33. David Starkey, Maria Hayward, and Philip Ward (eds.), The Inventory of King Henry VIII: Volume II, Textiles and Dress (London: Society of Antiquaries of London, 1998–2012), pp. 49–50; David E. O’Connor and Jeremy Haselock, “The Stained and Painted Glass” in A History of York Minister, G. E. Aylmer and Reginald Cant (eds.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), p. 320.
34. Adeliza of Louvain was Queen consort of England through her marriage to King Henry I (d. 1135). That marriage was childless, and the Howards were descended from the offspring of her subsequent marriage to William d’Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel and Lincoln (d. 1176).
35. Howard, p. 49.
36. Brenan and Statham, I, pp. 7–8; James Conway Davies, The Baronial Opposition to Edward II: Its Character and Policy—A Study in Administrative History (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1967), p. 275; Alistair Tebbit, “Household Knights and Military Service Under the Direction of Edward II” in The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives, Gwilym Dodd and Anthony Musson (eds.) (Woodbridge, England: New York Medieval Press, 2006), p. 89; Mark Buck, Politics, Finance and the Church in the Reign of Edward II: Walter Stapeldon, Treasurer of England (Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 185n.
37. Weever, p. 835.
38. Weever, p. 833.
39. John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford (1442–1513) was a Lancastrian who escaped captivity to join Henry VII’s cause, when the latter was still in exile. After Bosworth, he was awarded many roles at court, including lord great chamberlain, and stood as godfather to Arthur, Prince of Wales.
40. Weever, p. 835.
41. H. C. Maxwell Lyte et al (eds.), Calendar of Patent Rolls, Henry VII: Volume I (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1914) p. 314.
42. Catherine’s biological grandmother—Elizabeth (née Tilney) (c. 1444–1497), daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney, a Norfolk landowner, and lady-in-waiting to queens Elizabeth Woodville, Anne Neville, and Elizabeth of York. Her first husband was Sir Humphrey Bourchier, who was killed at the Battle of Barnet on April 14, 1471. She married Thomas Howard on April 30, 1472. By her first marriage, she was the mother of John, 2nd Baron Berners.
43. David M. Head, The Ebbs and Flows of Fortune: The Life of Thomas Howard, Third Duke of Norfolk (Athens, GA, and London: University of Georgia Press, 2009), p. 20.
44. By 1476, the vagaries of ill health and bad luck had pruned the Mowbray family tree until the only Mowbray left to inherit the dukedom of Norfolk in the direct line was four-year-old Lady Anne de Mowbray. The kinsman with the strongest claim after her seemed to be John Howard. However, when a sudden childhood infection killed Anne at the age of eight, Edward IV showed absolutely no qualms at snatching away the birthright of the man who had served him so faithfully on the battlefields. The royal family co-opted the Mowbrays’ title, estates and vast income for themselves. The Norfolk prize was given to King Edward’s youngest son, Richard of Shrewsbury, whom he had fortuitously married off to the late Anne de Mowbray, despite the fact that Church law prohibited marriages between infants. In 1483, John backed the coup that put Richard III on the throne at the expense of Edward IV’s son. In return for his support, Richard made John the first Howard to hold the title of Duke of Norfolk and Richard of Shrewsbury vanished into the Tower of London, where he and his elder brother, Edward V, disappeared from the records within weeks of Richard III’s accession.
45. Henry VIII and Elizabeth Stafford shared a set of great-grandparents—their grandmothers, Queen Elizabeth Woodville and Katherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham, were sisters. The sixteenth century had an elastic definition of the word “cousin.”
46. K. B. McFarlane, The Nobility of Later Medieval England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 144–45.
47. This list excludes courtesy titles enjoyed by a peer’s heir apparent and does not count as separate different titles held by the same person. They were Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (d. 1524); Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk (d. 1545); Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset (d. 1530); Thomas FitzAlan, 17th Earl of Arundel (d. 1524); John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford (d. 1526); James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond (d. 1529); Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare (d. 1534); Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1527); George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury and 4th Earl of Waterford (d. 1538); Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland (d. 1549); Richard Grey, 3rd Earl of Kent (d. 1524); Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby (d. 1572); Henry Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Essex (d. 1540); Henry Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (ex. 1538); Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1523); and Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester (d. 1526).
