeville), 350
factions, majority, 340
Fairfax, Ann, 96
Fairfax, Baron, 97
Fairfax, George William, 96, 115
Fairfax, Lady, 54
Fairfax, Lord, 96, 98, 111
Fairfax, Sarah, 115
Fairfax, William, 96, 97
Fairfax Resolves, 124–25
Falmouth (later Portland, Maine), Mass., 141
Farewell Address (Washington):
to army, 174
after second presidential term, 207–11
Federal Hall, 254, 262
Federalist papers, 9, 33, 108, 183, 207, 250, 279–81, 335, 337, 338, 340, 342, 343, 348, 350, 354, 360, 390
Federalists, Federalism, 11, 163, 382, 384
in domestic policy, 162–63
end of, 293
in foreign policy, 163
in Jay’s political vision, 233–36
Republicans vs., 86–87, 196, 287–90, 362–63, 380, 381, 389
sovereignty of central government in, 234, 249–50, 276, 280, 286
strong confederation of states in, 234
in Washington’s political vision, 108, 162–63, 179–80
Fenno, John, 289
Ferry Farm, 94–95
First Continental Congress, 46, 70, 125, 222
Fischer, David Hackett, 269
Flexner, James Thomas, 93
Florida, 391
Floridablanca, Count of, 239, 243
Floyd, Catherine “Kitty,” 368
Floyd, William, 368
Flushing Remonstrance, 270
formidable military reputation of, 134
Fort Dearborn, 392
Fort Detroit, 391–92
Fort Duquesne, 102, 104, 110
Fort Lee, 135, 139–40, 142
Fort McHenry, 396
Fort Miamis, 256, 257
Fort Necessity, 103, 104, 105
Fort Oswego, 63
Fort Ticonderoga, 131–32
Fort Washington, 130, 135, 139–40, 142
Fort William Henry, 63
Founders:
character reflected in homes of, 13–14
Constitutional Convention as crowning moment for, 178
extraordinary character of, 10–11
Washington as indispensable to, 93–94
Fourteenth Amendment, 353
Fourteenth Massachusetts, 137, 138, 147
Fox, Charles James, 244
foxhunting, 97, 98, 115, 178
France, 5, 73, 86, 154, 189, 258, 361, 385
British hostilities with, 198, 204–5, 255–56, 378, 385–87
as colonies’ ally in American Revolution, 12, 46, 51, 75–77, 78, 95, 134, 151, 156, 162, 163–64, 166, 168–69, 199, 235–36, 248, 272, 274, 329–32
duplicitous diplomacy by, 241–49, 330–31
European war of, 198, 204
imperialistic goals of, 62–64, 98–108
Jay family’s roots in, 220
Jay’s secret diplomacy with, 235–36
philosophes of, 9
“Quasi-war” with, 362–63
Republican support for, 196, 199, 205, 211, 288, 319, 370–71, 379, 390, 399
and Spain, 237–40, 242
Franklin, Benjamin, 18, 25, 38–39, 58, 73, 94, 105, 116, 137, 144, 225, 308, 363
at Constitutional Convention, 336–37
daughter of, 109
and France, 76–77, 157, 235, 239–40
political vision of, 108, 288–89
in Treaty of Paris negotiations, 242, 244
Franklin, William, 49
Fraunces, Black Sam, 174, 189
Frederick the Great, 150, 156
Freemasons, 209
free press, 38–39, 87, 353, 365
French and Indian War, 63, 93, 98–108, 110, 117, 120, 130, 134, 161, 173, 241
debt from, 121
French Revolution, 162, 189, 196–202, 309
American Revolution compared to, 3
excesses of, 196, 197–98, 201–2, 255–56, 288, 292, 319, 362, 370–71
Freneau, Philip, 194, 199, 289, 291, 358
frontier, 51, 57
British forts on, 204, 206, 255, 256, 258, 260
hardships of, 99–101
outlawed land sales on, 117
settlement of, 206
Treaty of Paris debate over, 243–46
as violent and uncivil, 381
Washington on, 97–100, 104, 111
Fulton, Robert, 224
fur trade, 18, 20, 51, 53, 121
Gage, Thomas, 130, 131, 223
Gallatin, Albert, 376, 378, 390, 391
gardens:
of Hamilton, 293
