Young and Damned and Fair

by Gareth Russell

  5. Thomas, p. 61.

  6. LP, XVI, 868.

  7. Thomas, p. 12.

  8. Thomas, p. 61.

  9. LP, XIV, ii, 212.

  10. Thomas, p. 12; LP, XVI, 1060, 1081–83, 1204.

  11. Thomas, pp. 10–11.

  12. LP, XVI, 868.

  13. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 842; Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, p. 125. Hall gives Damport and Chapman’s execution date as June 9, 1541, while Wriothesley writes that it took place on the 19th.

  14. Cal S. P. Span., VI, i, 166.

  15. LP, XVI, 760.

  16. Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, p. 125; Holinshed, III, p. 820.

  17. LP, XVI, 932.

  18. Cal S. P. Span., VI, i, 168.

  19. Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, pp. 125–26; LP, XVI, 941.

  20. Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, p. 126.

  21. For the Dacre case, see Cal S. P. Span., VI, i, 166; LP, XVI, 760, 932, 941; Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, pp. 125–26.

  22. James, Kateryn Parr, p. 59.

  23. James, Kateryn Parr, p. 98; LP, XVIII, i, 66.

  24. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 278–79; Henry Clifford, The Life of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria (London: Burns and Oates, 1887), pp. 167–68; Johnson, Elizabeth, pp. 112–14.

  25. LP, XVI, 832, 873, 905, 911.

  26. Barbara J. Harris, “The Fabric of Piety: Aristocratic Women and Care of the Dead, 1450–1550” in Journal of British Studies (April 2009), p. 316.

  27. LP, XVI, 503, grant 14; 625.

  28. Proceedings of the Privy Council, VII, p. 154; LP, XVI, 625.

  29. Hastings Robinson (ed.), Original Letters Relative to the English Reformation (Cambridge University Press, 1846), pp. 266–67.

  30. LP, XVI, 678; 947, grant 2.

  31. Household Ordinances, p. 41; Thurley, pp. 70–74, 83.

  32. LP, XVI, 941.

  33. LP, XVI, 763.

  34. Proceedings of the Privy Council, VII, pp. 192, 195–96.

  35. LP, XVI, 1130.

  36. LP, XVI, 1089.

  37. Kaulek, 347.

  38. Ibid.

  39. LP, XVI, 1011.

  40. Ibid.

  41. LP, XVI, 1002, 1011, 1016.

  16. The Girl in the Silver Dress

  1. LP, XVI, 974.

  2. LP, XVI, 631, 901, 926.

  3. LP, XVI, 912; Brendan Bradshaw, The Irish Constitutional Revolution of the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 265.

  4. The papal blessing was allegedly given by Pope Adrian IV in 1155 and confirmed by Pope Alexander III in 1172. This is, perhaps needless to say, a controversial episode in Anglo-Irish history, and the existence of papal endorsement has been contested. Henry VIII’s repudiation of the Vatican’s authority continually stressed that Rome had no right to interfere in the sovereignty of any Christian country, a claim that simultaneously made him head of the Church in England and damaged the legitimacy of his rule over Ireland.

  5. The Duke of Norfolk in question was Catherine’s uncle, not her grandfather who died in 1524. Norfolk was still Earl of Surrey when he served as viceroy of Ireland.

  6. LP, XVI, 367.

  7. LP, XVI, 1085, 1120, 1194 (2). Later, Henry’s defenders, including Edward VI’s clerk of the Privy Council, disingenuously claimed the policy had been the King’s idea to “confirm his force with mercy, [and] he rewarded divers of those wild men with great sums of his own money, appointing them to places of civil honour, as earls, barons, knights, esquires, and such other.” (See Thomas, pp. 67–68.) There is no evidence from 1541–42 to support this version of events.

  8. LP, XVI, 784.

  9. LP, XVI, 1030.

  10. LP, XVI, 1058, 1061.

  11. Bradshaw, pp. 231–38.

  12. LP, XVI, 1159.

  13. LP, XVI, 1005, 1071.

  14. LP, XVI, 1066.

  15. LP, XVI, 992, 1035.

  16. Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, p. 127.

  17. LP, XVI, 1019.

  18. The court was at Loddington when Morton was given the errand, dating it to between July 28 and 31—LP, XVI, 1053, 1061; SP 1/167, f. 133.

  19. Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby (Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 83–6, 154–56.

