The Pandemic Century
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public attitudes toward, 198
sexual transmission of, 197, 199, 217–18
simian versions of, 226–27, 229–30
spillover mechanism from simian to human populations, 226–27
stigmatization of people with, 211, 214–15, 217, 218–21
transmission of, 197, 199, 212, 214–18, 220–21, 222, 232, 402n
worldwide spread of, 221
air conditioning systems, 183–85, 189–91, 256, 362
Aldershot, England, 23
All People’s Congress Party, 297
Altino Ventura, 354–56, 357
alveolar macrophages, 185
alveoli, 20, 185
American Expeditionary Force, 18, 25, 29
American Hospital in Paris, 212
American Legion. See Legionnaires’ disease
American Medical Association, 213
American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 305
American Weekly, 106, 107
amniotic fluid, 333–34
amoeba, 183–84, 185
Amoy Gardens, 254–55, 262n, 266, 268, 270
amyl nitrate inhalers, 196, 217–18, 398n
anal sex, unprotected, 199
Anderson, Henry “Shorty,” 106, 120–22, 126
Anderson, Roy, 275
A/New Jersey/76, 154
animals, as disease vectors, 13, 41–42, 362–64, 364n, 366, 391n, 404n. See also specific diseases
AIDS/HIV and, 226–27, 229–30, 232, 234–35
Ebola and, 277–78, 282, 285, 315–16
Legionnaire’s disease and, 155
plague and, 71–101
psittacosis and, 121n, 133–44, 394n
SARS and, 243–47, 260, 270–72
Zika and, 320–21, 325–27, 334, 339–41, 344, 349–51, 349n, 359–60, 359n
Annapolis, Maryland, 103, 108, 109, 117
anomalies, 37
anthrax, 14, 39
post-9/11 mailings, 273, 407n
vaccines against, 7
antibiotics, 9, 142, 164, 188, 190, 235, 365–66. See also specific antibiotics
discovery of new, 149
drug-resistant microbes and, 365–66
era before, 47
antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), 60, 347–48
antibody reactions, 259
“antigentic drift,” 55
antiretroviral drugs, 200, 226, 403n
antiwar movement, 169–70
arboviruses, 319–24, 326, 330–31, 335, 359
Argentina, 106–8
Argentine National Health Board (Asistencia Publica), 107, 114
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 55, 109, 405–6n
Armstrong, Charlie, 105–6, 115–17, 118, 120–24, 126, 132, 138–39
Asheville, North Carolina, 31–33
Asia
Asian financial crisis of 1998, 266
mega-cities in, 362
Zika in, 326–27
“Asian flu,” 56, 245
Associated Press, 82
AIDS panic and, 213
Ebola and, 296
“parrot fever” pandemic 1929–1930 and, 138
Athenians, 14
Athens, Greece, plague of, 14, 362
Atlanta, Georgia, 300, 302, 303
the Atlanticos, 95
Attaran, Amir, 340
Aureomycin, 142
Avery, Oswald, 22, 35–36, 37, 149
avian influenza, 4, 10, 55–56, 243–48, 250, 257, 274, 284, 367, 381–82n
of 1997, 4, 254
H5N1 virus, 59, 405n
“multiple reassortants” of, 247
unusual pathology in young adults, 245–46
avian viruses, mutations of, 245–46
avirulence, survival strategy of, 30
Ayer, Massachusetts, 17–18, 19, 28, 33, 47
Aylward, Bruce, 308
Ayres, Constância, 350–51, 352
AZT, 212, 226, 403n
Bachmann, Leonard, 155
Bacillus influenzae, 26–27, 34, 35–38, 36–39, 40, 42, 43, 48–49, 58, 113
Bacillus psittacosis, 112–13, 126
bacteria. See specific kinds of bacteria
bacterial infections, 7, 8. See also specific diseases
bacterial paradigm, 39, 45
bacteriology, 5, 37–38, 165
Bagley, Desmond, 182
Bahia, Brazil, 319–20, 323
Baize, Sylvain, 283
Baltimore, David, 203–4
Baltimore, Maryland, “parrot fever” pandemic of 1929–1930 in, 117–19, 363
Baltimore American, 106–7
Baltimore Sun, 109
Bantu, 224
Bantu huntsmen, 226
Barbados, yellow fever in, 359
