by Myron Magnet
Hanson, Alexander, 86–87
Harlem Heights, Battle of, 138, 143
Harrington, James, 21
Harrison, Benjamin, 95
Hartley, David, 148
Harvard, 17, 66, 380
Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 56
headrights, 52
Heights of Guana (Gowanus Heights), 136, 151
Hellfire Club, 74
Hemings, Betty, 316, 317
Hemings, Madison, 316
Hemings, Sally, 292, 303, 315–17
Henny (slave), 83
Henry, Patrick, 9, 70, 72, 76, 78, 79, 125, 225–26, 230, 255, 277, 324–25, 327–28, 337, 347, 351, 366
Hessians, 139–41, 144–46, 148
Hitler, Adolf, 398
Hobbes, Thomas, 35, 230
Holocaust, 6
Horsmanden, Daniel, 41
Hosack, David, 293
House, Mary, boardinghouse of, 367–68
House of Burgesses, 53, 60, 111, 123, 124, 314
House of Representatives, U.S., 81, 308, 342–44, 347, 381
Howe, Admiral Richard “Black Dick,” 131, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 151, 228
Howe, Sir William, 82, 131, 134–36, 139, 140–41, 143, 144, 151, 152, 154, 157, 227, 228
Hudson Valley, 263, 270, 293
American revolution in, 133, 139, 152, 160, 227, 229
colonization in, 18–20
tenant uprisings in, 43
Huguenots, 5, 32, 220, 221, 233, 248, 267
Hull, Isaac, 393
Hull, William, 391–92
human nature:
Buffon’s view of, 306–8
emulation theory of, 109–10
government and, 338–42
perfectability of, 9, 265, 307, 311
potential of, 282
weakness and failings of, 9, 35, 42–44, 184, 207, 228, 229–30, 250–51, 253, 278, 288, 327, 338–42, 381–82, 398
hurricanes, 269
Hutchinson, Thomas, 43
immigration, immigrants, 12, 24, 84, 86, 221, 290, 297
Hamilton as, 266–68, 278
impeachment, 277
implied powers, 286–87, 332–33, 359–60
impressment, of American sailors, 204, 256, 259
indentured servants, 52
Independent Reflector (W. Livingston), 18, 23, 29–39, 31, 42, 225, 326
Independent Whig (J. Trenchard and T. Gordon), 44
“Indian haloo,” 165, 169
Indians, 18, 20, 206
acquisition of lands from, 55, 117
as British allies, 157, 160, 204, 256–58
customs of, 332
in French and Indian War, 98–102, 105–6
hostile and violent, 52, 102, 107, 392
Jefferson’s view of, 306–7, 309
in military, 137
trade with, 51, 53
violence against, 53
Washington and, 97–102
individualism, American spirit of, 4–6
inflation, 62, 159–61, 286, 328–29, 334, 340, 358
information (legal device), 24, 26
Institutes (E. Coke), 22
Institutes of the Laws of England (E. Coke), 8
insurgency, theory of, 139–40, 154, 272
Intolerable Acts (1774), 123, 225
Irish, 86
ironworks, 20, 94
Iroquois, 18, 55
Irving, Washington, 383
Jack (slave), 116
Jackson, Andrew, 388, 397
Jackson, John G., 381
Jacobins, 201, 258, 288
“Jaco-Demo-Crats,” 371
James, Thomas, 43, 223
James II, 36, 262
Jamestown, Va., 52–53
Jay, Ann, 263
Jay, Anna Maria Bayard, 220
Jay, Augustus (formerly Auguste), 220, 225, 262
Jay, John, 5
antislavery stance of, 260
Bedford, N.Y. home of, 219–20, 261–64
birth of, 221
canny diplomacy of, 12, 204–6, 219–65, 331
children of, 239, 240, 254, 255, 262, 263
as conservative and cautious on independence, 225–27
in Continental Congress, 228, 233, 235
death of, 265
descendants of, 262–63
as distrustful, 234–36, 242–43
ethical dilemmas of, 230–33
family background of, 220–21, 262
financial status of, 238–39
as first chief justice, 12, 204, 219, 230–33, 254–55, 260–61
and five lessons on role of government, 233–36
intellect of, 221–22
as landowner, 264
law career of, 40, 221–22, 224, 225
