Hale, William, 260–61, 273
Hale, William, Jr., 260–61
halides, 43
Hall, Asaph, 115–16
Hall, Matthew, 121
Halley’s Comet, 35
Harper, William Rainey, 266–68
Harper’s Magazine, 296
Harper’s Weekly, 97
Harrison, John, 25
Harvard College
administrators at, 30, 34
astronomers at, 27, 30
Harvard College Observatory, 76, 349. See also Great Refractor
Bond, George Phillips, and, 57–61, 66–67, 76–80, 115, 118
Bond, William Cranch, and, 34–39, 76–77, 115
budget of, 253
celestial photography at, 346, 350
construction of, 36
daguerreotype of Jupiter at, 346
daguerreotype of Moon at, 61–64, 346
daguerreotype of Vega at, 346
directors of, 76, 351
public access to, 39
reports on, 32
spectra, 224, 226–27
telescopes at, 36–39, 255, 264
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 55
heliograph, 44–45
heliometer, 133
heliostat, 177, 188
helium, 190–91
Henry, Paul, 136–37
Henry, Prosper, 136–37
“Henry Draper: The Unity of the Universe,” 96
Henry Draper Catalogue (Draper, Henry), 228, 234
Henry Draper Medal, 272
Henry Draper Memorial, 224–27
Hercules (constellation), 233
Herschel, Caroline, 32, 276
Herschel, John, 48, 49, 71, 169, 182–83, 280, 350
on globular clusters, 304–5, 320–21
Herschel, William, and, 97–98
words and writings of, 83, 204
Herschel, William, 30, 180, 203, 275–77, 276, 277, 350
catalog of, 241–42, 244
Herschel, John, and, 97–98
observatory of, 31–32
on star-gaging, 303
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, 229
“History of Astronomical Discoveries,” 320
History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century (Clerke), 21, 125
History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (Draper, John William), 96
Holden, Edward S., 116–18
as director, 138, 145, 145–46, 151, 244–45, 350
Draper, Henry, and, 217, 221
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 55
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr., 32, 276
Hooker, John D., 293
Hooker reflector telescope, 14
horn-silver, 43
Horsehead Nebula, 143
Hough, George W., 260
Housman, A. E., 333
Hubble, Edwin, 299, 326, 332–33, 348, 350
on Andromeda Nebula, 313–15
career of, 298–300
on Cepheids, 314, 314–19
dissertation of, 301–2
education of, 300
Einstein, Albert, and, 328, 330
Humason and, 325–28
military training of, 302
at Mount Wilson Observatory, 299–300, 302–5, 312–19
nebula classification scheme of, 312–13
on nebula NGC 6822, 313, 315
work and writings of, 14, 16–17, 311, 316, 324, 326, 329
at Yerkes Observatory, 300–302
Hubble, Grace, 319
Hubble Atlas of Galaxies (Hubble, Edwin), 311
Hubble’s law, 327, 329, 348, 351
Hubble Space Telescope, 17
Huggins, Margaret Lindsay, 195, 351
Huggins, William, and, 195, 217, 217–22, 227
Huggins, William, 111, 331, 346, 351
as amateur astronomer, 194–96, 208
Draper, Henry, and, 218–23
drawings and sketches of, 194, 202
Holden and, 220
Huggins, Margaret Lindsay, and, 195, 217, 217–22, 227
Miller and, 196–203, 213
on nebula, 204–7
observations of, 130
observatory of, 195, 196–97, 197
on Orion Nebula, 38, 227
Pickering and, 223–27, 250–51
on radial velocity, 214–16
spectroscopy and, 198–203, 214, 231
Young, Charles A., and, 221, 223, 225
Humason, Milton Lasalle, 299, 325, 328, 348, 351
Hubble, Edwin, and, 325–28
training of, 325
Humphrey, Samuel Dwight, 53, 53
Hussey, William J., 145–47, 285–86
