DNA on the structure of the face: C. Attanasio, et al., “Fine Tuning of Craniofacial Morphology by Distant-Acting Enhancers,” Science 342, no. 6157 (2013): 1241006.
reconstruction of faces from ancient remains: J. Draus-Barini, et al., “Bona Fide Colour: DNA Prediction of Human Eye and Hair Colour from Ancient and Contemporary Skeletal Remains,” Investigative Genetics 4, no. 1 (2013): 3.
forensic police profiling: P. Claes, et al., “Modeling 3D Facial Shape from DNA,” PLoS Genetics 10, no. 3 (2014): e1004224.
“The fact that identical twins”: Quotes from Walter Bodmer in this chapter are from my interview with him.
the accused is of a different race: C. A. Meissner and J. C. Brigham, “Thirty Years of Investigating the Own-Race Bias in Memory for Faces: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 7, no. 1 (2001): 3.
African, and East Asian ancestry: Y. C. Klimentidis and M. D. Shriver, “Estimating Genetic Ancestry Proportions from Faces,” PloS ONE 4, no. 2 (2009): e4460.
results from just such a mutation: R. M. Harding, et al., “Evidence for Variable Selective Pressures at MC1R,” American Journal of Human Genetics 66, no. 4 (2000): 1351–61; and P. R. John, et al., “DNA Polymorphism and Selection at the Melanocortin-1 Receptor Gene in Normally Pigmented Southern African Individuals,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 994, no. 1 (2003): 299–306.
Chapter 14: The Past May Not Make You Feel Better:
DNA, History, and Health
286–87Cindy Carroll was in her midforties . . . to him it felt like hours: L. Priest, “‘I Know How I Am Going to Die,’” Globe and Mail, October 13, 2007, available at http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/i-know-how-i-am-going-to-die
/article1084238/?page=all (accessed April 24, 2014).
called el mal or “the bad”: M. S. Okun and N. Thommi, “Americo Negrette (1924 to 2003): Diagnosing Huntington Disease in Venezuela,” Neurology 63, no. 2 (2004): 340–43.
“strange movements, like dancing”: R. Weiser, “Huntington’s Disease: A View of Maracaibo Lake” (lecture, World Congress on Huntington’s Disease, Rio de Janeiro, September 16, 2013), available at http://vimeo.com/75658670.
“We just learned the alphabet”: Unless otherwise cited, quotes from Jeff Carroll in this chapter are from my interview with him.
“seem to be very close”: Unless otherwise cited, quotes from Feldman in this chapter are from my interview with him.
up to 10 percent of all humans: A. Bittles and M. Black, “Consanguinity, Human Evolution and Complex Diseases,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 1 (2010): 1779–1786.
speculated that they must have been: G. McDowell, et al., “The Presence of Two Different Infantile Tay-Sachs Disease Mutations in a Cajun Population,” American Journal of Human Genetics 51, no. 5 (1992): 1071–77.
three-thousand-year-old culture: When they left their homeland, they also committed to the sect’s strict practices. For example, when menstruating or after childbirth, they—along with all women—are considered unclean. They are isolated during this time and not allowed to touch anyone, even their own children, for the first seven days of a period and for forty days after the birth of a son and eighty days after the birth of a daughter.
“women outside our community”: T. Heneghan, “Samaritans Use Modern Means to Keep Ancient Faith,” Reuters, June 2, available at http://mobile.re
uters.com/article/idUSTRE55201720090603?irpc=932.
“This is my wife and she is my niece”: Unless otherwise cited, quotes from Alan Bittles in this chapter are from my interview with him.
the health of individuals today: B. M. Henn, et al., “Hunter-Gatherer Genomic Diversity Suggests a Southern African Origin for Modern Humans,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 13 (2011): 5154–62.
