The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century

by Alan Brinkley

  5. HRL to Managing Editors et al., June 7, 1944, JSB Mss.; HRL to All Members of TIME INC., June 23, 1944, TIA; HRL, “Basis of an Editorial Program for all Publications in 1943,” January 1943, JSB Mss.; HRL to The Senior Editors of TIME, December 18, 1943, John Hersey to HRL, July 27, 1944, TIA; HRL to JSB et al., June 16, 1944, HRL to Gottfried, November 13, 1944, JSB Mss.

  6. HRL to Eric Hodgins et al., March 6, 1944, HRL to T. S. Matthews et al., October 5, 1944, HRL to staff, February 11, 1944, TIA; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 60–61.

  7. Life, October 12, 1942; HRL to “some of my friends in Great Britain,” November 11, 1942, C. D. Jackson to HRL et al., October 17, 1942, T. S. Matthews to David Hulburd, London Cable 5250, October 12, 1942, TIA; HRL to Ed Lockett, July 22, 1943, HRL statement “to members of the British Press,” October 15, 1942, JSB Mss.; Andrew Heiskell oral history, COHP; Andrew Heiskell interview.

  8. Whittaker Chambers, Witness (New York: Random House, 1952), pp. 86–87, 193–96; Sam Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers (New York: Random House, pp. 3–163.

  9. Whittaker Chambers, n.d., internal memo, TIA; Time, February 12, 1940; HRL to Chambers, May 6, 1942, TIA; Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, pp. 166–67.

  10. Time, January 6, 1941, February 16, 1942; Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, pp. 172–73.

  11. Manfred Gottfried oral history, Time Inc., 1961, pp. 161–62, TIA; Time, July 17, August 7, 14, 1944; Chambers, Witness, pp. 496–500; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 104–5.

  12. Fillmore Calhoun to Allen Grover, February 6, 1945, John Hersey to HRL, February 1945, Chambers to HRL, September 18, November 10, 1944, “Excerpt from Billings Monthly Editorial Report,” January 17, 1945, TIA; Chambers, Witness, pp. 497–98; HRL to JSB, January 6, 1945, JSB Mss.; Chambers to HRL, January, n.d., 1945, TIA; JSB to Charles Wertenbaker, January 15, 1945, Wertenbaker to JSB, January 15, 1945, JSB Mss.; HRL to Chambers, January 17, 1945, TIA.

  13. Time, March 5, 1945; JSBD, February 19, 22, 1945.

  14. JSBD, November 20, 22, 1944; Chambers, Witness, pp. 501–4; Chambers to HRL, November 4, 1945, TIA; Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, pp. 194–96.

  15. Time, March 22, 1943; JSBD, April 19, 21, 1944; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 118–19.

  16. Pearl Buck to HRL, n.d., 1943, HRL, “Private Memorandum on Pearl Buck’s Article on China,” n.d., 1943, TIA; Life, May 10, 1943, May 1, 1944; THW to David Hulburd, March 13, May 15, June 22, 1943, “Cable from T. H. White,” n.d., 1943, HRL to JSB, March 24, 1944, HRL to THW, April 3, 1944, THW to HRL, April 12, 1944, TIA; Theodore H. White, In Search of History: A Personal Adventure (New York: Harper & Row, 1978), pp. 207–8; Peter Conn, Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 272–73; Patricia Nels, China Images in the Life and Times of Henry Luce (Savage, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990), pp. 104–6; THW to HRL, May, n.d., 1944, THW Mss.

  17. HRL to THW, July 19, 1943, TIA; HRL to JSB, March 24, 1944, HRL to THW, April 3, 1944, HRL to Managing Editors, June 12, 1944, THW to HRL, July 21, 1944, JSB Mss.; Elson, World of Time Inc., p. 121.

  18. Barbara Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945 (New York: Macmillan, 1971), chaps. 9–20, and pp. 340, 354–57; White, In Search of History, pp. 176–79; Thomas Griffith, Harry & Teddy (New York: Random House, 1995), pp. 80–81; THW to HRL, October 19, 1944, TIA.

  19. Time, November 13, 1944; HRL to Brooks Atkinson, November 21, 1944, TIA.

  20. THW, “Chungking Cable No. 23,” November 21, 1944, TD; HRL to THW, December 13, 1944, THW to Matthews, January, n.d., 1945, TIA; Time, March 1, 1943, December 18, 1944, January 1, 1945; Life, March 1, 1943.