Huygens, Christiaan, 115
hydrocarbon compounds, 183
Hyperion, 278
hypo. See sodium thiosulfate
illumination, 165
images
of Andromeda Nebula, 239–41
clarity of, 69–70
of Milky Way, 239, 349
of Pleiades, 95
wet-collodion, 74–75
“Impact of Observations on Prejudice and Input Physics,” 299
Imperial Central Observatory (Russia), 36
“The Importance of Astrophysical Research and the Relation of Astrophysics to Other Physical Sciences,” 230
International Astronomical Union, 142
inventor, 14
island-universe model, 316–17
“Island Universes,” 316
Janssen, Pierre-Jules-César, 189, 263, 351
Janssen Medal, 272
Jean, James, 304
John Hopkins University, 188–89, 261
Jones, William B., 57, 62
Joseph, Maximilian, 166–67
Jupiter, 295
daguerreotype of, 63
Harvard College Observatory’s daguerreotype of, 346
moons of, 31, 239
Kapteyn, Jacobus C., 136, 303–5, 351
Keeler, James E., 123, 283, 327, 332, 347, 351
on Crossley reflector telescope, 144–50, 149, 232
as director, 144–51, 147
education of, 147
remarks and writings of, 230, 235–36, 247–48, 256
Keller, Helen, 163
Kenwood Physical Observatory, 263–67, 265, 266, 290
Kew Observatory (England), 83–84
King’s College, 196
Kirchhoff, Gustav, 346, 349, 351
Bunsen and, 159–62, 161, 172–85, 196–98, 207
career of, 159–62
discoveries and works of, 155, 172–85, 175, 187, 201
radiation theory of, 179, 179–80
on solar spectrum, 107, 109, 175, 175–85
Kirchhoff, Otto, 159
Knickerbocker, 50
land grants
geography and, 24–25
U.S., 24–25
Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 187–88
language, 13
Lankford, John, 252
Lassell, William, 277–80, 279, 346, 351
latitude, 24–25
Leavitt, Henrietta, 351
lens, 188–89
convex, 60
fifteen-inch objective, 36–37
objective, 60
telescope, 91–93
Leviathan reflector telescope, 14–15, 15, 98–99, 204, 206, 256, 277, 282, 346
Lick, James, 253
Lick Observatory, 123, 143–44, 144, 256–57, 347. See also Crossley reflector telescope
astrophotography at, 349
benefactors of, 253–54
catalog, 233
directors of, 145–46, 244, 309, 349–51
reflectors at, 283
refractors at, 253, 267, 283
Lick Trust, 259–60
light, 153, 256
cosmochemical analysis through, 172
of different colors, 60
sources of, 198–99
spectra of, 170–71
Lincoln, Abraham, 132
Lind, Jenny, 55
Lockyer, J. Norman, 128, 180, 187, 351
findings of, 189–90, 263
writings of, 261
Longair, Malcolm, 320
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 55
longitude, 24–26
Loomis, Elias, 25
Lorentz, Hendrik A., 212
Louis Philippe, King, 48
Lowell, Percival, 254
Lowell Observatory, 308, 317
Lundlin, Carl A., 268
Lyra (constellation), 61, 102, 148, 269
Maddox, Richard Leach, 113, 347, 351
Magellanic-Cloud analog NGC 6822, 317
Majocchi, Giovanni Alessandro, 52
Malta, 278–79, 346, 351
Marcy, Randolph, 119
Marius, Simon, 128
Mars, 194
measurement of, 57
moons of, 122
during solar eclipse, 22
Marseilles Observatory, 282
Mason, Charles, 25
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 262, 264
Maury, Antonia, 97, 143, 234
Maxwell, James Clerk, 194, 213–15
Maynard, John Parker, 71
McClean, Frank, 238–39
megatelescopes, 310
Melvill, Thomas, 164–65
Menard, Louis, 71
Merz, George, 36, 280
Messier, Charles, 115, 128
Messier 15 (nebula), 305
Messier 51 (nebula), 15
Messier 13 (nebula), 148
Messier 33 (nebula), 315
Michelson, Albert A., 267, 296
