Belfast
Lent, 2016
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
© KELVIN BOYES
A historian, novelist and playwright, Gareth Russell was commissioned by the UK’s Amberley Press to write The Emperors: How Europe’s Most Powerful Rulers Were Destroyed by World War One, published in August 2014, and An Illustrated Introduction to the House of Tudor, published in October 2014. He is also the author of the blog Confessions of a Ci-Devant.
He has been the keynote speaker and host at two of the specialist luxury holidays hosted by History Tours of Great Britain; he has also spoken about the Tudor Court at Hever Castle, the Boleyn family home in Kent; Coombe Abbey; the Tower of London; and Hampton Court Palace and has appeared on tours alongside Leanda de Lisle, John Guy, Claire Ridgway, and Julia Fox. He regularly speaks at country houses, private members clubs, schools, and dinners about both his work as a novelist and the history of the monarchy. Gareth has been interviewed on BBC radio and television, and by The Washington Post about the discovery of the remains of Richard III. He has been profiled in The Sunday Times, Tatler, The Huffington Post, and The Irish News.
He divides his time between Belfast and New York.
MEET THE AUTHORS, WATCH VIDEOS AND MORE AT
SimonandSchuster.com
Authors.SimonandSchuster.com/Gareth-Russell
We hope you enjoyed reading this Simon & Schuster ebook.
* * *
Get a FREE ebook when you join our mailing list. Plus, get updates on new releases, deals, recommended reads, and more from Simon & Schuster. Click below to sign up and see terms and conditions.
CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP
Already a subscriber? Provide your email again so we can register this ebook and send you more of what you like to read. You will continue to receive exclusive offers in your inbox.
NOTES
Abbreviations
The following is a list of frequently used abbreviations in the endnotes.
Acts and Monuments • John Foxe, The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe: A New and Complete Edition, ed. Rev. S. R. Cattley (London: Seeley and Burnside, 1837-41)
B.L. • British Library (manuscripts)
Cal. S. P. Milan • Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts in the Archives and Collections of Milan 1385–1618, ed. A. B. Hinds (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1912)
Cal. S. P. Span. • Calendar of letters, despatches, and state papers relating to the negotiations between England and Spain, ed. G. Bergenroth, et al. (London: Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts, 1862–1954)
HMC Bath • Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Bath: preserved at Longleat, Wiltshire (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1907)
HMC Rutland • The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland G. C. B., preserved at Belvoir Castle (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1888)
Household Ordinances • A collection of ordinances and regulations for the government of the royal household, made in divers reigns: from King Edward III to King William and Queen Mary, also receipts in ancient cookery (London: Society of Antiquaries of London, 1790)
Inventory • The Inventory of Henry VIII, ed. D. Starkey, et al. (London: Society of Antiquaries of London, 1998–2012)
Journal of the House of Lords • Journal of the House of Lords, Volume I, 1509–1577 (London: s. n., 1771)
Kaulek • Correspondance politique de mm. de Castillon et de Marillac, ambassadeurs de France en Angleterre, ed. Jean Baptiste Louis Kaulek (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1885)
LP • Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII, ed. J. S. Brewer, et al (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1862–1932)
MS Ashmole • Bodleian Library (manuscript)
Original Letters • Original Letters, illustrative of English History, ed. Henry Ellis (London: Harding, Triphook, and Lepard, 1824)
Proceedings of the Privy Council • Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, 1386–1542, ed. Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1834–37)
RCIN • Royal Collection Identification Number
SP • State papers domestic 1547–1649 (National Archives)
State Papers • State Papers, King Henry VIII (London: s.n., 1830–52)
Surrey Archaeological Collections • Surrey Archaeological Collections, relating to the History and Antiquities of the County (London: Various, 1858 - )
The Cause Papers Database • Cause Papers in the Diocesan Courts of the Archbishopric of York, 1300–1858
The Spanish Chronicle • Chronicle of King Henry VIII of England, being a contemporary record of some of the principal events of the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, written in Spanish by an unknown hand, ed. M. A. S. Hume (London: George Bell and Sons, 1889)
Introduction
1. Gareth Russell, “Catherine Howard and the Queen’s Household in England, 1540–1” (unpublished MA dissertation submitted to Queen’s University, Belfast, 2011).
2. William Thomas, The Pilgrim: A Dialogue on the Life and Actions of King Henry the Eighth (London: Parker, Son, and Bourn, 1861), p. 59.
