The Age of Eisenhower
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first hydrogen bomb acquired by, 94
in Geneva summit, 268–70, 274–76
Hungarian Revolution and, 313, 314, 315–17, 320, 321, 323, 328, 329, 431, 454
Khrushchev as leader of, 268–69
Korean War and, 104
Laos and, 501
Middle East and, 310, 336–37, 338–40, 377, 473
missile program of, see missile program, Soviet
nuclear weapons of, 152, 168, 169–70
Suez Crisis and, 318, 320, 321, 329–30, 331
Syria and, 338–39
Third World influence of, 377
U-2 overflights of, see U-2 program
uncertain hold on Eastern Europe of, 269, 314–15
U.S. relations with, see cold war
space, militarization of, xvii
Spanish influenza, 9
Sparkman, John, 74, 79, 297
Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 55, 439
Sputnik satellites, 373, 376–79, 381–82, 383, 389, 390–91, 392, 394, 395, 397, 398, 404, 406, 411, 516
Stalin, Josef, 28, 30, 95, 126, 136, 268, 269, 275, 278, 410, 421, 428
death of, 96, 97, 98, 99, 110
Khrushchev’s attack on legacy of, 314
Stassen, Harold, 70, 71, 199, 276
State Department, U.S., 284, 328, 444, 505
Cuba and, 448–49
McCarthy’s attacks on, 121–22, 125, 126–27
U-2 downing and, 464
State of the Union addresses:
of 1953, 95, 216, 257
of 1954, 251, 259–60
of 1955, 266
of 1956, 236
of 1957, 349
of 1958, 373, 390–92
of 1961, 505–6
states’ rights, 224, 229, 263, 297, 347, 366
Stevens, Robert, 137, 138
Stevenson, Adlai, xii, 116, 245, 285, 286, 420, 469, 470
on DDE’s timidity toward McCarthy, 139–40
in 1952 election, 73–74, 75, 77, 79, 82–83
in 1956 election, 293, 302, 304–5, 306, 321, 334, 350
Stone, I. F., xii–xiii
Strategic Air Command, 379–80
Stratton, William G., 212, 477
Strauss, Lewis, 146
Strider, Clarence, 212
strontium-90, 408
Subversive Activities Control Board, 121
Suez Canal, 516
Egypt’s blocking of, 326, 332
Nasser’s nationalization of, 306–7, 308, 310
oil shipments through, 307, 309, 312, 326, 332
Suez Canal Company, 307, 309
Suez Crisis, 44, 306–17, 400, 413
Anglo-French-Israel’s invasion plot in, 313, 318, 319, 320, 321, 326, 329, 331
British agreement to cease-fire in, 333
British and French threats to use force in, 309
British withdrawal of forces in, 337
as contest between U.S. and Europe for Middle East influence, 338
DDE’s demand for immediate withdrawal of Anglo-French troops in, 333, 335, 336–37
DDE’s opposition to Western powers’ use of force in, 310–11, 312–13, 318
Israeli-Egyptian cease-fire in, 332
Israeli invasion of Sinai in, 317–18, 327
oil and, 312, 321, 326, 332–33, 335–36
Soviet Union and, 318, 320, 321, 329–30, 331
UN negotiations on, 312–13
UN peacekeeping force in, 327, 335
U.S. suspension of military aid to Israel in, 324
Sukarno, attempted coup against, 435–38
Sullivan, Ed, 445
Summerfield, Arthur, 77
Summersby, Kay, 22–23
Supreme Court, U.S., xviii, 217
Browder decision of, 345, 347
Brown decision of, 221–22, 224–33, 296, 361, 374
Brown II decision of, 232, 233
Cooper decision of, 374
Plessy decision of, 220–21, 224, 225, 227, 228
Thompson decision of, 216–17
Suribachi, Mount, 91
Switzerland, 12
Symington, Stuart, 100, 377, 385, 397, 461, 470
Syria, 331
Iraq oil pipeline destroyed by, 326, 335–36
Soviet Union and, 338–39
U-2 overflights of, 331
Tachen island group, 207
Taft, Robert, 50–52, 55–56, 57, 60, 64, 121, 126, 127, 128, 302, 476, 477
DDE’s budget cuts seen as insufficient by, 100–101
death of, 135
in 1952 primary campaign, 62–63, 68, 69–71
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 120
Taiwan (Formosa), 54, 96, 153, 177, 178, 187, 204, 205, 340, 442, 489