Why? They don’t know: T. Manolio, et al., “Finding the Missing Heritability of Complex Diseases,” Nature 461, 7265 (2009): 747–753.
did not experience such conditioning: B. G. Dias and K. J. Ressler, “Parental Olfactory Experience Influences Behavior and Neural Structure in Subsequent Generations,” Nature Neuroscience 17, no. 1 (2014): 89–96.
from Greenland, was published: M. Rasmussen, et al., “Ancient Human Genome Sequence of an Extinct Palaeo-Eskimo,” Nature 463, no. 7282 (2010): 757–62.
passed down experiences and predispositions: D. Gokhman, et al., “Reconstructing the DNA Methylation Maps of the Neandertal and the Denisovan,” Science 344, no. 6183 (2014): 523–27.
“Huntington’s disease has been”: Unless otherwise cited, quotes from Robert Green in this chapter are from my interviews with him.
“a disease as frightening and untreatable”: R. C. Green, et al., “Disclosure of APOE Genotype for Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 361, no. 3 (2009): 245–54.
“Historical research has shown that the idea”: American Anthropological Association Statement on “Race,” May 17, 1998, available at http://www
.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm.
Epilogue
decision making in India: K. R. Hoff, M. Kshetramade, and E. Fehr, “Caste and Punishment: The Legacy of Caste Culture in Norm Enforcement,” IZA Discussion Paper no. 4343, August 2009.
“Men still didn’t like women leaders”: Unless otherwise cited, quotes from Karla Hoff in this chapter are from my interview with her.
“information wants to be free”: S. Pinker, “My Genome, My Self,” New York Times Magazine, January 11, 2009.
“No harm can come”: Unless otherwise cited, quotes from Steven Pinker in this chapter are from my interview with him.
a professor at Duke University: M. Angrist, Here Is a Human Being: At the Dawn of Personal Genomics (New York: Harper Collins, 2010).
“One thing I notice is alleles”: Unless otherwise cited, quotes from Misha Angrist in this chapter are from my interview with him.
“It’s like learning American history”: Quotes from Esther Dyson in this chapter are from my interview with her.
they found their families too: M. Gymrek, et al., “Identifying Personal Genomes by Surname Inference,” Science 339, no. 6117 (2013): 321–24.
passed through a language barrier: R. M. Ross, S. J. Greenhill, and Q. D. Atkinson, “Population Structure and Cultural Geography of a Folktale in Europe,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1756 (2013): 2012.3065.
whereas genes are creamy: R. Khan, “Why Culture Is Chunky and Genes Are Creamy,” Gene Expression, February 6, 2013, available at http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2013/02/why-culture-is-chunky-and-genes-are-creamy/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+GeneExpressionBlog+%28Gene+Expression%29#.U5NSwJRdUsy.
of course, Shakespeare’s sonnets: N. Goldman, et al., “Towards Practical, High-Capacity, Low-Maintenance Information Storage in Synthesized DNA,” Nature 494, no. 7435 (2013).
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
Aachen, 148
adoptees, 85–92, 124
family searches by, 211–12
Africa, 32, 141, 247, 250–51, 258, 261
Bantu in, 255
Benin, 143–46
Bushmen in, 255–56
distrust in, 143–46, 150–51, 156
genome and, 254–55
humanity’s origin in and exodus from, 234, 246–48, 250–52, 255, 284, 303
Khoe-San in, 251