of W. Livingston, 44–47
Gaspée, 69
Gates, Horatio “Granny,” 152–54, 164–65, 172, 234–35
Gazette of the United States, 289
Genêt, Edmund, 198–202, 256, 257, 370
Gentleman’s Magazine, 102
George I, 134
George II, 8, 39, 63–64, 103
George III, 77, 152, 171, 175, 235, 244–46, 257, 309, 314
constitutional violations of, 4, 8, 46, 64–65, 65, 70, 71, 74, 224
Gérard, Conrad, 236–37, 242
Germain, George, 134
Germany, 5, 6, 30, 63
Palatine refugees from, 19–20, 24
Gerry, Elbridge, 384
Gettysburg, Battle of, 89, 320, 398
Glorious Revolution (1688), 8, 26, 33, 53
Glover, John, 137, 138, 145, 147
Gordon, Thomas, 23, 30, 41, 44, 355
government, British:
as foundation of American government, 4, 8
limits on power of, 35–36
government, U.S.:
cosmic metaphor for, 349–50
establishment of, 336–50, 351
Federalist vs. Republican view of, 286–90
limitations of, 9
reduction of powers of, 385
Washington’s pragmatic vision for, 93
see also Constitution, U.S.; Constitutional Convention
government bonds, 285, 355–56
Gracie Mansion, 298
Graham, Catharine Macaulay, 187, 189
Grand Banks fishery, 238
/> Grant, Ulysses S., 89
Great Awakening, 22
Great Compromise, 336, 345–47, 355
Great Depression, 81
Great Lakes, 256, 393, 396–97
Great Meadows (later Uniontown), Pa., 102
Greenberg, Allan, 120
Greene, Nathanael, 81, 82–83, 114, 139, 142, 161, 165, 166
daughter of, 88
Green Mountain Boys, 131
Greensboro, N.C., 165
Grenville, Lord, 258
Griswold, Roger, 381
guerrilla tactics, 71, 229, 272
British misunderstanding of, 105–6
Guerrière, 393
Guilford Court House, Battle of, 82, 165, 166
Gunston Hall, 120
“Hail to the Chief,” 384
Haiti, slave revolt in, 361
Hale, Nathan, 321
Half King, 99–101, 102
Hamilton, 281
Hamilton, Alexander, 186, 198, 201, 203, 248
and the American dream, 266–300
in American Revolution, 150, 154, 161, 169, 172, 272–75
brilliant intellect of, 272, 274, 275
Burr’s duel with, 293–96
childhood hardships of, 267
children of, 293
on Constitution, 279–81
and Constitutional Convention, 181, 183, 334
in Continental Congress, 276
corruption charges against, 291–93
death of, 264–65, 296
dinner deal with Jefferson and Madison, 284
early economic propensity of, 268–69, 272
family background of, 266–68
Federalist views of, 275, 362–63
financial vision of, 12, 48, 77, 80, 162, 192–193, 202, 206, 259, 281–87, 353–62; see also national bank
Harlem villa of, see Hamilton Grange
on human failings, 9
illegitimacy of, 12, 266–68, 273, 294
Jefferson vs., 192–95, 200, 261, 286–87, 289, 291, 318–19, 354–62, 399
law career of, 275–76, 293–94
Madison vs., 192, 286–87, 289, 293, 333, 353–62, 375, 399
mother of, 266–67, 290
in New York, 268, 269, 293, 296
political career of, 281–94
political vision of, 179, 275, 276–79
in quest for glory, 273–74
republican criticism of, 193
scandals of, 290–92, 294, 299–300
sense of honor of, 294–95
slavery abhorred by, 287
as Treasury secretary, 12, 204, 281, 289, 290, 292, 353–54
and Washington, 12, 179, 186, 272–75, 300
and W. Livingston, 45
Hamilton, Andrew, 25–26
Hamilton, Angelica, 295, 298
Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler “Eliza,” 273, 276, 295, 300
Hamilton, James, 267
Hamilton, James, Jr., 267, 268
Hamilton, John, 268
Hamilton, Philip, 276
duel of, 294–95
Hamilton Grange, 293, 296–98, 297, 299
Hancock, John, 131, 133