  20. LP, XVI, 1074.

  21. Gunn, Charles Brandon, pp. 170–74.

  22. LP, I, ii, 2171.

  23. Journal of the House of Lords, p. 164.

  24. Cal S. P. Span., IV, ii, 765.

  25. Gunn, Charles Brandon, p. 119; Ives, Life and Death, pp. 140–41.

  26. SP 1/167, f. 131.

  27. Fox, Jane Boleyn, p. 298.

  28. Burnet, V, p. 295.

  29. Burnet, VI, p. 259.

  30. Head, pp. 124–25.

  31. Burnet, VI, pp. 258–59.

  32. LP, XVI, 1077.

  33. LP, XVI, 1088, which is the fullest account extant of Henry and Catherine’s arrival at Lincoln, gives the nobleman’s name as “Lord Hastings,” which must refer to George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon (d. 1544). He was 3rd Baron Hastings following his father’s death in 1506, but was usually referred to by his higher title after he was raised to the earldom of Huntingdon in 1529. There were no other men in the English peerage in 1541 with the surname or title of Hastings.

  34. LP, XI, 888.

  35. Hall’s Chronicle, p. 842.

  36. J. W. F. Hill, Tudor and Stuart Lincoln (Cambridge University Press, 1956), p. 51.

  37. Ives, Life and Death, p. 111; LP, XIV, i, 965.

  38. Jonathan Foyle, Lincoln Cathedral: The Biography of a Great Building (London: Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers, 2015), p. 104.

  39. Hill, p. 50n.

  40. By counting the King’s descent from Katherine via his father—Katherine (often known by her first married surname of Swynford), Duchess of Lancaster (d. 1403) was the mother of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (d. 1410), father of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (d. 1444), father of Margaret Tudor, Countess of Richmond and later Derby (d. 1509), mother of King Henry VII.

  41. Eleanor of Castile had numerous descendants by the sixteenth century, and this relationship is made by counting back from Henry’s mother—Eleanor of Castile, Queen of England (d. 1290) was the mother of King Edward II, who was the father of King Edward III, father of Edmund, 1st Duke of York (d. 1402), father of Richard, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (d. 1415), father of Richard, 3rd Duke of York (killed at the Battle of Wakefield, 1460), father of King Edward IV, father of Elizabeth of York, Queen of England (d. 1503). Describing Eleanor as Henry VIII’s ancestress comes from firmly disagreeing with popular theories that the connecting family members of Edward III and Edward IV were illegitimate. The suggestion, which does not predate the twentieth century, that Edward II’s sexuality prevented him fathering four children with his wife, Queen Isabella, has no contemporary documentary evidence to support it and much to contradict it, while the idea that Edward IV was the bastard son of an archer surfaced during his brother’s attempts to disinherit his side of the family in 1483—see Kathryn Warner, Edward II: The Unconventional King (Stroud, England: Amberley, 2014), p. 68; Ian Mortimer, The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation (London: Vintage, 2008), pp. 17–25; Amy Licence, Cecily Neville: Mother of Kings (Stroud, England: Amberley, 2015), pp. 91–96; Hannes Kleineke, Edward IV (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 28–29.

  42. Saint Hugh died in 1200, he was canonized by Pope Honorius III in 1220, the body was moved in 1280, and the head shrine completed c. 1340—Foyle, p. 93.

  43. Author’s visit, June 30, 2015.

  44. LP, XV, 772. The cathedral’s shrine to Saint John of Dalderby was also destroyed.

  45. Foyle, p. 85.

  46. Author’s visit, June 30, 2015.

  47. LP, XVI, 1088.

  48. LP, XVI, 1339.

  49. SP 1/167, f.131.

  50. LP, XVI, 1391, grant 18.

  51. SP 1/167, f. 159.

  17. The Cha
se

  1. LP, XVI, 1094.

  2. Hill, pp. 1–3.

  3. LP, XVI, 1102.

  4. LP, XVI, 1089.

  5. They arrived on Thursday August 18, 1541, and left on Monday, August 22. The Hatfield Chase is not to be confused with Hatfield Palace in Hertfordshire, the main residence of the future Elizabeth I for most of her childhood.

  6. LP, XVI, 1114.

  7. LP, XVI, 1138.

  8. LP, XVI, 1071; Mackay, p. 207.

  9. This account of the long weekend at Hatfield is based on de Marillac’s account of it—LP, XVI, 1130.

  10. LP, XVI, 972. Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury, 5th Earl of Waterford, and 11th Baron Talbot (d. 1560).

  11. LP, XVI, 1122.

  12. SP 1/167, f. 133.

  13. Ibid.

  14. R. W. Hoyle and J. B. Ramsdale, “The Royal Progress of 1541, the North of England, and Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1534–1542” in Northern History (September 2004), pp. 253–54.

  15. James V sent Thomas Bellenden on July 9.

  16. Cameron, p. 289.

  17. Ibid.

  18. LP, XVI, 766; XVII, 61; Cameron, p. 264.

  19. LP, XVI, 832, 990 (5).

  20. Ian Roberts and Ian Downes, Pontefract Castle: Key to the North (Wakefield: West Yorkshire Archaeology Service, 2013), p. 22.

