Stanley, Matthew. “Spectroscopy – So What?” Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 13 (2010): 105–111.
Stebbins, Joel. “The American Astronomical Society, 1897–1947.” PA 55 (1947): 404–413.
Stephens, Carlene E. “Partners in Time: William Bond & Son of Boston and the Harvard College Observatory.” Harvard Library Bulletin 35 (1987): 351–384.
———. “Astronomy as Public Utility: The Bond Years at the Harvard College Observatory.” JHA 21 (1990): 21–36.
Stokes, G. G. “On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault.” Philosophical Magazine, 4th Series 19 (1860): 193–197.
Stone, Edmund. “Address, Delivered by the president on Presenting the Gold Medal of the Society to Mr. Common.” MNRAS 44 (1884): 221–223.
Struve, Otto. “Fifty Years of Progress in Astronomy.” PA 51 (1943): 469–481.
———. “The Yerkes Observatory, 1897–1947.” PA 55 (1947a): 413–417.
———. “The Yerkes Observatory: Past, Present, and Future.” Science, New Series 106 (1947b): 217–220.
Struve, Otto, et al. “The Spectroscopic Binary Alpha Virginis (Spica).” ApJ 128 (1958): 310–327.
Struve, Otto, and Zebergs, Velta. Astronomy of the 20th Century. New York: Macmillan, 1962.
Sutton, M. A. “Spectroscopy, Historiography and Myth: The Victorians Vindicated.” History of Science 24 (1986): 425–431.
Taft, Robert. Photography and the American Scene: A Social History 1839–1889. New York: Dover Publications, 1964.
Talbot, William Henry Fox. “Some Experiments on Coloured Flames.” Edinburgh Journal of Science 5 (1826): 77–81.
Teichmann, Jürgen, and Stinner, Arthur. “From William Hyde Wollaston to Alexander von Humboldt—Star Spectra and Celestial Landscape.” Annals of Science 70 (2013): 2–34.
Tenn, Joseph S. “The Hugginses, the Drapers, and the Rise of Astrophysics.” Griffith Observer 50 (1986): 2–15.
———. “David Gill: The Third Bruce Medalist.” Mercury 19 (1990a): 84–85.
———. “Herman Carl Vogel: The Sixth Bruce Medalist.” Mercury 19 (1990b): 172–173, 191.
———. “William Huggins: The Fifth Bruce Medalist.” Mercury 19 (1990c): 148–149, 153.
———. “Edward Pickering: The Seventh Bruce Medalist.” Mercury 20 (1991): 26–27, 30.
———. “Edward Emerson Barnard: The Fourteenth Bruce Medalist.” Mercury 21 (1992a): 164–166.
———. “George Ellery Hale: The Thirteenth Bruce Medalist.” Mercury 21 (1992b): 94–96, 110.
———. “Wallace Campbell: The Twelfth Bruce Medalist.” Mercury 21 (1992c): 62–63, 75.
———. “Max Wolf: The Twenty-Fifth Bruce Medalist.” Mercury 23 (1994): 27–28.
Tobin, William. “Foucault’s Invention of the Silvered-Glass Reflecting Telescope and the History of his 80-cm Reflector at the Observatoire de Marseille.” Vistas in Astronomy 30 (1987): 153–184.
Tobin, William, and Holberg, J. B. “A Newly-Discovered Accurate Early Drawing of M51.” Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 11(2008): 107–115.
Todd, Mabel Loomis. Total Eclipses of the Sun. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1894.
Trimble, Virginia. “The 1920 Shapley–Curtis Discussion: Background, Issues, and Aftermath.” PASP 107(1995): 1133–1144.
Turner, H. H. “Andrew Ainslie Common.” Observatory 26 (1903): 304–308.
———. “Andrew Ainslie Common.” PRS 75 (1904): 313–318.
———. “Some Reflections Suggested by the Application of Photography to Astronomical Research.” PA 13 (1905): 72–82.
———. The Great Star Map. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1912.
———. “Sir William Henry Mahoney Christie.” Observatory 45 (1922): 77–81.
Turner, H. H., and Common, A. A. “Photographic Chart of the Heavens.” Observatory 11 (1888): 224–226; 333–334.
———. “Another Photographic Chart of the Heavens.” Observatory 12 (1889): 308–311.
Turner, H. H., and Hollis, H. P. “Notes: The Lick Observatory.” Observatory 20 (1897): 296, 299–300.