Pygmies In, 255
skin color and, 284–85
slave trade in, 140–46, 256–57
African American Lives, 282
African Americans, 47, 71, 257
Grant and, 59–60
little races and, 271
Melungeons and, 271, 276
segregation and, 60
Afrobarometer, 145
aging, 30
agriculture, 248, 253, 259
invention of the plow, 152–53
wheat-growing cultures vs. rice-growing cultures, 153–54
Ahnenpass, 73–74
Alexander, Alison, 98–107
al-Hilali, Taj el-Din, 108
Alzheimer’s disease, 308, 317
American Anthropological Association, 311
American Breeders Association, 62
American Society of Human Genetics, 233
Americas, 249, 255, 256
amylase, 258–59
ancestry, 262–63
looks-based judgments on, 283–84
race and, 239, 263
Ancestry.com, 17, 40, 81, 92, 124–30, 206–7
AncestryDNA.com, 207, 210, 212
Angrist, Misha, 317
animals, domestication of, 261
Antarctica, 249
Anthill, William, 138
Anzick-1, 250
APOE gene, 308, 317
Apted, Michael, 136
Arnarson, Ingólfur, 132
Ashkenazis, 297
diseases in, 297–98, 300
Asian genealogies, 31–32
Austen, Jane, 183, 243
Australia, 3, 27, 69, 249, 281, 318
Aboriginals in, 251, 255, 281, 282, 283
British colonization of, 255
children institutionalized in, 86–92
convicts in, 2, 17, 96–110, 135–38
Deegan in, 2, 3, 96–98, 108–10
Founders and Survivors and, 135–38
genomes and, 250
indigenous children in, 92
records in, 88, 91–92, 135–38
Returned & Services League in Parramatta, 17–19, 22
Tasmania, 96–97, 99–105, 107–8
autism, 304
autosomes, 202
DNA in, 207, 210, 211, 213, 216, 257
baboons, 20
Baird, Jane, 98
Bakewell, Robert, 49–51, 53, 107, 261
Banks-Young, Shay, 232
Bantu, 255
Bateson, William, 53
Beagle (HMS), 101, 183
beliefs, 157, 177
about gender differences, 152–53
see also ideas and feelings
Bell, Alexander William, 62
Benga, Ota, 57–58
Benin, 143–46
Beringia, 249
beta thalassemia, 301
Bettinger, Blaine, 210–11
Bible, 36, 50, 121
Bible, Jean Patterson, 268
Bieble, surname, 199–200
Bieble Y, 199–200
bin Laden, Osama, 183
birth certificates, 87, 88–89
birthers, 40
bitter-taste-receptor genes, 259
Bittles, Alan, 302
Black Death, 147–48, 149, 151, 180
Blake, William, 163
blindness, 129
blood clotting, 306
blood groups, 162–63
Blue Jacket (ship), 138
Bodmer, Julia, 164
Bodmer, Walter, 164, 165, 168, 282–83
Boone and Crockett Club, 56
Borjigin, Baiying, 93–95
Boserup, Ester, 152
Boston Tea Party, 42
bottlenecks, 247–48, 250–51, 255, 256, 260, 295, 303
Bradbury, Mary, 35
Braithwaite, John, 101, 107
Brandt, Karl, 75
BRCA mutation, 305
breast cancer, 305
Breeder’s Gazette, 51
breeding, 51, 54
eugenics and, see eugenics
of sheep, 49–51, 59
Brigham Young University, 205–6
Bright, Jonathan Brown, 34
Britain, 159–61, 163–64
Celts in, 168–70, 173–74, 243
genetic patterns in, 164–68, 171–77, 213, 221–22, 236, 283
history of, 168–74
Roman, 170–73
Saxons in, 168–74, 177
surnames in, 196–97
British Broadcasting Company (BBC), 119–20
British Medical Journal, 233
Buck, Carrie, 64
Burbury, Thomas, 104
Burwell, Lewis, 37
Bushmen, 255–56
Butler, Carrie, 24
CAG sequence, 289, 304, 306
Cajuns, 298–99, 301
Canada, 92, 133–34, 137, 318
French Canadians in, 298
cancer, 309
breast, 305
candidate gene studies, 162
carbon dioxide, 180
Carroll, Cindy, 286–87
Carroll, Jeff, 286–87, 290–95, 308, 311–12
case-control studies, 164
Cassanga tribe, 140–41
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca, 234–36
Celts, 168–70, 173–74, 243
