Ritchey, George W., 274, 351
as optician, 270, 281, 284, 287–88, 290, 295
twenty-four-inch reflector of, 284, 301
Rittenhouse, David, 27
Roberts, Isaac, 331, 347, 351
Barnard and, 239–44, 242
Orion Nebula and, 125–31
photographic album of, 129, 130, 130–31, 143, 151, 204
Pleiades and, 126, 126–27
Rockefeller, John D., 266
Rockefeller Foundation, 296
Roscoe, Henry, 155–56, 161, 173–74, 181–82
Rosse, Third Earl of
on Crab Nebula, 99
work of, 14, 14–17, 98–99, 129, 277
Rowland, Henry, 188–89, 261–62, 265, 347
Royal Astronomical Society, 44, 85, 272
fellows, 194, 266, 347
meetings of, 243
presentations at, 75, 126, 195, 200–201, 205–7, 214, 239–41
Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences (Prague), 211
Royal Cape Observatory, 350
Royal College of Chemistry, 66
Royal Greenwich Observatory (England), 24, 26, 31–32, 34, 231–32, 237, 251
Royal Observatory (South Africa), 132–33, 135, 237
Royal Society of London, 164–65, 185
rubidium, 176
Rudisill, Richard, 40
Rumford Prize, 271
Russell, Henry Norris, 316, 352
Russell, J., 276
Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris, 102, 331, 347, 350, 352
career of, 86, 86–87
Fitz, Henry, and, 88–92
observatory of, 87–94
on refractor telescope, 92–95
spectroscope of, 187–88, 199
studies of, 199, 202, 230
Sala, Angelo, 43
Sandage, Allan, 311
San Francisco Chronicle, 146
Saturn, 115, 122, 277–78
drawings of, 67
rings of, 31, 77
Schlesinger, Frank, 141, 248, 270
Schröter, J. L., 115
Schucking, E. L., 96
Schulze, Johann Heinrich, 43
Schuster, Arthur, 180
Schwabe, Heinrich, 83
science, 257, 333
in England, 350
publication date in, 223
of spectroscopy, 196, 229
scientific discovery, 9
Scorpius (constellation), 242
Seares, Frederick Hanley, 270
Secchi, Pietro Angelo, 85, 199, 202, 231, 352
Seton, William, 19
Seward, William H., 86
Shane, C. Donald, 146
Shapley, Harlow, 290, 305, 327, 348, 351, 352
on Cepheids, 305–6, 314–18
model of, 307–8, 309–10, 312
writings of, 306–7
Short, James, 275
Sidereal Messenger, 252, 265
“Sidereal Photography,” 120
silver
bromide, 51
chloride, 43
coating of glass, 346
iodide, 45, 49, 51
nitrate, 43, 281
salts, 43
Simms, William, 175
Sirius (star), 30, 200–202, 214, 219, 279
Slipher, Vesto M., 308, 323–24, 332, 347, 352
on galactic radial velocities, 308–9, 319, 326
presentations of, 308
Smyth, Charles Piazzi, 98–99
Snow Solar Telescope, 289–92
sodium thiosulfate, 49
solar eclipse. See also specific eclipses
of August 18, 1868, 189
Bond, William Cranch, and, 22–23
daguerreotype of total, 346
expeditions, 191
forecasting, 24
of July 8, 1842, 52
of July 8, 1860, 84–85
of July 28, 1851, 52, 63–64
of June 16, 1806, 21
Mars during, 22
solar spectral lines, 186
origins of, 346
positions of, 181–82
use of, 349, 351
solar spectroscopy, 192, 198
solar spectrum
Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm, on, 107, 109, 175, 175–85
elements, 187
Kirchhoff, Gustav, on, 107, 109, 175, 175–85
magnification of, 166
map of Ångström, 186–87
mapping, 188–89
as multihued field, 165–66
photography of, 107, 109
solar surface
activity, 346
conditions, 83
“Some Reflections Suggested by the Application of Photography to Astronomical Research,” 76
Sparks, Jared, 53
spectral analysis
application of, 184
aspects of, 175–85
Talbot on, 171, 182–83
“On the Spectra of Some of the Fixed Stars,” 201, 213
spectrochemical analysis, 196–98
spectrograph
application of, 17
Crossley reflector telescope and, 150
development of, 151
spectroheliograph, 264–66, 347
spectroscope
Ångström’s, 186–87
optical components of, 175
Rutherfurd’s, 187–88, 199
solar, 192, 198
sunlight and, 168, 177–86, 191–92
spectroscopy
advancement of, 255, 310
analysis, 175–85
celestial, 227
Hale, George Ellery, on, 261
Huggins, William, and, 198–203, 214, 231
science of, 196, 229
stellar, 107
Vogel on, 231
spectrum. See also solar spectrum; stellar spectrum
Harvard College Observatory, 224, 226–27