Urban, Sean E., and Corbin, Thomas E. “The Astrographic Catalogue: A Century of Work Pays Off.” S&T 95 (1998): 40–44.
Utzschneider, Joseph von. Kurzer Umriss der Lebens-Geschichte des Herrn Dr. Joseph von Fraunhofer. Munich, 1826.
van Helden, Albert. “Telescope Building, 1850–1900.” The General History of Astronomy, Vol. 4: Astrophysics and Twentieth-Century Astronomy to 1950, Part A. Gingerich, Owen, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
van Maanen, Adriaan. “Internal Motions in Spiral Nebulae.” ApJ 81 (1935): 336–337.
Vinter Hansen, Julie M. “Life and Work at the Lick Observatory.” PA 55 (1947): 186–197.
Vogel, Hermann C. “Determination of the Motions in the Line of Sight by Means of Photography.” MNRAS 50 (1890): 239–242.
———. “On the Spectroscopic Method of Determining the Velocity of Stars in the Line of Sight.” MNRAS 52 (1891): 87–96.
———. “List of the Proper Motions in the Line of Sight of Fifty-one Stars.” MNRAS 52 (1892): 541–543.
———. “On the Progress Made in the Last Decade in the Determination of Stellar Motions in the Line of Sight.” ApJ 11 (1900): 373–392.
———. “The Spectroscopic Binary Mizar.” ApJ 13 (1901): 324–328.
Vogel, Hermann W. “Astronomical Photography in America.” The Photographic News 15 (January 20, 1871): 31–32.
———. Vogel, Hermann W. The Chemistry of Light and Photography. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1875.
“War Once More on Mt. Hamilton: Holden and Hussey are at Loggerheads.” San Francisco Chronicle (May 22, 1897): 14.
Warburg, Emil. “Zur Erinnerung an Gustav Kirchhoff.” Die Naturwissenschaften 13 (1925): 205–212.
Warner, Brian. “Sir David Gill (1843–1914).” Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 49 (1994): 147–153.
Warner, Deborah Jean. “The American Photographical Society and the Early History of Astronomical Photography in America.” Photographic Science and Engineering 11 (1967): 342–347.
———. Alvan Clark & Sons: Artists in Optics. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968.
———. “Lewis M. Rutherfurd: Pioneer Astronomical Photographer and Spectroscopist.” Technology and Culture 12 (1971): 190–216.
———. “Astronomy in Antebellum America.” The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives. Reingold, Nathan, ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979.
Way, Michael. “Dismantling Hubble’s Legacy.” Origins of the Expanding Universe: 1912–1932, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series 471 (2013): 97–134.
Way, Michael, and Nussbaumer, Harry. “Lemaître’s Hubble Relationship.” Physics Today 64 (2011): 8.
Weaver, Harold. “The Development of Astronomical Photometry (Parts I–III).” PA 54 (1946): 211–230; 287–298; 339–350.
Webb, T. W. “Dr. Draper’s Telescope.” Intellectual Observer 7 (1865): 368–373.
Wells, David Ames, and Bliss, Jr., George. “Lunar Daguerreotypes.” Annual of Scientific Discovery (1850): 141–142.
Werge, John. The Evolution of Photography. London: Piper and Carter, 1890.
Whipple, John A. “Letter to the Editor.” Photographic Art-Journal (July 1853): 66.
Whiting, Sarah F. “Lady Huggins.” Science, New Series 41 (June 11, 1915): 853–855.
Whitney, Charles. The Discovery of our Galaxy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971.
———. “Henry Draper.” Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Gillespie, C. C., ed. New York: Scribner, 1972, 178–180.
Whittingdale, W. “Address on the Occasion of the Sir David Gill Centenary Celebration.” Monthly Notices of the Astronomical Society of South Africa 2 (1943): 73–78.
Williams, Mar
i E. W. “Astronomy in London: 1860–1900.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 28 (1987): 10–26.
Winlock, William C. “Recent Advances in Astronomy.” Harper’s Weekly (December 1, 1894): 1146–1147.
Wolf, Max. “On Three of Sir William Herschel’s Observed Nebulous Regions.” MNRAS 63 (1903): 303–304.
Wollaston, William H. “A Method of Examining Refractive and Dispersive Powers, by Prismatic Reflection.” PTRS 92 (1802): 365–380.
Wood, R. Derek. The Arrival of the Daguerreotype in New York. New York: American Photographic Historical Society, 1995.