  21. Roberts and Downes, p. vi.

  22. William Shakespeare, Richard III, Act III, scene iii.

  23. My thanks to the extremely kind and helpful staff at Pontefract Castle for pointing this out and answering my queries about it. Author’s visit, July 2, 2015.

  24. Constanza of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster (1354–94) was the daughter of Pedro the Just, King of Castile and León. Her husband pursued her claim to the Castilian throne, which is why “her” tower at Pontefract was referred to as the Queen’s Tower.

  25. SP 1/167, f. 133.

  26. LP, XVI, 1339.

  27. SP 1/167, f. 136; Herbert, p. 535.

  28. SP 1/167, f. 133.

  29. Ibid.

  30. LP, XVI, 1339.

  31. LP, XVI, 1172, 1176, 1211.

  32. Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, p. 141.

  18. Waiting for the King of Scots

  1. D. M. Palliser, Tudor York (Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 1.

  2. Lorraine Attreed, “The Politics of Welcome: Ceremonies and Constitutional Development in Later Medieval English Towns” in Barbara A. Hanawalt and Kathryn L. Reyerson (eds.), City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe (University of Minnesota Press, 1994), p. 219.

  3. York Castle was not something Catherine had to see except from a distance during her visit. The castle, built in the reign of William I, was not in a good enough condition to host the King and Queen in 1541. By that stage, it was primarily used for musters of troops and public events.

  4. For York in 1541, see Hoyle, Pilgrimage of Grace, p. 2; Gordon Kipling, Enter the King: Theatre, Liturgy, and Ritual in Medieval Civic Triumph (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), pp. 183–84; Palliser, pp. 1–5, 24–29, 207–8.

  5. Hoyle, Pilgrimage of Grace, p. 2; LP, XVI, 1130, 1131.

  6. Ibid., p. 2.

  7. Kipling, p. 40n.

  8. For the Minster in 1541, see John Harvey, “Architectural History from 1291 to 1558,” pp. 149–92, and David E. O’Connor and Jeremy Haselock, “The Stained and Painted Glass,” p. 324, both in Aylmer and Cant; Palliser, p. 238.

  9. LP, XVI, 1229.

  10. LP, XVI, 1339.

  11. Marie de Guise (1515–1560) was the daughter of Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, and Antoinette of Bourbon, Duchess of Guise. Her first husband was Louis II, Duke of Longueville. After his death, she married King James V of Scots. She was the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, and served as her regent in Scotland from 1542 to 1560.

  12. Hoyle and Ramsdale, p. 253.

  13. LP, XVI, 1183.

  14. Hoyle and Ramsdale, p. 255.

  15. Hoyle and Ramsdale, p. 261.

  16. State Papers, V, pp. 44–45.

  17. LP, XV, 248.

  18. LP, XVI, 1181–2.

  19. LP, XVI, 1143.

  20. LP, XVI, 1163.

  21. Hoyle and Ramsdale, p. 255.

  22. LP, XVI, 1253.

  23. LP, XVI, 1229.

  24. LP, XVI, 1202, 1207.

  25. LP, XVI, 1251.

  26. LP, XVI, 1205 (2).

  27. LP, XVI, 1260.

  28. Kaulek, 347.

  29. Cal. S. P. Span., VI, i, 209.

  30. LP, XVI, 1261.

  31. LP, XVI, 1194.

  32. LP, XVI, 1253.

  33. LP, XVI, 1252.

  34. A divorce did not take place. The Dauphine gave birth to her son, the future King François II, in January 1544.

  35. LP, XVI, 1266, 1269.

  36. That Catherine was at Chenies Manor House is my own supposition, based on a consultation of relevant maps of the area, comments made in LP, XVI, 1278 and 1287, and in SP 1/167, f. 136.

  37. LP, XVI, 1339.

  38. The impetus for inviting Alice to Chenies may have been her husband Anthony’s job in Calais. The couple appear to have been visiting England in late 1541, which may have prompted Catherine to take the opportunity of trying to buy Alice’s loyal silence. Equally, it may have been a generous gesture which she decided to make during the opportunity afforded by Alice’s trip back to England.

  39. LP, XVI, 1289.

  40. LP, XVI, 1307.

  41. LP, XVI, 1297.

  42. Kaulek, 350.

  19. “Being examined by my lord of Canterbury”

  1. LP, XVI, 1339.

  2. LP, XVI, 1332.

  3. SP 1/167, f. 127; Burnet, I, pp. 623–24, writes that the King gave thanks personally after receiving the Sacrament.

  4. LP, XVI, 1310.

  5. LP, XVI, 1334.

  6. Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, pp. 165–66.