Mizar-Alcor system and A, 234–35
of Orion Nebula, 38, 206, 347
properties, 236
of solar prominence, 263
of star, 200–201, 350
of Sun, 53, 165, 190, 347, 350
Sun flash, 191–92
of Vega, 219–20, 220, 222, 347
Spica (star), 235
“A Spiral Nebula As a Stellar System,” 317
spiral nebulae
as galaxies, 283, 307–8, 351
ubiquity of, 347
star, 14. See also specific stars
binary, 203, 282
chemical analysis of, 201, 346
classical names of, 134–35
clusters and refractor telescope, 92–95, 206, 347
color of, 202–3
colors, Doppler’s theory of, 210–14
constitution of, 18
cosmic unity of, 203–4
density, 303
double, 78, 136
eruptive, 307–8
globular clusters of, 304–5, 320–21
magnitude of, 79
orange, 222–23
Pickering’s list of standard, 140
spectral classification system for, 228, 230, 350
spectroscopic binary, 347, 351
spectrum of, 200–201, 350
Vogel on radial velocities of, 231–32, 235–36
white, 202, 222–23
yellow, 202, 223
star-gaging, 303
Stebbins, Joel, 249
stellar position data, 78
stellar spectroscopy, 107
stellar spectrum, 107, 109, 110–11
catalog of, 347
classification system for, 228, 230, 352
photography, 218
visual study of, 346
Stokes, George, 182
Stone, Edmund, 123
Struve, Otto W., 110, 115, 255
Studies in Spectrum Analysis (Lockyer), 261
Sun
astrophysics of, 192–93
atmosphere of, 107, 349, 351
chemical analysis of, 346
chemical elem
ents of, 14, 175–85
constitution of, 18
corona of, 52–53, 346
daguerreotype of, 346, 350
distance of, 133
flash spectrum of, 191–92
iron lines of, 181
outbursts around, 351
photography of, 51, 56–57
plates of, 95
progression of, 233
properties of, 186
spectrum of, 53, 165, 190, 347, 350
surface of, 332, 350
The Sun (Young, Charles A.), 263
sunlight
photochemical action of, 158
spectroscope and, 168, 177–86, 191–92
sunspots, 346
Swan, William, 172, 182–83
Swartz, Helen, 246
Taft, Robert, 72
Talbot, William Henry Fox, 346, 352. See also calotype
on calotype, 47–48
on chemical imaging, 47, 170–71
on spectral analysis, 171, 182–83
Taurus (constellation), 22
technology, 14
telescope
camera and, 69–71, 80
of Common, Andrew Ainslie, 121–26, 123, 143, 256
defects of, 26–27
of de La Rue, 80–85
Draper, Henry, on silvered-glass, 99–106
eyepiece of, 70
fitted with clock drives, 75
Gill on, 133
of Hale, George Ellery, 261, 283–84
at Harvard College Observatory, 36–39, 255, 264
at Kew Observatory, 83–84
largest, 351
lens, 91–93
life of, 144
limits of, 330
locations for, 61
makers, 31, 87–88
mechanical clock drive of, 70–71
mountain-top, 80
during nineteenth century, 23–24, 26–28
optics of, 59
Pickering’s, 138, 264
premier, 274–75
problems with, 13
research-grade, 238
transit, 26
uncorrected objective of, 91
Wolf’s, 243–44
telescope, reflector. See also Crossley reflector telescope
advocates of, 73–75, 90, 138, 282–83
Common, Andrew Ainslie, on, 90–91, 144
de La Rue’s, 73–75, 74
development of, 275
of Draper, Henry, 114–19, 115
equatorially mounted, 277–78, 346, 351
Hooker, 14
large-aperture, 241, 275–76, 350, 351
Leviathan, 14–15, 15, 98–99, 204, 206, 256, 277, 282, 346
Mount Wilson Observatory’s Hooker, 14
Mount Wilson Observatory’s one-hundred-inch, 293–96, 294, 314–18, 330, 348
Mount Wilson Observatory’s sixty-inch, 291, 293–94, 347
photographic, 125–26
silvered-glass, 282–83, 346–47
value of, 350
telescope, refractor, 349
advocates of, 89–90, 138
aperture of, 283
of Draper, Henry, 114–19, 115
Grubb, 215
premier, 274–75
Rutherfurd on, 92–95
star clusters and, 92–95, 347
uses of, 352
Tempel, Wilhelm, 126
Ten Years’ Work of a Mountain Observatory (Hale, George Ellery), 297
Thaw, William, Jr., 254
Theophilus (lunar crater), 272
theoretical physicists, 323–24
Thomthwaite, William Henry, 75
Triton, 278
Troughton, Edward, 31
Trouvelot, Etienne Leopold, 99
Turgenev, Ivan, 156
Turner, Herbert Hall, 76, 128, 138, 283
“The Two-Foot Reflecting Telescope of the Yerkes Observatory,” 274
Tyndall, John, 157
Unitarian Church, 50
United States (U.S.)