census data, 41, 47, 128–29, 133
Cerdic, King, 35
Chancellor, Anna, 183
childbirth rates, 61
children:
knowledge of family history in, 115
orphaned and institutionalized,
85–92, 124
China, 32, 93–96
Cultural Revolution in, 94
records in, 94–96, 127
surnames in, 192
wheat-growing cultures vs. rice-growing cultures in, 153–54
chromosomes, 31, 184, 201
hot spots on, 218
recombination of, 184–85, 201, 202, 214–15, 216, 218
X, 184, 201, 202, 216, 257
Y, see Y chromosomes
Church, George, 316, 317, 318
Churchill, Winston, 20–21, 105
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS; Mormon Church), 46
Family History Centers of, 115–16, 206
Jews and, 122, 123
proxy baptism in, 46, 113, 122–23
records kept by, 111–17, 122–24, 126
cigarette smoking, 254
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, 41
Civil War, 35, 47
class system, 46
Clement VI, Pope, 147
cloning, 7–8
Clovis culture, 250
colonial America, 37–41
colonialism, 71, 141, 143, 157, 255, 256
community closeness, 156
computers, 310
Concepcion, Maria, 288
Confucius, 32, 203, 221, 225
Conniff, Richard, 20–21
Consanguinity in Context (Bittles), 302
convicts, 139–40
in Australia, 2, 17, 96–110, 135–38
Cooley, Robert, III, 228
Cooley-Quille, Michele, 228, 231
Coop, Graham, 213–14, 216–17, 220, 222
Crick, Francis, 161
crime, 107
Croatan, 271
Crohn’s disease, 254
cupules, 121
Cushman, Robert, 44
Cuyler, Theodore L., 159
Cyclone Heta, 117
cystic fibrosis, 302
Darwin, Charles, 53–54, 59, 60, 71, 101, 183, 303
descendants of, 183
Darwin, Chris, 183
deafness, 129
De
claration of Independence, 38, 41, 225
deCODEme, 316
Deegan, Michael, 2, 3, 96–98, 108–10
deer, 56
Denisovans, 254–55, 305
de novo point mutations, 304
diabetes, 254, 306, 308–9, 319
Dillon, Daniel, 27
Dillon, Jeremiah, 27
Dillon, Johanna, 27–28
Dillon, Julia, 27–28, 109
disabilities, 129
diseases, 161–62, 239, 260, 285, 296–312
Alzheimer’s disease, 308, 317
in Ashkenazis, 297–98, 300
beta thalassemia, 301
breast cancer, 305
cancer, 309
cystic fibrosis, 302
diabetes, 254, 306, 308–9, 319
Huntington’s disease, 286–95, 299, 306, 307, 308, 318
Melungeons and, 273
Mendelian, see Mendelian diseases
Neanderthal genome and, 254
in Samaritans, 296, 299–300
sickle-cell anemia, 302
Tay-Sachs disease, 297–99, 301
distrust, 143–46, 150–51
DNA, x–xi, 3, 6, 7, 9–11, 13–14, 21–22, 31, 81, 134, 135, 158, 178, 201, 203–24, 264, 311, 315–19
ancient, 252–53, 255
autosomal, 207, 210, 211, 213, 216, 257
blending of, 164
British history and, 172–75, 177
case-control studies of, 164
chunks of, 217
culture and, 179–202
as digital storage device, 319–20
discovery of structure of, 161
family similarity and, 280
and genetic tree vs. genealogical tree, 218–19
of Genghis Khan, 180–81
history in, 159–78
in Italy, 222
linkage disequilibrium and, 256
of MacLaren clan, 189–91
Melungeons and, 277
mitochondrial (mtDNA), 163, 186, 201, 206, 207, 216, 221, 253, 257
Neanderthal, 252–54
negative impacts of testing, 232–34, 242
noncoding, 13, 304
nonhuman, 255
in Norway, 203–6
as palimpsest, 264, 320
people’s responses to testing of, 242–44
politics of, 225–45
re-creating a lineage and, 214–16
shared ancestors and, 214, 218, 220–24
traits and, see traits
transmission over many generations, 213–18
DNA laboratory, 208
DNA testing (genetic genealogy) companies, 207–11, 213, 217, 232, 313
The Invisible History of the Human Race Page 41