  7. LP, XVI, 1334.

  8. LP, XVI, 1312, 1314.

  9. The physical description of the Earl of Southampton is based on the sketch of him by Holbein, currently housed in the Royal Collection.

  10. The wording used in the transcripts of Manox’s interview on November 5, 1541, describe Joan as “also entertained” by Dereham. This could mean that she received financial rewards or support from him, possibly bribes in return for access to Catherine. However, elsewhere in the interrogation records Wriothesley used “entertained” to mean sexual intercourse, and he also recorded Joan’s relationship with Francis immediately after a description of Dereham’s involvement with Catherine. In that context, “also entertained by” can only have a sexual connotation.

  11. SP 1/167, f. 117.

  12. Dereham’s first interrogation is recorded on November 5. However, he must have been taken beforehand. Andrew Pewson, one of the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk’s servants, mentioned in his interview “his going to Hamptoncourte after Derams apprehencion” on Friday, November 4. The delay raises the possibility that Dereham was tortured even at this early stage, between All Souls Day and Saturday, the 5th.

  13. SP 1/167, f. 136.

  14. SP 1/167, f. 136v.

  15. SP 1/167, f. 127.

  16. LP, XVI, 1339.

  17. SP 1/167, f. 109.

  18. LP, XVI, 1334.

  19. LP, XVI, 1332.

  20. Cal. S. P. Span., VI, i, 201.

  21. LP, XVI, 1332.

  22. Ibid.

  23. SP 1/168, f. 48.

  24. State Papers, I, p. 697.

  25. SP 1/168, f. 96.

  26. SP 1/168, f. 98.

  27. SP1/168, f. 14.

  28. LP, XVI, 1332; Cal. S. P. Span., VI, i, 204.

  29. SP 1/167, f. 127.

  30. Cal. S. P. Span., VI, i, 204.

  31. This description of Archbishop Cranmer is based on the portrait of him by Gerlach Flicke, painted in 1545.

  32. State Papers, I, p. 689.

  33. See Chapter 5 for discussion of Lady Brereton.

  34. Burnet, VI, document 72.

  35. State
Papers, I, p. 689.

  36. Ibid.

  37. LP, XVI, 1332.

  38. HMC Bath, II, p. 10.

  39. SP 1/168, f. 80.

  40. LP, XVI, 1416, 2.ii.

  41. SP 1/168, f. 80.

  42. Ibid.

  43. LP, XVI, 1332; State Papers, I, pp. 691–92.

  44. State Papers, I, p. 691.

  45. LP, XVI, 1332.

  46. State Papers, II, p. 694.

  47. LP, XVI, 1366.

  48. HMC Bath, II, p. 10; SP 1/167, f. 136.

  49. Herbert, p. 535.

  20. A Greater Abomination

  1. Their visit suggests that de Marillac’s version of events, which has Dereham confessing and naming Culpepper in an attempt to exonerate himself, is the correct one. Here, the traditional chronology of Catherine’s downfall is inconsistent with a closer examination of the sources, but it is not so much that de Marillac’s account is incorrect, rather that it is incomplete.

  2. HMC Bath, II, pp. 9–10.

  3. Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, pp. 173–74; Denny, Katherine Howard, pp. 223–36.

  4. Smith, A Tudor Tragedy, pp. 171–74.

  5. LP, XVI, 1339.

  6. SP 1/167, f. 131; 1/168, f. 8.

  7. LP, XVI, 1339. Tilney and Dereham were sent by the Queen to fetch Alice Restwold when Catherine was staying at Lord and Lady Russell’s in the last week of October.

  8. SP 1/167, f. 136.

  9. LP, XVI, 1438.

  10. He seems to have made an offer to Anne Askew before she was tortured for information about the Queen’s household in 1546.

  11. SP 1/168, f. 8.

  12. SP 1/167, f. 136.

  13. SP 1/167, f. 148; LP, XVI, 1366, 1371.

  14. LP, XVI, 1339.

  15. Cal. S. P. Span. VI, i, 207; SP 1/167, f. 147.

  16. Cal. S. P. Span., VI, i, 209.

  17. Fox, Jane Boleyn, p. 302.

  18. Cal. S. P. Span., VI, i, 209.

  19. State Papers, I, p. 694.

  20. State Papers, I, p. 708.

  21. State Papers, I, p. 700.

  22. Proceedings of the Privy Council, VII, p. 267.

  23. LP, XVI, 1337.2.

  24. SP 1/167, f. 161.

  25. SP 1/167, f. 131.

  26. SP 1/167, f. 133.

  27. SP 1/167, f. 136.

  28. Proceedings of the Privy Council, VII, p. 279.

  29. State Papers, I, pp. 698, 708.

  30. State Papers, I, p. 698.

  31. State Papers, I, pp. 691, 701.

  32. LP, XVI, 1326.