astronomers, 248–49, 251–52
land grants in, 24–25
observatories, establishment of, 27–28
universe
expanding, 348, 351
scale of, 348
University of Breslau, 159–60
University of Chicago, 249, 254–55, 266, 300
University of Groningen, 303
University of Heidelberg, 349, 351
Bunsen at, 155–59
funding at, 158
University of Königsberg, 159
University of North Carolina, 27
University of Southern California, 267
University of the City of New York. See New York University
Uranus, 275, 277
Usherwood, William, 346
Utrecht University, 208–9
Van Biesbroeck, George, 272
van Maanen, Adriaan, 307, 316, 316–18, 352
Vatican Observatory, 85, 140
Vega (star), 61, 216
Harvard College Observatory’s daguerreotype of, 346
photography of, 78–79, 109
spectrum of, 219–20, 220, 222, 347
Venus
transit (1874), 109
transit (1882), 110
View from the Window at Le Gras, 44–45
Vogel, Hermann Carl, 347, 352
on radial velocities of stars by photography, 231–32, 235–36
on spectroscopy, 231
von Bunsen, Baron, 157–58
von Helmholtz, Hermann, 162
von Humboldt, Alexander, 47
von Liebig, Justus, 281, 346
von Steinheil, Carl August, 100, 181, 281
von Utzschneider, Joseph, 167
Vulpecula, 269
Watchers of the Sky (Noyes), 9
Watt, James, 48
wave
Doppler on frequency of, 209–11
frequency of, 350
Webster, Daniel, 55
Wedgewood, Thomas, 43–44
Western Reserve College, 28
wet-collodion
alternatives to, 113–14
Archer on, 71–73
development and production of, 71–72
images, 74–75
introduction of, 112, 346
limitations of, 113
of Mizar and Alcor, 346
photography of Moon, 82–85, 83, 104, 346
photomicroscopy, 113
plates, 78–80
process of, 72, 349
Whipple on, 72–73
Whipple, John Adams, 39, 346, 352
Bond, George Phillips, and, 57–61, 66–67, 76–80
Bond, William Cranch, and, 53, 54, 56–61, 66–67
as chemist, 54, 54–55
daguerreotype by, 56–64, 66
inventiveness of, 55–56, 76
studio and art gallery of, 55
on wet-collodian, 72–73
Whipple, William, 119
Whirlpool Nebula, 15–16, 129–30
Williams College, 28
Wilson, Edward L., 114
Wolf, Maximilian, 347, 352
discoveries of, 143
telescope of, 243–44
Wollaston, William Hyde, 164–65, 165, 168
women, 228, 245–46
Yale University, 27, 328
Yerkes, Charles Tyson, 254, 268, 270
Yerkes Observatory, 141, 255, 285, 349, 351
Barnard at, 269–70, 300
dedication of, 237, 247, 256
forty-inch refractor at, 268–73, 269, 272, 283, 347
funding for, 268, 270
Hubble, Edwin, at, 300–302
location of, 268, 271
sixty-inch refractor at, 283, 289–92
Young, Anne Sewall, 246
Young, Charles A., 108, 119, 191–92
Huggins, William, and, 221, 223, 225
observations of, 263
Zeta Ursae Majoris. See Mizar-Alcor system
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