  21. William Palmer Taylor to James Linen, December 9, 1944, Mary Johnson Tweedy to HRL, February 26, 1945, TIA; Richard Watts, “Reading Luce in China,” New Republic, December 3, 1945, pp. 740–42; HRL to Management Executive Committee, March 12, 1945, TIA.

  22. JSBD, August 13, 1945; HRL to THW, August 14, 1945, JSB Mss.; THW, “Chungking Cable No. 250,” August 14, 1945, TD; THW to HRL, August 15, 1945, JSB Mss.; HRL radio address, November 14, 1943, TIA; White, In Search of History, pp. 209–13.

  23. THW to HRL, June 26, 1946, HRL to JSB, August 13, 1945, TIA; HRL to Charles Wertenbaker et al., July 1, 1946, JSB Mss.; Corinne Thrasher to Allen Grover, July 3, 1946, HRL to THW, June 29, 1946, TIA; THW to HRL, August 1, 1946, THW Mss.; JSB to HRL, July 15, 1946, THW to HRL, August 1, 1946, JSB Mss.; JSBD, February 26, 1945; CBL to Patricia Neils, January 22, 1985, CBL Mss.; Theodore H. White and Annalee Jacoby, Thunder Over China (New York: A. M. Sloane Assocs, 1946); White, In Search of History, pp. 246–49; Griffith, Harry & Teddy, pp. 152–60; Joyce Hoffmann, Theodore H. White and Journalism as Illusion (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), pp. 72–74.

  24. FDR to Stephen Early, January 17, 1942, TIA; HRL to Early, January 10, 1942, Early to FDR, January 13, 1942, HRL to Early, January 19, 1942, Early Mss.; Life, December 15, 1941; Time, January 12, 1942; Felix Belair to HRL, January 19, 1943, TIA.

  25. JSBD, January 21, 1942; FDR to Sumner Welles, February 28, 1942, Welles to FDR, March 7, 1942, PSF Welles 2-42, FDRL.

  26. JSBD, January 8, 1942; HRL to Managing Editors, November 1, 1943, JSB Mss.; HRL to T. S. Matthews, February 11, 1943, HRL to Raymond Clapper, December 4, 1943, Clapper to HRL, December 6, 1943, TIA.

  27. Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), pp. 432–40; Henry Stimson Diary, vol. 41, September 27, 1943, Stimson Mss., LC; HRL to George C. Marshall, March 27, 1943, HRL to John J. McCloy, August 26, 1943, PPF 3338, FDRL; HRL to FDR, October 23, 1943, PPF 2442, FDRL; JSBD, August 30, 1944; HRL to George C. Marshall, April 27, 1944, George C. Marshall to HRL, June 7, 1944, TIA; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.

  28. HRL to Gottfried, July 28, 1944, HRL to JSB, July 14, 1944, JSB Mss.

  29. HRL to Larsen, August 23, 1943, TIA; Jessup to HRL, August 30, 1944, JSB Mss.; Richard Watts, Jr., “Reading Luce in China,” pp. 741–42; Warren Breed, “Social Control in the Newsroom,” Social Forces 33 (May 1955), 326–35.

  30. HRL, Memo to staff, February 11, 1944, TIA; HRL to Gottfried, November 5, 1942, HRL to The Policy Committee, July 12, 1944, HRL Confidential Memo, February 10, 1944, JSB Mss.; Culbert Olson to HRL, November 11, 1942, HRL to Olson, January 29, 1943, TIA; R. L. Buell, “Republican Reorganization,” November 29, 1944, HRL to Jessup, November 30, 1944, JSB Mss.; Herzstein, Henry R. Luce, p. 377.

  31. HRL to CBL, May 5, 1943, October 19, 1943, CBL Mss.; JSBD, January 31, 1945.

  32. CBL Diary, April 19, n.d., CBL Mss.; JSBD, October 18, 1941, July 1, 1942; Sylvia Morris, Rage for Fame: The Ascent of Clare Boothe Luce (New York: Random House, 1997), pp. 460–61.

  33. CBL to HRL, November 23, 1941, November 23, 1942, CBL Mss.; Morris, Rage for Fame, pp. 442–44; CBL speech to Connecticut State Republican Convention, September 10, 1942, CBL Mss.; New York Times, September 11, 1942.

  34. Morris, Rage for Fame, pp. 360, 442; CBL to HRL, November 23, 1942, CBL Mss.

  35. JSBD, June 22, 1943; Ralph G. Martin, Henry and Clare: An Intimate Portrait of the Luces (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1991), pp. 246–50.