3. Lacey Baldwin Smith, A Tudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of Catherine Howard (London: Reprint Society, 1962), p. 11.
4. The only Queen consort’s household to receive significant attention was Katherine Parr’s, see Dakota Lee Hamilton, “The Household of Queen Katherine Parr” (unpublished DPhil thesis, submitted to the University of Oxford, 1992).
5. It was, however, possible to prove that several candidates were never in Catherine’s service—the 9th Earl of Kildare’s daughter, Lady Elizabeth Fitzgerald, was never one of her maids of honor and the “Lady Howard” mentioned was neither Catherine’s stepmother nor one of her sisters, but her aunt by marriage, Lady Margaret Howard (née Gamage). Neither were the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk or the Countess of Bridgewater asked to join the household, despite their closeness to the Queen.
6. SP 1/168, f. 13.
7. David Starkey, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (London: Vintage, 2003).
8. Original Letters, I, ii, 121.
9. David Loades, The Politics of Marriage: Henry VIII and his Queens (Stroud, England: Alan Sutton Publishing, 1994), p. 132.
1. The Hour of Our Death
1. At the time of his downfall, Cromwell was Chancellor of the Exchequer, the King’s principal secretary, Lord Privy Seal, governor of the Isle of Wight, and Lord Great Chamberlain.
2. Edward Hall, Hall’s Chronicle: Containing the History of England, During the Reign Of Henry IV, and the Succeeding Monarchs, to the End of the Reign of Henry VIII (London: Johnson et al., 1809), p. 840; Edward, 1st Lord Herbert, The Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth (London: M. Clark, 1683), p. 525.
3. Alan Stewart, Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. xvi. Another woman, called “Mother Huntley,” had been questioned about “certain grave misdemeanours” alleged against Lord Hungerford, see LP, XV, 784.
4. LP, XV, 926; Retha M. Warnicke, The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal protocol in early modern England (Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 228.
5. Cal. S. P. Span., V, ii, 55.
6. Eric Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004), p. 357.
7. Author’s visit, July 2011. The monument visible today is a reconstruction from the original designs and materials, which were saved by the conservationist Alexandre Lenoir after the basilica was ransacked by supporters of the French Revolution in 1793. During that attack, the original tomb of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany was vandalized and their bodies were thrown into a mass grave, along with most of the other cadavers at Saint-Denis. Although the bones were past the point of recovery, the grave was pieced back together following the restoration of the monarchy.
8. Lancelot de Carles, Bishop of Riez, in Georges Ascoli, La Grande-B
retagne devant l’opinion française au XVIIe Siècle (Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, 1971), lines 1002–12.
9. John Foxe, Actes and Monuments of These Latter and Perillous Days, Touching Matters of the Church (London: John Day, 1563), VII, pp. 155–56.
10. Oatlands was part of a property swap with a local landowner called William Reed, sometimes given as “Rede.”
11. This physical description of Oatlands is the result of compiling the research in Alan Cook, “The Oatlands Palace Excavations, 1968, interim report” Surrey Archaeological Collections (Farnham, 1969), LXVI, pp. 1–9; Simon Thurley, The Royal Palaces of Tudor England: Architecture and Court Life, 1460–1547 (Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 60–66; J. W. Lindus Forge, Oatlands Palace (Walton-on-Thames: Walton and Weybridge Local History Society, 1982); Anton van den Wyngaerde’s sketch of the palace from early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I; and Robert Poulton, Simon Thurley, and Alan Cook, Excavations at Oatlands Palace, 1968–1973 and 1983–84 (Surrey County Archaeological Unit monograph, 2010).
12. Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, The History of the Reformation of the Church of England (Oxford University Press, 1829), III, p. 556.
13. LP, XV, 811.
14. My thanks to the wonderful Dr. Mark Whittow for a walking tour of Oxford as part of an archaeology module. I was subsequently unable to get the medieval name out of my head when en route to Oriel or Corpus Christi, via what is now “Magpie Lane.”
15. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 840.
16. LP, XVI, 12.
17. LP, XV, 902.
18. More described Anne Boleyn this way in a letter to Thomas Cromwell, dated March 5, 1534. In modern translations, the description is sometimes given as “really anointed queen,” meaning “truly or legally.” In the original, it reads as “rially,” which could mean either “really” or “royally.” Either way, it does not much change the meaning of More’s letter, since he referred to Anne as Henry’s wife and added a pious hope that they would soon have children for “rest, peace, wealth, and profit” of the realm. See Alvaro de Silva (ed.), The Last Letters of Thomas More (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000), pp. 48–56, 151.