U.S. missiles in, 401, 403
U.S. security pact with, 206–7, 340, 489
Taiwan Straits, xvii
Taiwan Straits Crisis, First (1954–55), 205–10, 340
Taiwan Straits Crisis, Second (1958), 400–404
Talmadge, Herman, 225, 229, 233
Taubman, William, 430
taxes:
DDE’s policies on, 255–57
1950s rates of, 255
Taylor, Maxwell, 369, 402
Technological Capabilities Panel (Killian group), 169–74
Technological University, Budapest, 315
Tedder, Arthur, 26
Teller, Edward, 383, 407–8
Temple Emanuel, New York, 273
Tennessee National Guard, 301
Texarkana Junior College, 301
“Texas Steal,” 69
Thailand, 436
Thayer, Charles, 126–28, 130
Third Army, U.S., 16
Third World, xv, 270, 436
cold war in, 109, 340
communist expansion in, 153
DDE’s policy on, 310, 344, 487
nationalism in, see nationalism
Soviet influence in, 310, 377
as UN members, 486, 487
Thompson, Llewellyn “Tommy,” 422, 464, 465, 467, 502
Thor missile, 387, 388, 390
Thousand Days, A (Schlesinger), xiv
Thurmond, Strom, 64
Thye, Edward J., 71
Till, Emmett, lynching of, 211–12, 234, 235, 238, 242, 349, 353
acquittal verdict in, 213
national outrage over, 212–13
Time, xiv, 377, 515
King featured on cover of, 346
Times (London), 326
Titan missile, 387, 388
Tito, Josip, 269, 314
Tonkin, 180, 184–85
Torch, Operation, 19
To Secure These Rights (report), 215
Treasury Department, U.S., 284, 333
Tripartite Declaration (1950), 318, 319, 320
Tri-State Defender (Memphis), 368
Truman, Bess, 115, 116
Truman, Harry S., xi, xii, xiii, xvii, xix, 4, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 47, 52, 53, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64–65, 120, 121, 122, 125, 163, 200, 268, 350
approval rating of, 55
civil rights and, 215, 217, 219
containment policy of, 88, 95, 108, 113
in counterattack on DDE, 82
DDE’s attacks on, 67–68, 76, 81, 83
DDE’s Korean trip disparaged by, 92, 93
DDE’s post-election visit with, 89–90
and DDE’s presidential aspirations, 58
in decision to not seek reelection, 64
defense spending by, 49–50, 99–100, 101
Indochina War and, 180
intelligence community buildup and, 150, 151
Korean War and, 48–49
MacArthur relieved of command by, 54
NATO build-up and, 50–51
White affair and, 130–33
Truscott, Lucian, 214
Tudeh Party, Iran, 156–57, 158–59, 161
Tunisia, 19
Turkey, 307, 430
Twentieth Century Fox, Khrushchev’s visit to, 427
/> 20th Infantry Brigade, 10
Twining, Nathan, 402, 458, 461
II Chronicles 7:14, 93
U-2 program, 172–75, 276, 317, 331, 384–85, 394, 395, 398, 399, 452, 474, 516
DDE’s admission of personal knowledge of, 465–66, 471
DDE’s concerns about, 384–85, 457–59, 460
Khrushchev’s exposure of U.S. lies about, 464–65
1960 resumption of USSR overflights in, 456, 461
Peshawar air base used in, 461, 462
Senate hearings on, 470–71
Soviet downing of Powers’s aircraft in, 462–69
Soviet tracking of overflights by, 457–58, 461
Ultra, 153
unemployment, 376, 406, 517
unions, 34
United Fruit Company, 161, 162, 164
United Nations, 47–48, 125, 126, 136, 155, 189, 473, 481
Castro at, 486–87
DDE at 1960 meeting of, 487–88
DDE’s “Atoms for Peace” speech at, 112–14
Khrushchev at, 486–87
Security Council of, 206, 316, 321
Suez Crisis and, 312–13, 319, 320, 326
Suez peacekeeping force of, 327
Third World members of, 486, 487
United Nations General Assembly, Suez cease-fire resolution in, 324
United States, foreign policy of, xv–xvii
Urrutia, Manuel, 445, 450
Uruguay, 453–54
U.S. News and World Report, 116
“U.S. Policy toward Communist China” (NSC 166/1), 177–78
Van Fleet, James, 91
Vanguard rocket, 386, 388, 392