Midnight Mass at the Church of St.-Etienne-du-Mont, 43
Milky Way, 304
Andromeda Nebula and, 348
borders of, 302–3
images of, 239, 349
large-galaxy model of, 352
limits of, 24
photography of, 255, 270, 352
small-galaxy model of, 351
surveys of, 145–46, 151, 347
Miller, William Allen, 182–84, 346
as chemistry chair, 196
Huggins, William, and, 196–203, 213
mirror
glass, 100–101, 121
large-aperture, 120
metal, 101, 279
shape of, 101
Mirror Image: The Influence of the Daguerreotype on American Society (Rudisill), 40
Mitchell, Maria, 78
Mitchell, William, 29, 36–37, 77
Mitford, Mary Russell, 50
Mizar-Alcor system (double star), 143
components of, 233–35
measures of, 78–79
A spectrum of, 234–35
wet-collodion photography of, 234, 346
Monoceros NGC 2261, 301–2, 312
Monograph of the Central Parts of the Nebula of Orion (Holden), 117–18
Monroe, James, 27
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 240, 248
Moon, 194
daguerreotype of, 56–58, 61–64, 63, 66, 346
daguerreotype of crescent, 64
daguerreotype of quarter, 62–63
Draper, John William, on daguerreotype of, 51–53
first-quarter, 93
full, 53
Harvard College Observatory’s daguerreotype of, 346
of Mars, 122
photography of, 51, 53, 74–75, 77, 108, 112, 350
photography of Draper, Henry, 104, 104–6
plates of, 95
stereoscopic pictures of, 346
telescopic photography of, 349
wet-collodion photography of, 82–85, 83, 104, 346
The Moon (Nasmyth), 83
Morse, Samuel, 44, 48, 50
Mouchez, Ernest, 136–37, 139
Mount Hamilton Observatory, 350
Mount Wilson Observatory, 17, 331–32, 349, 350–51
founding of, 347
Hale, George Ellery, at, 285–98, 297
Hooker reflector telescope at, 14
Hubble, Edwin, at, 299–300, 302–5, 312–19
Monastery building at, 289, 291–92, 292
one-hundred-inch reflector telescope at, 293–96, 294, 314–18, 330, 348
sixty-inch reflector telescope at, 291, 293–94, 347
Munich drive, 59, 61, 64, 71, 77
Nasmyth, James, 66–67, 83
National Academy of Sciences, 95, 119, 221, 234, 272, 309, 326
Natural Magic, 43
Nature, 128
Naval Observatory, U.S., 28, 37, 117
navigation
celestial, 30
instruments for, 33
terrestrial, 24
Navy, U.S., 33–34
nebula, 111, 331
constitution of, 15
Hubble, Edwin, on classification scheme, 312–13
Huggins, William, on, 204–7
light of, 351
luminous gas within, 347, 351
nature of, 128–30
NGC 6822 and Hubble, Edwin, 313, 315
photography of, 350
planetary, 205–6
nebula, spiral, 144, 151
discovery of, 351
rotation of, 352
study of, 16
Neptune, 278
New Astronomy, 141, 151, 207, 247
The New Astronomy, 196, 208
Newcomb, Simon, 237, 249, 287
Newell, Andrew, 21–22
New England Association of Railroad Superintendents, 33
New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (Dreyer), 301
Newton, Isaac, 203, 275, 281
mechanics of, 321–22
on primary colors, 163–65, 164
theory of gravitation, 321–22
New York Times, 316
New York University, 97, 99–100
Niépce, Isadore, 48
Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 351
Daguerre and, 45
on heliograph, 44–45
Nobel Prize, 191
North American Nebula, 143
novae, 313
Noyes, Arthur, 9, 295
observatory, 26. See also specific observatory
de La Rue’s, 80–85, 81
of Draper, Henry, 101–2, 102, 107–11, 108, 115, 283
establishment of U.S., 27–28
of Herschel, William, 31–32
research, 236
The Observatory, 138–39, 146
Olcott, William Tyler, 245