48. Another example was the prominence of men at court like Sir William Compton (d. 1528) or Henry Norris (ex. 1536), the latter of which was part of a gentry family from Berkshire and a great-grandson of one of the earls of Oxford on his paternal grandmother’s side. He married Mary Fiennes, daughter of the 8th Baron Dacre, and was one of the most respected and influential men at court between 1526 and 1536. At the time of his death, Norris’s annual income was about £1,327 15s 7d, making him wealthier than many nobles. Through his ascent at court, Compton managed to increase his annual income from £10 to £1,700, constructing a significant base of those dependent on his patronage and support. In practical terms, the crucial difference seems to have been proximity to the court, rather than a strict division between gentry and aristocracy.
49. LP, V, 238.
50. LP, I, 20, 81–82, 257, 698, 707.
51. Weever, p. 839.
52. Revelation 5:5.
53. At the earliest, the monument must have been completed in June 1525. It refers to the Duke’s daughter as “the Lady Elizabeth wife to the count Rochford” (Weever, pp. 839–40). Thomas Boleyn was elevated to the viscounty of Rochford in June 1525.
3. Lord Edmund’s Daughter
1. “A Contemporary Account of the Battle of Flodden, 9th September 1513. From a Manuscript in the Possession of David Laing, Esq., L.L.D., V.P.S.A. Scot” in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1870), VII, p. 148.
2. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 511.
3. Sydney Anglo, “The Evolution of Early Tudor Disguising, Pageant, and Mask” in Renaissance Drama (University of Chicago Press, 1968), pp. 14–15.
4. Hall’s Chronicle, pp. 510–11.
5. Sir Henry F. MacGeagh and H. A. C. Sturgess (eds.), Register of the Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple: From the Fifteenth Century to the Year 1944 (London: Butterworth and Co., 1949), I, p. 3, gives 3 February “1510–11” for the admission of “Edmund Hayward, son of the Earl of Surrey.” The date of Edmund’s failed legal career is sometimes confusingly given as 1510—Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, p. 36. However, the English legal new year did not commence until the Feast of the Annunciation on March 25, meaning that when he was admitted on February 3 it was still legally classed as 1510, but 1511 in most other countries and to subsequent histories.
6. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 508.
7. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 517.
8. Sydney Anglo (ed.), The Great Tournament Roll of Westminster: a collotype reproduction of the manuscript (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), p. 56.
9. MS Ashmole 1116, f. 110.
10. MS Ashmole 1116, f. 109.
11. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 517.
12. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 519.
13. R. K. Hannay, R. L. Mackie, and Anne Spilman (eds.), The Letters of James the Fourth, 1505–1513 (Edinburgh: Scottish Historical Society, 1953), p. 550.
14. There is some mystery over these two sons. Details of their tombs are recorded in Howard, p.11. Charles Howard’s grave read, “Hic jacet Carolus Howard unus filiorum Thome Howard Comitis Sur ; qui quidem Carolus obiit tertio, die Martu Ao. Dni Millemo quingetesimo duo decimo cujus anime propitietur deus. amen.” The grave of Henry Howard, who died on February 22, 1514 (NS), read, “Hic jacet Dns Henricus Howard, filius serenisimi, Dueis Norfolckiæ qui obit xxii., die Februarii, Ao. Dni. Millemo vcxiij., cujus anime propitietur Deus amen.” They s
eem to have been two sons born to the Duke’s second marriage and who died in infancy, mentioned with their siblings in Melvin Tucker, The Life of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey and Second Duke of Norfolk, 1433–1524 (The Hague: Mowton and Co., 1964), p. 26.
15. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, p. 143.
16. Norman MacDougall, James IV (Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers, 1989), p. 271.
17. A Ballade of the Scottyshe Kynge, written by John Skelton, Poet Laureate to King Henry the Eighth, John Ashton (intro.), (London: Elliot Stock, 1882), p. 81.
18. Ashton, p. 63.
19. LP, I, ii, 2246.
20. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, pp. 145–48.