Woolf, Harry. “The Beginnings of Astronomical Spectroscopy.” Melanges Alexandre Koyré: publiés à l’occasion de son soixante-dixième anniversaire, Vol. 1. Paris: Hermann, 1964, 619–634.
Wright, Helen. Explorer of the Universe: A Biography of George Ellery Hale. New York, Dutton, 1966.
———. James Lick’s Monument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
———. Sweeper in the Sky: The Life of Maria Mitchell. Clinton Corners, NY: College Avenue Press, 1997.
Youmans, E. L. “Professor Henry Draper.” Harper’s Weekly (December 2, 1882): 756–757.
Young, Charles A. “History of Astronomy in the United States During the Past Century.” Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 25th Meeting, August 1876 (1877): 35–48.
———. “The Late Prof. Henry Draper.” The Critic 2 (December 2, 1882): 333.
———. “The Late Dr. Henry Draper.” Science 1 (February 16, 1883): 29–34.
———. “Astronomical Photography.” New Princeton Review 3 (1887): 354–369.
———. “Address at the Dedication of the Kenwood Observatory.” Sidereal Messenger 10 (1891): 312–321.
———. The Sun. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1890.
Yowell, Everett. “The Debt Which Astronomy Owes to Ormsby Macknight Mitchel.” PA 21 (1913): 70–74.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
THE COMPLETION OF A BOOK, especially one that has occupied more than a decade of an author’s life, entails the assistance, generosity, and forbearance of many people. I am grateful to Erika Goldman at Bellevue Literary Press, who nurtured this project from its inception and granted me the necessary number of pages to tell the story; Leslie Hodgkins at Bellevue Literary Press, who so ably guided the book from manuscript to final form; copy editor Kate McKay, who reined in my occasional tendency toward breathless prose; and Joe Gannon, for his masterful touch with layout and production. For their help in acquiring the many period illustrations that enliven the text, I acknowledge Alison Doane, Owen Gingerich, and Maria McEachern at Harvard’s Center for Astrophysics, Mark Hurn at Cambridge University’s Institute of Astronomy, John Grula at the Carnegie Observatories, Earl Taylor at the Dorchester Historical Society, Catherine Wehrey at the Huntington Library, Barbara Gilbert at the University of Chicago Library, and David Allen at the Royal Society of Chemistry. I also thank Harvard University for providing me my long-standing appointment as associate of the Harvard College Observatory; the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth for allowing me a sabbatical to complete the book; my colleagues in the Physics Department for making my “day job” so enjoyable; and my fellow night-sky devotees at the Astronomical Society of Southern New England, who are the living embodiment of the nineteenth-century amateur enthusiasts that populate this book. Finally, my gratitude to Sasha, Josh, and Gabe for their support and assistance along the way.
ILLUSTRATION SOURCES AND PERMISSIONS
Pages 14, 26, 144, 145, 242, 269 (top), 279 — Schweiger-Lerchenfeld, Amand. Atlas der Himmelskunde. Vienna, Austria: A. Hartleben’s Verlag, 1898.
Page 15 — Courtesy of National Library of Ireland.
Page 16 — Nichol, J. P. Thoughts on Some Important Points Relating to the System of the World. Edinburgh: William Tait, 1846. Courtesy of Owen Gingerich.
Page 17 — NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI), and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).
Pages 24, 239, 259, 262, 269 (bottom), 288, 292, 294, 299, 305 (bottom), 308, 316 — By permission, University of Chicago Library.
Pages 29, 34, 38, 63, 139, 228 — Courtesy of Harvard College Observatory.
Page 33 — Courtesy of Dorchester Historical Society, Massachusetts.
Pages 47, 67, 124, 127 (top), 130, 209, 272, 276, 277 — By permission, University of Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy Library.
Page 54 — Photographic Art Journal, Vol. 2, August 1851.
Pages 74, 81 — British Journal of Photography, Vol. 15, May 29 and June 12, 1868.
Page 83 — Nasmyth, James. The Moon: Considered as a Planet, a World, and a Satellite, 2nd ed. London: John Murray, 1874.
Page 88 — Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, image #44594.
Pages 97, 104, 108, 115, 116, 117 — By permission, Hastings Historical Society, New York.
Page 102 — Draper, Henry. On the Construction of a Silvered Glass Telescope, Fifteen and a Half Inches in Aperture and Its Uses in Celestial Photography. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1864.