London peace mission of, 256–60
marriage of, 45–47, 225, 228
mementos of, 262–63
New York City home of, 154, 261
as New York governor, 260–61
physical appearance of, 221
political vision of, 233–36, 249–53, 279
pride of, 224
religion of, 252–53, 257, 263–65
retirement of, 219–20, 261–65
Rye home of, 221, 223, 228, 263
and secret diplomacy, 235–36, 242–43, 247
siblings of, 221, 229
Spanish diplomatic mission of, 236–40, 333–34
and spying, 228–33
and Treaty of Paris negotiations, 204, 240–49, 255, 256, 331
and U.S. foreign policy, 235–36
Washington admired by, 235
youth of, 221–22
Jay, Maria, 240, 263
Jay, Mary Van Cortlandt, 221
Jay, Peter, 47, 221, 223, 263
Jay, Peter Augustus, 263
Jay, Pierre, 220, 229
Jay, Sarah Louisa, 263
Jay, Sarah Van Brugh Livingston “Sally,” 45, 47, 225, 236–41, 248–49, 252–53, 254–55, 257
death of, 263, 264
Jay, William, 221, 228, 233, 235, 262, 263, 264
Jay Treaty, 12, 204–6, 256–60, 371
Jefferson, Martha Wayles, 303, 316–17
Jefferson, Polly, 316, 317
Jefferson, Thomas, 58, 99, 188, 197, 201, 243, 251, 294, 303–20, 334, 345, 352, 364
as ambivalent on slavery, 292, 313–17, 320, 348, 357
aristocracy eschewed by, 310, 318–19, 357, 377–80
artifacts collected by, 306–7
death of, 400, 401
Declaration of Independence authored by, 4, 72, 135, 309, 310, 314, 363, 401
in dinner deal, 284, 355
economic theory of, 180
on education, 310, 312
Enlightenment philosophy of, 13, 278, 308–11
family background of, 266
financial status of, 306, 400
and France, 9, 197, 235, 316, 318, 320, 334, 356, 378
Hamilton vs., 192–95, 200, 286, 289, 291, 293, 318–19
and Hemings, 292, 303, 315–17
home of, see Monticello
on human perfectability, 9
inauguration of, 377
intellectualism of, 306, 307–8, 312
as inventor, 308, 313
and Madison, 12–13, 313, 325, 328, 332, 356, 363, 368, 373, 375–77, 399–401
in Merry etiquette scandal, 377–79
philosophical conflict of, 304, 314, 320
political career of, 261, 308, 310, 312, 315, 318
political vision of, 308–11, 318–20, 326
on power of monarchy, 36
as president, 261, 312, 316, 327, 361, 365, 375–82, 386–88
Republicanism of, 193, 196, 199–200, 286–87, 293, 310, 356, 362–63, 377
“Revolution of 1800” of, 375, 384–85, 390
rural sentimentality of, 357
as secretary of state, 289
as vice president, 308, 362
Washington’s rift with, 193–94, 206, 209
Jennings, Paul, 321–22, 4
01–2
Jews, 328–29
American, 5–6
in colonies, 32
persecution of, 220, 233
religious freedom for, 208, 270
Johnson, Doctor, 288
Johnson, Samuel, 73
Judge, Oney, 214–15
Jumonville, Sieur de, 102–4, 107
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 80
Katonah, Chief, 261
Kean, John, 48, 49
Kean University, 48
Kentucky Resolutions, 364, 365, 388
Key, Francis Scott, 396–97
Keynes, John Maynard, 321
Kidd, William, 19
King, Rufus, 263–64
King’s College (later Columbia), 138, 221, 232, 269, 276
religious rights battle over, 32–34, 44
Kissam, Benjamin, 221–22
Knox, Henry, 131–32, 139, 146, 150, 174, 181, 187, 199
Lafayette, Marquis de, 114, 155, 158, 161, 167, 171, 176, 178, 182, 184, 213, 241, 273, 290, 319, 331–32
in French Revolution, 196–98
son of, 197–98
Lafitte, Jean, 397
Lake Champlain, 131, 394
Lake Erie, 84, 99
Lamballe, Princess de, 197
Lancaster, Treaty of (1744), 55
Land Ordinance (1785), 80
La Petite Démocrate, 199
La Rouchefoucauld, 109
Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 371, 383
Laurens, Henry, 153, 161
Laurens, John, 161, 273
Lear, Tobias, 213, 217
Lee, Anne Aylett, 60, 67
Lee, Anne Pinkard, 67–68
Lee, Ann Hill Carter, 85, 86, 87–88
Lee, Ann McCarty, 88
Lee, Arthur, 51, 60, 67, 70, 234, 329–30
expatriot promotion of American Revolution by, 73–78, 156, 235
Lee, Billy, 115, 215–16
Lee, Charles, 78, 133–35, 138, 142, 144, 158
Lee, “Divine Matilda,” 83, 85, 86
Lee, Eliza Collins, 370
Lee, Francis Lightfoot “Frank,” 52, 70, 72, 78
Lee, Hannah Ludwell, 55, 56, 58, 59
Lee, Henry, III “Light Horse Harry,” 51, 81–89, 203, 370
as arrogant and resentful, 82
in Baltimore riot, 86–87
children of, 85, 86, 87–88
death of, 88
financial ruin of, 84–86, 88
marriages of, 83, 85
political career of, 84
Revolutionary War memoirs of, 86
as war hero, 81–82, 84, 86, 87
Lee, Henry, IV, 86
sexual scandal of, 88–89
Lee, Ludwell, 79
Lee, Philip “Colonel Phil,” 58–60, 61, 66, 71, 76, 83, 88
Lee, Richard, 51–53, 57
Lee, Richard, Jr. “the Scholar,” 52–53, 80
Lee, Richard Bland, 370
Lee, Richard Henry “R.H.,” 43–44, 50, 60, 75, 81, 153, 277, 326
as actual first president of U.S., 79
children of, 60, 67–68, 79
in Continental Congress, 77
death of, 81
disfigured hand of, 67, 81
financial hardship of, 66–68, 78–79
marriages of, 60, 67
passion for democracy of, 80
patriotic activism of, 66–72, 78–79
personal hardships of, 67–68
political career of, 61–62, 77, 78, 79–81
pugnacity of, 61–62, 64–66
Lee, Robert E., 51, 86, 89, 398
Lee, “Squire” Richard, 83
Lee, Thom, 79
Lee, Thomas (father), 53–60, 62, 84
Lee, Thomas (son), 61
Lee, William, 66, 67, 75, 76
Lee family, 11, 50–89
conservative radicalism of, 51, 53, 64–66, 73
genealogical tree of, 54
as landowners, 55, 59
rich and opulent lifestyle of, 56–61, 66, 79–80, 83
Stratford Hall home of, see Stratford Hall, Va.
Lee’s Legion, 81–82
Lenapes, 261
L’Enfant, Pierre, 254, 375
Leopard, 387
Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States (Hamilton), 292
Letter on Toleration (J. Locke), 21
“levees,” 188, 193
Levellers, 43
Lewis and Clark expedition, 306
Lexington and Concord, Battles of, 17, 71, 75, 125, 170, 226, 272, 278
libel, 32
seditious, 363
Zenger trial for, 24–27
liberty:
anarchy as threat to, 53, 198, 200
evolving vision of, 108
as limited goal of American Revolution, 4–5, 8–9
slavery and, 314
various interpretations of, 269–70
Washington on preservation of, 184–85, 207–11
Liberty Hall, 45–49, 45
Liberty Hall Museum, 48–49
“Liberty Song,” 73
libraries, 38–39, 55, 306
Library Company of Philadelphia, 38–39
Library of Congress, 306
torching of, 395
Limerick, Lord, 262
limited monarchy, 23–24, 33, 35–36
Lincoln, Abraham, 80, 315, 320, 398
Lincoln, Benjamin, 164, 186
Lingan, James, 87
Little Sarah, 199
Livingston, Catherine Van Brugh, 20
Livingston, Kitty, 46–47, 225, 263
Livingston, Philip, 20, 22
Livingston, Robert, 18–20, 28, 43
Livingston, Robert R. (father), 40, 222
Livingston, Robert R. (son), 224, 225, 247, 361
Livingston, Sarah, see Jay, Sarah Van Brugh Livingston
Livingston, Susan, 48
Livingston, Susanna French, 27–29, 48
Livingston, William, 5, 6, 10, 225, 324, 326
ancestry and background of, 18–20
and case for American Revolution, 17–49
as cautious on independence, 46, 49
children of, 28, 45, 47, 48, 49
death of, 47, 48
early years of, 20–22
egalitarianism of, 22–23, 28