21. Ashton, p. 73; Hall’s Chronicle, p. 562.
22. Ashton, pp. 73–74.
23. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 562. This was the same Heron who had murdered Sir Robert Ker, Scottish warden of Middle March, in 1508, and whose pardon by the English government featured in James IV’s grievances against his southern neighbors. Heron was the bastard son of an English noble with estates near the Anglo-Scottish border. See LP, I, ii, 4406, for the pardon, and MacDougall, pp. 252–54, for the Scottish government’s complaints about him.
24. Ashton, p. 74.
25. LP, I, ii, 2283. The casualty figures for Flodden are still unclear, with estimates varying between five and ten thousand on the Scottish side.
26. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 563.
27. Ashton, p. 87.
28. William Dugdale, The Baronage of England (London: Thomas Newcomb, 1675), II, p. 272; LP, I, ii, 2283.
29. Original Letters, I, i, 32.
30. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 567.
31. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 564.
32. LP, I, ii, 2246.
33. LP, I, ii, 3325.
34. LP, I, ii, 3348.
35. LP, I, ii, 2090.
36. LP, I, ii, 2090; LP, Add. I, 33, 430.
37. Joyce had five children from her first marriage, as mentioned at length in the will of her mother and stepfather—Ralph, John, Isabel, Joyce, and Margaret.
38. Lady Joyce’s date of birth was around 1480–81, based on evidence provided from the settling of her father’s estate in November 1493, when she was described as “Joyce wife of Ralph Legh, aged 12 or more,” when her younger sister was listed as “Margaret Culpepyr, aged 11 or more.” While the supplement of “or more” seems vague, or catch-all, the difference of a year between both sisters suggests that there was an attempt to be relatively specific. Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem and other analogous documents preserved in the Public Record Office: Henry VII (London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1898), I, p. 820.
39. LP, I, ii, 3484.
40. Sir Thomas Elyot’s Boke Named the Governor (1531) cit. Andy Wood, Riot, Rebellion and Popular Politics in Early Modern England (Basingstoke, England: Palgrave, 2002), p. 26.
41. Wood, p. 26.
42. Hall’s Chronicle, pp. 599–600.
43. Archaeologia: or Miscelleanous Tracts relating to Antiquity, Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London (London, 1834), XXV, p. 376.
44. Surrey Archaeological Collections, LI, pp. 87–88.
45. LP, IV, ii, 3732.
46. Thomas Lamb and “Lord Howard’s servant George,” who may have been the same as another servant of his, George Shaw—LP, I, ii, 2090; LP, Add. I, 1148; Muriel St. Clare Byrne (ed.), Lisle Letters (University of Chicago Press, 1981), III, 798.
47. LP, V, 1757.
48. Original Letters, III, i, 64.
49. W. Bruce Bannerman (ed.), The Visitations of the County of Surrey made and taken in the years 1530 (London: Herleian Society, 1889), XLIII, p. 21.
50. Surrey Archaeological Collections, LI, pp. 87–88.
51. It is not true that Joyce died giving birth to Catherine, since both women are mentioned in the will of Isabel Leigh. Cf. Denny, Katherine Howard, pp. 10–11. Joyce must have been alive in 1527, when she is mentioned as a beneficiary in her mother’s will, and equally she must have been dead for some time by May 1530, when Edmund’s second wife made her will (Surrey Archaeological Collections, III, p. 174).
52. LP, V, 220, grant 14.
53. His appointment was given at Windsor Castle on April 1, 1531—LP, V, 220, grant 14.
54. LP, V, 1757.
55. LP, Add., I, 746.
56. The friendship between Arundell and Northumberland was close enough for some to suggest a romantic relationship. For discussions on their relationship and the debate, see R. W. Hoyle, “Henry Percy, Sixth Earl of Northumberland, and the Fall of the House of Percy, 1527–1537” in G. W. Bernard (ed.), The Tudor nobility (Manchester University Press, 1992), pp. 180–211, and Gareth Russell, “His Dear Bedfellow: The Debate over Henry Percy” in Tudor Life (2016).