  36. HRL to CBL, n.d., 1943, CBL Mss.; HRL to JSB et al., August 12, 1944, JSB Mss.

  37. HRL to Ann Brokaw, February 16, 1939, April 13, 1940, n.d., Helen Meyer to Ann Brokaw, May 16, 1941, CBL Mss.; Stanford Magazine, July-August 2003; Time, January 24, 1944; HRL to CBL, January 11, 1944, CBL Mss.; W. A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972), p. 232; JSBD, January 22, September 6, November 8, 1944; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.

  38. HRL to JSB et al., May 12, 1943, HRL to Gottfried, May 27, 1943, TIA.

  39. HRL to Editors, February 15, August 17, 1943, TIA; Fortune, May 1945; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 128–30.

  40. HRL to CBL, n.d., 1943, CBL Mss.

  41. HRL to Managing Editors, August 17, 1943, HRL to Policy Committee, October 30, November 3, 1940, TIA.

 
42. HRL to William Ernest Hocking, July 30, 1943, March 23, 1944, William Benton to HRL, November 1, 1943, TIA; HRL to Lippmann, January 3, 1943, Lippmann memo, January, n.d., 1943, HRL to Lippmann, January 5, 1943, Lippmann to HRL, January 6, 1943, HRL to Lippmann, February 25, 1943, Lippmann to HRL, March 8, 1943, Lippmann Mss., Yale.

  43. HRL address, Ohio State University Commencement, June 11, 1943, JSB Mss.; HRL, “The Practice of Freedom: A Memorandum on the Fundamental ‘Attitudes and Convictions’ of TIME INC.,” August 1943, TIA; HRL, “Articles of Faith,” September 6, 1943, JSB Mss.

  XI LOSING CHINA

  1. Time, April 23, 30, 1945; Life, April 30, 1945; Fortune, May 1945; JSB to editors, August 14, 1945, JSB Mss.

  2. HRL to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 13, 1945, TIA; JSBD, April 12, 1945; HRL unpublished memoir, n.d., TIA; JSBD, May 14, 1948; HRL to T. S. Matthews et al. January 16, 1947, JSB Mss.; John K. Jessup, ed., The Ideas of Henry Luce (New York: Atheneum, 1969), p. 18; Robert E. Herzstein, Henry R. Luce: A Political Portrait of the Man Who Created the American Century (New York: Scribner’s, 1994), p. 377; HRL to Truman, April 17, 1945, TIA.

  3. HRL to JSB, May 27, 1945, JSB Mss.; Robert T. Elson, The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1941–1960 (New York: Atheneum, 1973), pp. 131–33.

  4. HRL, unpublished memoir, 1966, TIA; David Hulburd to HRL, May 18, 1945, “Memo to Mr. Luce from Mr. Mayer,” May, n.d., 1945, JSB Mss.; Bill Gray to Eleanor Welch, May 20, 1945, TIA; Bill Gray Cable #122, May 21, 1945, Shelly Mydans cable to David Hulburd, May 26, 1945, JSB Mss.

  5. Bill Gray to Eleanor Welch, May 20, 1945, JSB Mss.; Elson, World of Time Inc., p. 133.

  6. Time, August 20, 1945.

  7. HRL to Daniel Longwell, August 27, 1945, HRL to T. S. Matthews, November 12, 16, 1945, HRL to JSB, August 23, 1945, TIA.

  8. Time, December 15, 22, 1941, January 26, 1942, August 7, 1944; Life, December 22, 1941, September 6, 1943; Fortune, February 1942, April 1944; Time, November 30, 1942, June 21, August 9, 1943; Pearl S. Buck to HRL, December 18, 1941, HRL to Pearl S. Buck, December 19, 1941, Pearl S. Buck to HRL, December 19, 1941, TIA; John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986), pp. 37, 58, 65–67, 161, 181, 189, 224, 330.

  9. HRL, unpublished memoir, 1966, JSB to Tasker et al., “The Chinese Communists,” August 24, 1945, TIA; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview; Christina Klein, Cold War Orientalism: Asia in the Middlebrow Imagination, 1945–1961 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), pp. 176–77.

  10. HRL to Leighton Stuart, September 24, 1945, TIA; THW, Chungking Cable 242, Part II, August 13, 1945, HRL to Tasker, August 13, 1945, HRL to THW, August 14, 1945, THW, Chungking Cable 250, August 14, 1945, Eleanor Welch to THW, August 14, 1945, THW, Chungking Cable 251, August 14, 1945, Chungking Cable 253, August 15, 1945, JSB Mss.; Eleanor Welch to THW, August 15, 1945, HRL to Mme. Chiang Kai-shek, October 28, 1943, TIA; JSBD, April 27, August 28, 1945.