Optimism: An Essay (Keller), 163
Orion (constellation), 22
Orion Nebula, 124, 279, 287
Bond, William Cranch, on, 37–39
Draper, Henry, and, 115–20, 116, 117, 124
Huggins, William, on, 38, 227
monograph of, 117–18
portrayal of, 99, 143, 281
Roberts and, 125–31
spectrum of, 38, 206, 347
Oxford University, 255, 283
oxygen, 190
Palmer, Courtlandt, 106
Palomar Observatory, 350–51
Paris Academy of Sciences, 271, 308
Paris Observatory, 40, 349
Parsons, William. See Rosse, Third Earl of
Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia, 304
Pease, Francis, 296
Penn, William, 25
period-luminosity relation, 351
Pharmaceutical Society (London), 196
Philadelphia Central High School, 28
Philadelphia Photographer, 72, 93
Phillips, Edward Bromfield, 37
Philosophical Magazine, 188
Photographic Art-Journal, 57, 61
photographic focus, 60
photographic plate, 58–60
photographic process. See also specific processes
calotype, 68–69, 346
dry-plate, 111, 216, 347, 351
gelatin dry-plate, 216, 351
Photographic Society of London, 72
“On Photographing the S
pectra of the Stars and Planets,” 221
photography, 40, 180, 310. See also calotype; daguerreotype
advent of, 50–51
astronomical research and, 85, 349
astronomy and, 71, 80–81
chemical leap in, 216
of Comet Donati, 346
of Daguerre, 40–41, 41, 54
Draper, Henry, and Moon, 104, 104–6
of Draper, John William, 53
exactness of, 76
extant, 351
first decade of, 68
generation of, 13, 19
inventors of, 350–51
of Milky Way, 255, 270, 352
of Moon, 51, 53, 74–75, 77, 108, 112, 350
of Moon, telescopic, 349
Moon and wet-collodion, 82–85, 83, 104, 346
of nebula, 243, 350
of Notre Dame and Seine, 40–41, 41, 51
permanent, 44–45
solar, 192
of solar spectrum, 107, 109
stellar, 243
stellar spectrum, 218
of Sun, 51, 56–57
telescopic, 78, 349
as term, 48
of Vega, 78–79, 109
Vogel on radial velocities of stars by, 231–32, 235–36
photography, celestial, 346–47, 350
advancements of, 65, 67–68
applications of, 77–78
daguerreotype and, 61–64
evolution of, 150–51
experiments in, 65
photoheliograph, 83, 346, 350
photometry, 79
physics, 14
Pickering, Edward C., 118, 139, 249, 252, 347, 350, 351
analysis of, 234–35
Huggins, William, and, 223–27, 250–51
list of standard stars, 140, 233
telescope of, 138–39, 264
viewpoint of, 141
planetary conjunctions, 24
Pleiades, 126
images of, 95
Roberts and, 126, 126–27
stars in, 95, 143, 148
Plücker, Julius, 183
Polaris, 79
Pond, John, 32
Popular Astronomy, 252
Popular Science Monthly, 180
potassium iodide, 72
Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory, 231
Pritchard, Charles, 215
“Proceedings of the Chemical Society,” 153
“Proposal for Photographing the Heavens,” 137
Pulkova Observatory, 110
Quincy, Josiah, 30, 34
radial velocities, 326–28
of galaxies, 347, 348
Huggins, William, on, 214–16
Slipher on galactic, 308–9, 319, 326
of stars by photography and Vogel, 231–32, 235–36
survey of stellar, 349
Ramsay, William, 190
Ramsden, Jesse, 167
Ranyard, A. Cowper, 129
Rayleigh, Lord, 190
The Realm of the Nebulae (Hubble, Edwin), 329
“A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae,” 326–28
“Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe,” 306–7
Researches on Astronomical Spectrum Photography (Draper, Henry), 225
Richelot, Clara, 162
Ring Nebula, 148, 269
Starlight Detectives Page 48