4. The Howards of Horsham
1. Weever, p. 834.
2. Stewart, p. 94.
3. Stewart, p. 87.
4. Ann Kussmaul, Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 3; Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost: Further Explored (London: Methuen, 1983), pp. 13–16.
5. Chesworth House, or Chesworth Place, became property of the Crown following the 4th Duke of Norfolk’s attainder and execution for treason in 1572. As a result, it was examined by a parliamentary commission in 1650 after the temporary abolition of the monarchy. The physical description of the house is taken from the commission’s findings, which are detailed in Dudley G. Elwes and Charles J. Robinson, A History of the Castles and Manors of Western Sussex (London: Longman & Co., 1876), pp. 119–20.
6. In 1531, Agnes ranked behind the Queen, her daughter Princess Mary, and the King’s younger sister Mary, Duchess of Suffolk and Dowager Queen of France. Her only immediate equal was her daughter-in-law Elizabeth (née Stafford), Duchess of Norfolk.
7. A. R. Myers, The Household of Edward IV: The Black Book and the Ordinance of 1478 (Manchester University Press, 1959), p. 94.
8. Kate Mertes, The English Noble Household, 1250–1600: Good Governance and Politic Rule (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1998), p. 1.
9. John Russell’s Book of Nurture quoted in Edith Rickert and Israel Gollancz (eds.), The Babees’ Book: Medieval Manners for the Young: Done into Modern English from Dr. Furnivall’s Texts (New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1966), p. 63.
10. State Papers, I, 180; LP, XI, 17; Ralph A. Griffiths, Sir Rhys ap Thomas and his Family: A Study in the Wars of the Roses and Early Tudor Politics (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1993), p. 113.
11. The Babees’ Book or A Little Report on how young people should behave quoted in The Babees’ Book, p. 4.
12. John Russell’s Book of Nurture quoted in The Babees’ Book, p. 57.
13. Felicity Heal, Hospitality in Early Modern England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990) p. 71.
14. LP, IV, ii, 4710. On Agnes’s patronage of John Skelton, historians are divided, due to the cryptic nature of Skelton’s dedications and debates over dating his work. H. L. R. Edwards, Skelton: The Life and Times of an Early Tudor Poet (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949), pp. 206–7, believes Agnes was one of Skelton’s patrons. Tucker, pp. 9, 74n., argues that the Howards’ connection to Skelton was the 2nd Duke’s first wife Elizabeth, Countess of Surrey, while Greg Walker, John Skelton and the Politics of the 1520s (Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 15–32, believes the Howard links to Skelton have been exaggerated.
15. LP, IV, ii, 4710.
16. LP, XVI, 1317, 1398, 1461; LP, Add. I., 367.
17. LP, VI, 212, 1111.
18. Elwes and Robinson, p. 120.
19. MS. Ashmole 61, fol. 20.
20. The Babees’ Book or A Little Report on how young people should behave quoted in The Babees’ Book, p. 3.
21. Sir John Maclean (ed.), The Berkeley Manuscripts (Gloucester: John Bellows, 1883), II, pp. 384–86.
22. The Babees’ Book or A Little Report on how young people should behave quoted in The Babees’ Book, pp. 3–4.
; 23. Ibid.
24. John Russell’s Book of Nurture quoted in The Babees’ Book, p. 47
25. Berkeley Manuscripts, II, p. 382. The compliment referred to Catherine’s second cousin Katherine (née Howard), Lady Berkeley, daughter of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and wife of Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley.
26. The Boke of Nurture, or School of Good Manners for Men, Servants, and Children, with Stans Puer Ad Mensam, newly corrected, being necessary for all youth and children quoted in The Babees’ Book, p. 132; The Little Children’s Little Book quoted in The Babees’ Book, pp. 16–19; The Young Children’s Little Book quoted in The Babees’ Book, p. 25; Penelope Eames, Furniture in England, France and the Netherlands from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century (London: Furniture History Society, 1977), p. 57.
27. The Little Children’s Little Book quoted in The Babees’ Book, p. 16.
28. Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest (Bath: Cedric Chivers, 1972), III, p. 105.
Young and Damned and Fair Page 47