19. Roger Wilson Chambers, Thomas More (London: Jonathan Cape, 1948), p. 331.
20. Acts and Monuments, V, p. 605.
21. LP, XV, 926.
22. Peter Wilding, Thomas Cromwell (London: William Heinemann, 1935), p. 319; Herbert, pp. 598–601.
23. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 839.
24. The Latin quote is from the Last Words of Christ on the Cross as given in the Gospel according to Saint Luke, 23:46.
25. Raphael Holinshed, The Third Volume of Chronicles, Beginning at Duke William the Norman, Commonlie Called the Conqueror (London: Johnson et al., 1808), p. 818.
26. Jessie Childs, Henry VIII’s Last Victim: The Life and Times of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (London: Vintage Books, 2008), p. 150.
27. LP, XV, 942, grant 21.
28. LP, XVI, 1407, 1433.
29. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 839.
30. Revelation, 12:1. The official teaching of Roman Catholicism remains that the verse pertains to the Virgin Mary, and this position was confirmed by the use of Papal Infallibility to promulgate ex cathedra the Dogma of the Assumption in 1950 under Pope Pius XII. See Munificentissmus Deus (November 1, 1950), the Apostolic Constitution, available in full via the Vatican Archives online.
2. “Our fathers in their generation”
1. The order for mandatory records, “Every parson, vicar or curate within this diocese shall for every church keep one book of register wherein you shall write the day and year of every wedding, christening and burial made within your parish,” was given on September 5, 1538, through Thomas Cromwell.
2. The will of Dame Isabel Leigh (née Worsley, prev. Culpepper), P. C. C. 18 Porch in Surrey Archaeological Collections (Farnham, 1950), LI, p. 88.
3. Mary Howard may have been something of a favorite to her grandmother—another goddaughter, Joyce Wellbeck, received twenty shillings.
4. All the available sources listing Lord Edmund’s children place Mary after Catherine, not just Isabel’s will, when it could be argued that Mary was named after and separately to her sister because she was a goddaughter.
5. The will of Sir John Leigh of Stockwell, Knight of the Bath, P. C. C. 15 Bodfield, in Surrey Archaeological Collections, LI, pp. 87–88. The family’s surname is variably spelled “Legh,” “Leigh,” and “Leygh” in the documents.
6. For example, see Joanna Denny, Katherine Howard: A Tudor Conspiracy (London: Portrait, 2005), pp. 5–9.
7. LP, XVI, 1426. De Marillac claimed that her romance with Francis Dereham had ended when she was eighteen. We know that the liaison ended in 1539, but de Marillac was still getting fragmentary information about the affair when he wrote this letter on December 7, 1541.
8. A letter from Charles de Marillac to King François I, dated January 5, 1540, trans. J. A. Froude and published in Thomas, App., p. 135.
9. De Marillac was wrong on other occasions. In a letter to King François I on May 29, 1541 (LP, XV, 868), he described the late Countess of Salisbury as being well past her eightieth birthday, when in reality she was sixty-seven. The Countess of Salisbury had been a prisoner since before de Marillac’s arrival in England, but it does further the possibility that he was making his comments based on the ladies’ appearances or on gossip, rather than on specific knowledge of their birth dates.
10. Katherine Carey’s most recent biographer and both of her mother’s place her birth to 1524—see Sarah-Beth Watkins, Lady Katherine Knollys (Alresford, England: Chronos Books, 2015), pp. 10–11; Josephine Wilkinson, Mary Boleyn (Stroud, England: Amberley, 2009), pp. 79, 87; and Alison Weir, Mary Boleyn (London: Jonathan Cape, 2011), pp. 140–41, 147–48.
11. The aforementioned codicil to Sir John Leigh’s will was added on August 26, 1523, in which Leigh gave permission “for part of the land to be used in marriage settlements.” This might, on a highly tentative basis, suggest that another girl had been added to the family at some point between the first draft and the addition of the codicil, once it became clear that the Howards would need to provide more dowries in the future.