Venezuela, 336
Veterans Administration, 218
Vientiane, Laos, 501
Viet Minh, 176, 180, 181, 185, 187–89, 194, 195, 198, 202, 203
Vietnam, 179, 443
anticolonial movement in, 180, 439
Nixon’s 1953 trip to, 176, 177
partition of, 198, 199, 202, 203–4, 439
see also Indochina
Vietnam War, xiv, 178, 179, 181, 404, 514
Vinson, Fred, 93, 222–23
Virginia, 297
Voice of America, 98
von Braun, Wernher, 384, 386
voting rights, of blacks, 238, 239, 242
see also Civil Rights Act (1957): voting rights protections of
wages, postwar increases in, 252–53
Wagner, Robert, 426, 441
Wallace, George, 510
Wall Street Crash of 1929, 42
Wall Street Journal, 421, 448
Waring, Fred, 60
War Plans Division, 17
Warren, Earl, 69–70, 71, 285, 293, 372
DDE on, 228–29
named chief justice, 223–24, 226
Warsaw Pact, 323, 410
Washington, D.C., segregation in, 215–16, 224, 228
Washington, George, 516
farewell address of, 507
Washington, Val, 234
Washington Post, 52, 131, 135, 193, 200, 201, 238, 260, 261, 322, 379, 390, 392, 396, 448, 476
Watson, Thomas J., 35, 37
Welker, Herman, 135
West Germany, 410, 422
rearming of, 269
Wherry, Kenneth S., 50
White, Harry Dexter, 131–32, 137
White, Hugh, 212
White, Paul Dudley, 282
White, Theodore, 492–93, 494
White, Walter, 219
White Citizens’ Council, 237, 371
White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., 31
white supremacists, 359
Whitman, Ann, 296, 299, 347, 354, 358, 366, 381, 416–17, 421, 428, 495
Whitney, John H. “Jock,” 59, 60, 290
Wiley, Alexander, 165
Wilkins, Minnie, 226
Wilkins, Roy, 226, 234–35, 302, 364, 373–74
Williams, Ralph E., 507
Williamsburg (presidential yacht), xi, xx
Willkie, Wendell, 55
Wills, Garry, xv, 3
Wilson, Charles Erwin, 50, 88, 89, 91, 100, 191–92, 206, 207, 241, 271, 290, 318, 509
Wilson, Edith Galt, 116
Wilson, L. Alex, 368
Wilson, Woodrow, 9, 60, 116, 216, 389
wiretapping, 137
Wisner, Frank, 151, 152, 156
Guatemala coup and, 164–65, 167
Women Air Force Service Pilots, 61
Women’s Political Council, Montgomery, 236
Woodhouse, C. M. “Monty,” 156–57
Woodruff, Robert W., 43–45, 290, 303, 358
World Council of Churches, 273
World War I, 9–10, 416
World War II, xiv, 4, 13, 15–24, 25, 180, 334, 517
DDE’s reliance on secret intelligence and special operations in, 153
German surrender in, 24
invasion of France in, 21–24
invasion of Italy in, 20–21
Japanese surrender in, 31
North African campaign in, 19–20
run-up to, 416
Wright, Mose, 211, 212
Yalta conference, 95, 102, 125–26, 182
Yokohama, 32
York, Herbert, 394
Young, Philip, 130
Young Mr. Lincoln (film), 475
Youth March for Integrated Schools, 374
Zahedi, Fazlollah, 158–59, 160
Zaire, see Congo
Zhou Enlai, 104, 209
Zhukov, Georgy, 29–30, 275–76, 338
Zwicker, Ralph, 137–38, 139
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hitchcock, William I., author.
Title: The age of Eisenhower : America and the world in the 1950s / William I. Hitchcock.
Description: First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition. | New York : Simon & Schuster, 2018. | Series: Simon & Schuster nonfiction original hardcover | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017026867 | ISBN 9781439175668 | ISBN 1439175667
Subjects: LCSH: Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890–1969— Influence. | United States—Politics and government—1953–1961. | United States—Foreign relations—1953–1961.
Classification: LCC E835 .H56 2018 | DDC 973.921092—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017026867
ISBN 978-1-4391-7566-8
ISBN 978-1-4516-9843-5 (ebook)