  11. HRL Cable 1, October 7, 1945, HRL cable, “Tsingtao: Fastest Growing City in China,” October 21, 1945, TIA; HRL and Charles Murphy Cable, October 27, 1945, JSB Mss.; HRL to Chiang Kai-shek, April 21, July 7, 1945, TIA.

  12. HRL cables to JSB, October 19, 20, 1945, JSB Mss.; “Mr. Luce’s Chungking Diary,” October 1945, TIA.

  13. “Mr. Luce’s Chungking Diary,” HRL to Mme. Chiang Kai-shek, October 29, 1945, TIA.

  14. HRL to Mme. Chiang Kai-shek, October 28, 1943, TIA; Henry A. Wallace diary, vol. 23, November 1, 1945, Wallace Mss.; HRL to Jessup, November 13, 1945, JSB Mss.

  15. CBL diary, April 9, 1937, n.d., 1944, CBL Mss.; JSBD, August 7, 1945; CBL to HRL, n.d., 1947, CBL Mss.

  16. Time, February 25, 1946; JSBD, February 13, 17, 1946; CBL to HRL, n.d., 1947, ERL to CBL, February 20, 1946, CBL Mss.; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.

  17. CBL to HRL, n.d., 1947, CBL memo, “Suffering Excruciating Emotional and Mental Misery,” August 10, 1947, CBL Mss.; Ralph G. Martin, Henry and Clare: An Intimate Portrait of the Luces (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1991), pp. 258–62; JSBD, August 27, 1947.

  18. JSBD, August 11, 17, 1947.

  19. CBL to HRL, n.d., 1947, HRL to CBL, July, n.d., 1947, HRL to CBL, n.d., 1947, HRL to CBL, February, n.d., 1948, CBL Mss.; JSBD, August 17, 1946, September 25, 1947.

  20. CBL to HRL, n.d., 1946, HRL to CBL, n.d., 1946, HRL to CBL, n.d., 1947, CBL Mss.

  21. Andrew Heiskell interview; Gore Vidal, “The Woman Behind the Women,” The New Yorker, May 26, 1997, p. 74.

  22. JSBD, March 5, 1946; Matthews to HRL, February, n.d., 1946, HRL, “Editorial Program for TIME in 1946,” March 6, 1946, Margaret McConnell to Roy Alexander, November 5, 1946, TIA.

  23. T. S. Matthews to HRL, August 30, 1948, HRL, “Editorial Program for TIME in 1946,” March 6, 1946, HRL, “Agenda for Discussion,” November, n.d., 1949, Henry Grunwald to T. S. Matthews, June 10, 1949, TIA; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 207–9.

  24. JSBD, January 6, 16, 25, December 10, 20, 1946, May 27, June 4, July 21, 22, 1947, February 9, 12, 17, March 11, 1948.

  25. HRL to JSB et al., February 13, 1948, HRL, “Directive for the Editorial Development of Fortune,” March 23, 1948, JSB Mss.

  26. HRL, “Directive for the Editorial Development of Fortune,” March 23, 1948, JSB Mss.; JSBD, March 22, 1948.

  27. JSBD, July 20, 1948; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 201–3.

  28. JSBD, May 20, 1946; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 187–89.

  29. Elson, World of Time Inc., p. 192; HRL to Joseph Thorndike, n.d., 1948, TIA.

  30. JSBD, October 20, 1948, August 5, 1949; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 187–88.

  31. HRL to Editors, October, n.d., 1948, TIA; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 192–93; JSBD, October 21, 1948; HRL to Thorndike, March 1, 1948, TIA.

  32. HRL to Thorndike et al., October 20, 1948, HRL to JSB et al., August 9, 1949, JSB Mss.; HRL to Thorndike et al., October 28, 1948, TIA.

  33. HRL to Thorndike, March 1, October 20, 1948, TIA; HRL, “Notes on Life,” August 9, 1949, JSB Mss.

  34. HRL to JSB et al., January 23, 1946, JSB Mss.; JSBD, January 23, 1946; Life, January 7, 1946; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 155–56.

  35. JSBD, January 19, 23, March 5, November 12, 27, 1946; HRL to Churchill, January 14, 1948, TIA; John Osborne, “Recollections of Winston Churchill at Dinner at the Union Club, New York,” April 5, 1949, JSB Mss.; JSB, “Churchill Dinner, Ritz Carlton March 25, 1949,” JSB Scrapbook #49, transcripts of March 25, 1949, dinner for Churchill, JSB Mss.