Pages 126 (bottom), 127 (bottom), 129, 305 (top) — Roberts, Isaac. A Selection of Photographs of Stars, Star-clusters and Nebulae. London: The Universal Press, 1893–1899. Courtesy of Wolbach Library, Harvard College Observatory.
Pages 135, 266 — Clerke, Agnes M. History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century, 3rd ed. London: Adam & Charles Black, 1893.
Page 140 — Observatorio Astrofisico di Torino.
Page 161 — Reproduced courtesy of the Library of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Pages 164, 190 — Guillemin, Amédée. The Forces of Nature. London: Macmillan and Co., 1877.
Page 165 — Wollaston, William H. “A Method of Examining Refractive and Dispersive Powers, by Prismatic Reflection.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 92 (1802): 365–380.
Page 175 — Roscoe, Henry. Spectrum Analysis. London: Macmillan and Co., 1873.
Pages 195, 197, 217 — Huggins, William. The Scientific Papers of Sir William Huggins. London: W. Wesley and Son, 1909. Courtesy of Wolbach Library, Harvard College Observatory.
Pages 202, 220, 222 — Huggins, William, and Huggins, Lady. An Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra. London: W. Wesley and Son, 1899. Courtesy of Wolbach Library, Harvard College Observatory.
Page 253 — “The Great 36-Inch Equatorial of the Lick Observatory.” Knowledge (December 1, 1888).
Pages 265 (top & bottom) — Hale, George Ellery. “The Kenwood Physical Observatory.” Sidereal Messenger 10 (1891): 321–323.
Page 280 — Wellcome Library, London.
Pages 284, 289, 291, 297, 325 — By permission, Huntington Digital Library.
Page 314 — Courtesy of the Carnegie Observatories.
Page 326 — Hubble, Edwin. “A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 15 (1929): 168–173.
Page 328 — Humason, Milton. “The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae.” Astrophysical Journal 83 (1936): 10–22.
Page 330 — Courtesy of the Archives, California Institute of Technology.
INDEX
AAVSO. See American Association of Variable Star Observers
Abd-al-Rahman al-Sufi, 128
Abney, William, 125
Academy of Fine Arts (France), 48
Academy of Sciences (France), 48
achromatic configuration, 60
“Acoustical Researches on the Dutch Railway,” 209
“On Action at a Distance,” 194
Adams, John Quincy, 27
Adams, Sam, 22
Adams, Walter S., 270, 287–88, 288, 295, 312, 349
Advertiser (Boston), 61
Agassiz, Louis, 55
Airy, George Biddell, 349
as Astronomer Royal, 24, 24, 83, 215
reports by, 28
studies of, 199, 20
2
Aitken, Robert G., 296
Aldebaran (star), 200–203, 202, 232
Algol (star), 235
Allegheny Observatory, 147, 248, 254
Allis, E. H., 134
Alstin, A. W. Van, 51
Altair, 118
Alvan Clark and Sons, 77, 114, 195, 198, 260–61
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 30, 223, 272
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 267, 316
American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO), 245–46
American Astronomical Society, 250
American Journal of Science, 71, 92, 201, 220, 248
American Philosophical Society, 27
Amici, Giovanni Battista, 87
Andromeda Galaxy, 332–33
Andromeda Nebula, 206, 255, 284, 347
Cepheids in, 314–15, 318
exposure of, 128–29
Hubble, Edwin, on, 313–15
images of, 239–41
Milky Way and, 348
Ångström, Anders, 183
solar spectrum map of, 186–87
spectroscope of, 186–87
Annalen der Physik and Chemie (journal), 209, 211
Annual of Scientific Discovery, 62
“Appeal to the People of the State of New York, to Legalize the Dissection of the Dead,” 96–97
Arago, François, 180, 346, 349
circle of, 53
Daguerre and, 40–42, 42, 46–51
positions held by, 40
Archer, Frederick Scott, 346, 349
collodion invention of, 71–73
reports of, 72
Arcturus (star), 79, 118, 222, 222, 232
art, 13
ASP. See Astronomical Society of the Pacific
asteroid
Brucia, 143
photographic discovery of, 347, 352
Wolf on, 143
Astrographic Catalogue, 138–42
Astrographic Congress, 137–40
astronomer, 332, 350–51
amateur, 14, 194–96, 236–46, 331
observing notebook of, 311–12, 314
professional, 237–46, 248, 251–52
study of universe by, 13–18
terrestrial position measurements and, 24–26
U.S., 248–49, 251–52
Starlight Detectives Page 46