on goal of education, 33
intellectualism of, 20–21, 22–23, 29
in justification for revolution, 34–40
as landowner, 44–48
law apprenticeship of, 22–27, 29
law career of, 29, 40, 45
Liberty Hall home of, see Liberty Hall
marriage of, 27–29
as N.J. governor, 27, 46–47, 225
poetry of, 28, 29, 45, 47
political radicalism of, 32
publications of, 11, 18, 29–39, 40, 41–42, 44, 225
on role of government, 34–35
Livingston Manor, 18–20, 43
Locke, John, philosophy of, 4, 7, 11, 18, 21, 34, 35, 70, 181, 306, 309, 318, 325, 338
London, Jay’s peace mission to, 256–60
London Magazine, 103
London Times, 393
Long Island, Battle of, 135–37
Louisbourg fortress, 63
Louisiana Purchase, 224, 306, 315, 361, 385
Louis XIV, 220
Louis XV, 75
Louis XVI, 162, 196, 197, 198, 255, 370
love of fame theory, see emulation theory
Loyalists, 140–41, 154, 165, 170, 227–29, 232
loyalty oath, 231–33
Luzerne, Chevalier de la, 196, 242, 330–31
Lyons, Matthew, 363–64, 381
Macedonian, 393
Machodoc Plantation, 52
Maclay, William, 191
Madison, Ambrose, 371
Madison, Dolley Payne Todd, 366, 367, 368–70, 373, 399–402
bravery of, 394–96
&
nbsp; charm and charisma of, 369, 378, 382–84
civilizing effect of, 381–84
death, funeral and burial of, 402
as First Lady and “Presidentess,” 382–86
poverty of, 401–2
Madison, James, 6, 7, 10, 18, 33, 51, 84, 85
aristocracy eschewed by, 357, 377–80
and Bill of Rights, 352–53
as childless, 401
and Constitutional Convention, 181–82, 193, 277, 279, 334–37, 367
at Continental Congress, 324, 367–68
death of, 321–22, 366, 401
dinner deal with Hamilton, 284
early years of, 322, 366–67
as farmer, 371, 399–401
as Father of the Constitution, 13, 337, 363
Federalist Papers of, 9, 33
financial setbacks of, 400–401
financial views of, 358–59
First Inaugural Address of, 388
and France, 331–32
frostbite of, 351
gravesite of, 402
Hamilton vs., 192, 286–87, 289, 293, 333, 353–62, 375, 399
home of, see Montpelier
on human nature, 338–42
ill health of, 322, 366
inadequate and incompetent leadership of, 375, 388–89, 390
inauguration of, 382, 388
incompetent cabinet of, 390–91
as ineffective President, 13
intellect of, 367
and Jefferson, 12–13, 313, 325, 328, 332, 356, 363, 368, 373, 375–77, 399–401
marriage of, 370
in Merry etiquette scandal, 377–79
parents of, 371, 373, 374
personal appearance and characteristics of, 366–67, 384, 388
political career of, 324, 327–33, 351–402
political theory of, 36, 179, 321–50, 398
as president, 172, 327, 373, 381–84, 388–99
Republicanism of, 196, 199, 203, 286–87, 293, 357, 362–63, 370–71, 377
retirement of, 371, 372, 398, 399–402
on rights of individuals, 324–27
rural sentimentality of, 357
as secretary of state, 12, 361, 375–82, 386
as slaveowner, 321, 348, 357, 400
in U.S. Congress, 351–71
U.S. government as framed by, 336–50
vacillating political views of, 348, 352, 380, 398
as vindicated by War of 1812, 398
Washington and, 179, 194, 205–6, 209, 344, 351–52
Washington’s rift with, 194, 204–5, 209
Madison, James, Sr., 371, 373, 375
“Mads, the,” 371
Magaw, Robert, 139
Magna Carta, 8, 26, 42, 318
Mahan, A. T., 63
Maison Carrée, 318
majority factions, 40
Mandeville, Bernard, 109, 349–50
manners, meaning of term, 21
Mansion House, 75
Marbury v. Madison, 280
Marshall, John, 255, 261, 280
Martinique, 237
Mary, 59
Mason, George, 4, 72, 76, 120, 122, 123, 124–25, 184, 337