  36. Churchill to HRL, November 22, 1947, Graebner Mss.; HRL to Churchill, January 14, 1948, JSB Mss.

  37. Walter Graebner to HRL, January 23, 1947, JSB Mss.; Elson, World of Time Inc., pp. 216–20; JSBD, December 2, 1947, February 10, 1948; Life, December 8, 1947; Walter Graebner to Ed Thompson, November 26, 1953, Graebner Mss.

  38. New Republic, July 21, 1945.

  39. HRL to Schlamm, January 26, 1948, JSB Mss.; JSBD, January 16, 19, March I, 1948, February 16, 17, 23, July 5, 1949.

  40. Time, September 24, 31, 1945.

  41. John Robinson Beal, Marshall in China (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970), pp. 1–8; HRL to Henry Stimson, November 21, 1946, HRL Memo, November 17, 1945, TIA.

  42. John J. McCloy to HRL, November 15, 1946, TIA; Beal, Marshall in China, pp. 113, 283, 341; Robert E. Herzstein, “Henry Luce, George Marshall, and China: The Parting of the Ways in 1946,” in Larry Bland, ed., George C. Marshall’s Mission to China, December 1945–January 1947 (Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Foundation, 1998), pp. 115–45; HRL to D’Orsay Hurst, July 4, 1947, TIA.

  43. HRL to George C. Marshall, November 29, 1945, HRL to James Forrestal, August 12, 1946, HRL to Leighton Stuart, October 7, December 7, 1946, May 17, 1947, TIA; Leighton Stuart, Fifty Years in China: The Memoirs of John Leighton Stuart (New York: Random House, 1954), pp. 179–85; Time, October 28, December 30, 1946.

  44. JSBD, August 22, 23, 1946; Life, September 2, 1946.

  45. HRL to Wes Bailey, March 16, 19
46, TIA.

  46. Beal, Marshall in China, pp. 243–44, 260–62, 264; HRL unpublished memoir, 1966, TIA; Sterling Seagrave, The Soong Dynasty (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), pp. 430–34.

  47. Beal, Marshall in China, pp. 260–62, 264; HRL unpublished memoir, 1966, TIA.

  48. HRL unpublished memoir, 1966, Fred Gruin, “Reminiscence,” March 2, 1967, Fred Gruin memo, March 7, 1985, TIA.

  49. Beal, Marshall in China, pp. 264–66; HRL unpublished memoir, 1966, pp. 20–21, 21, 22; Robert E. Herzstein, Henry R. Luce, Time, and the American Crusade in Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 73–74.

  50. Life edit memo, n.d., 1946, TIA; JSBD, August 8, October 7, 1946, September 25, October 7, December 16, 1947; HRL to William C. Bullitt, July 3, 1947, TIA; Life, October 13, 1947; Time, October 13, 1947; Charles Edison to HRL, October 14, 1947, TIA.

  51. HRL notes on China trip, October, n.d., 1946, TIA.

  52. JSBD, November 14, 15, 1946, February 13, 21, 1947, HRL to Wertenbaker et al., May 21, 1946, HRL to Matthews et al., September 27, October 7, 1946, TIA; HRL to William Gray, December 9, 1946, JSB Mss.; Boyce Price to HRL, April 8, 1947, TIA.

  53. HRL to Arthur Vandenberg, January 12, 1948, HRL to Robert Lovett, January 22, 1948, TIA; HRL to Max Ways and John Osborne, August 12, 1948, JSB Mss.

  54. HRL to Henry Stimson, January 15, 1948, Stimson to HRL, March 31, 1948, HRL to Stimson, April 20, 1948, Stimson to HRL April 28, 1948, HRL to JSB et al., February 27, 1946, Charles Edison to HRL, October 14, 1947, Fred Gruin memo, May 18, 1984, TIA; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.

  55. Allen Grover to HRL, April 3, 1951, TIA; Edward C. Carter to HRL, May 23, 1933, August 11, 1934, HRL to Edward Carter, August 16, 1941, Institute for Pacific Relations Mss.; HRL to Juan Trippe, September 22, 1943, TIA; HRL to Edward Carter, May 26, 1941, Institute for Pacific Relations Mss.

  56. Edward C. Carter to HRL, May 23, 1933, Kohlberg to Philip C. Jessup, March 15, 1946, Kohlberg to HRL, August 8, 1946, Institute for Pacific Relations Mss.