12. Her grandmother’s will mentions locations in Surrey on seven occasions, and her bequests for the improvements of local roads and to local housewives are all for Stockwell, which was within the parish of Lambeth. At the time of her downfall Catherine was also referred to in LP, XVI, 1395, as “late of Lambeth, Surrey,” which could admittedly refer to the time she spent there immediately before coming to court.
13. LP, I, App. 1a.
14. Gerald Brenan and Edward Philips Statham, The House of Howard (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1907) I, p. 79; Henry Howard, Indications of Memorials, Paintings, and Engravings of Person of the Howard Family (Corby Castle: privately published, 1834), p. 13.
15. Norfolk House was demolished in the 1780s. The site where it stood is now mostly covered by a Hotel Novotel at 113–29 Lambeth Road. The only remains from Catherine’s lifetime are a few foundations. Author’s visit, June 20, 2015.
16. Brenan and Statham, I, p. 79.
17. The Gospel according to Saint Mark, 7:32–37.
18. Nicholas Orme, Medieval Children (Yale University Press, 2003), p. 28.
19. The surviving children in 1524 were Thomas, Earl of Surrey; Sir Edmund Howard; Lady Elizabeth Boleyn; Lord William Howard; Lord Thomas Howard; Anne de Vere, Countess of Oxford; Lady Katherine Howard; Lady Elizabeth Howard; and Lady Dorothy Howard.
20. LP, II, 1269.
21. Elizabeth Howard the younger married Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex (1507–1557). His father was elevated in 1529 to the earldom, which he inherited in 1542.
22. The Duke’s mortuary monument indicates that Katherine and Rhys were betrothed but not yet married at the time of her father’s death.
23. Their children were typically referred to by the anglicized surname of “Rice.”
24. John Wee
ver, Ancient Funerall Monuments within the united Monarchie of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Islands adjacent (London: Thomas Harper, 1631), p. 840. Lady Dorothy Howard’s husband was Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby (c. 1509–1572). He had already inherited the title at the time of their marriage.
25. This was one difference between the gentry and the nobility. Some landed families in the gentry felt comfortable endowing younger sons, as well as the heir—for instance, in 1435 Sir John Arundell helped found a collateral branch of the family by leaving enough for his younger son Thomas to set up his own household in nearby Tolverne. This, coupled with the cost of maintaining a certain level of public pomp, helps explain why several great gentry families declined peerages in the Tudor era.
26. Brenan and Statham, I, p. 79; Henry Ellis, “Copy of an Order made by Cardinal Wolsey as Lord Chancellor, respecting the Management of the Affairs of the young Earl of Oxford” in Archaeologia, XIX (1821).
27. James Ross, John de Vere, Thirteenth Earl of Oxford (1443–1513): “The Foremost Man in the Kingdom” (Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press, 2011), pp. 161–62.
28. John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford (1499–1526). He did not outlive his father-in-law by long, and the title passed to his second cousin. His widow survived him by three decades.
29. Weever, p. 835
30. Christopher Dyer, Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social change in England, c. 1200–1520 (Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 215. The example used is a thatcher, who in the 1510s was on an average income of five-and-a-quarter pence per day.
31. Ecclesiasticus, 44:1. Sometimes called the Book of Sirach.
32. The Gospel according to Saint Matthew, 1:1–20. The view in the medieval and early modern Church is provided in the commentary of the Douay-Rheims translation of the Bible—“The Evangelist gives us rather the pedigree of St. Joseph, than that of the blessed Virgin, to conform to the custom of the Hebrews, who in their genealogies took no notice of women; but as they were near akin, the pedigree of the one sheweth that of the other.” This is not the position generally taken today, with the more common Catholic and Protestant view being that the Davidic genealogy refers solely to the ancestry of Saint Joseph, rather than the Virgin Mary’s, and that the gospeler’s probable intention was to specifically incorporate Christ into the heritage of the House of David via adoption by His stepfather—see A New Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture, Rev. Reginald C. Fuller, Rev. Leonard Johnston, and Very Rev. Conleth Kearns (eds.), (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1969), pp. 905–7. The older alternative theory remains in certain schools of thought—that Mary’s ancestry is implied, or that her name is a logical omission, based on the genealogy’s use of three sets of fourteen names which “can be maintained only by including Mary or by counting Jesus and Christ as two”—see The Jerome Biblical Commentary, Raymond E. Brown, S. S., Joseph A. Fitzymer, S. J., and Roland E. Murphy, O. Carm. (eds.) (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1968), II, p. 66.
Young and Damned and Fair Page 46