Barber, M. A., 78
Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise, 206, 209
Barry, John, 31, 381–82n
Batchelder, Roger, 18, 19
bathhouses, 199, 217, 218
B cells, 201
Bedson, Samuel, 126
Beecham, Jim, 151
behavioral factors, 8–9, 189. See also specific diseases
Beijing, China, SARS and, 273
Belgian Congo, 229–30
Belgium, 231
Beliavsky, Mikhail Edouardovich, 384n
Bellevue Medical College, 32
Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, 145–47, 155, 187, 395n
air conditioning system in, 161–63, 172–73, 186, 189
American Legion convention in, 156, 157–58
closing of, 170
investigation of, 157
pigeon roosts at, 164
water supply of, 161–62, 172, 186
Benidorm, Spain, Legionnaires’ disease in, 182
Bennett, John V., 172, 181
Berlin Zoo, 126
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 351, 366
biohazard suits, 290
Biosafety Level Four facilities, 59, 127
biostatistics, 152
bird breeding industry, 133–40, 142, 144
Bird Dealers Association of America, 128–29
bird flu. See avian influenza
bird seed, medicated, 142
Birmingham, England, “parrot fever” pandemic 1929–1930 in, 108
“Black Death,” 69, 80, 387n
“Black Plague,” 89
Blake, Francis G., 22, 27–28
“blind spot,” immunological, 60
blood banks, 199
blood donors, 222
blood supply, 212, 220
blood transfusions, 214, 220
blood transfusion services, 199
Bloomberg Philanthropies, 366
Blue, Rupert, 71–74, 92, 96
B lymphocytes, 194
Boa Viagem, Brazil, 357–60
“bodily fluids,” euphemism of, 213–14
body suits, 127
Bogen, Emil, 65–66, 80, 85–86
Boise, Idaho, “parrot fever” pandemic 1929–1930 in, 137–39
“Bombali virus,” 364n
Bonham, George, 239
Borah, Mrs. William E., 137–39
Borah, William E., 137–39
Bordeaux, France, US Army hospital in, 25
Boston, Massachusetts, 29, 47–48
botulism, heat sterilization and, 135
bovine pleuropneumonia, 41
Bozeman, Marilyn, 181–82
Brantly, Kent, 300, 302, 303
Brazil, 108
arboviruses in, 319–24
cholera in, 319
dengue in, 322
favelas and urban slums in, 317–18
fumigation brigades in, 340–41
Ministry of Health, 319, 320, 328, 331, 332, 333, 343, 345, 357
Olympic Games in, 335–36, 338–41
Zika in, 3, 317–20, 323–24, 328–34, 338–60
Brest, France, 25
Briand, Sylvie, 297
Brigham Hospital, 35, 36
British Army, “Spanish flu�
�� in, 23–24, 26
Brito, Carlos, 319–20, 322–25, 328–34, 331–32, 333, 334, 343–44, 344, 348
Brito, Celina, 348
Brito, Lucia, 328–29, 330
bronchitis, 23
bronchopneumonia, 20, 21–22, 34, 57–58, 148
Brualla, Medardo, 67
Brugière, Frédéric, 208n
Brussels, Belgium, 4, 214, 413n
bubonic plague, 68–69, 70, 75, 77–78, 78, 97n, 100–101, 387n
first pandemic (541–750), 70
in Hong Kong, China, 239
second pandemic (1347–1353), 70
Buenos Aires, Argentina, 108
built environment, changes to, 187, 362
Bundibugyo ebolavirus, 286, 287
Bureau of Animal Industry and Biological Survey, 118
Bureau of Communicable Diseases, 119
burial rituals, 14, 98, 287–89, 293–94, 296, 308, 310, 314
Burke, Donald, 330
Burkitt’s lyphoma, 203, 221
Burlington, Vermont, Legionnaires’ disease in, 182
Burnet, Frank Macfarlane, 61, 141–44, 380n, 394n
Burnett, Alfredo, 87
Bush administration, 251
bushmeat, 227, 232, 287, 289, 314
bush spirits, 287
butyl nitrate inhalers, 196, 217–18
Califano, Joseph, Jr., 177
California
bird breeding industry in, 133–38, 139–40, 142, 144
California State Board of Health, 71, 76, 82, 89, 92, 97, 134–35
California State Department of Public Health, 135
“parrot fever” pandemic 1929–1930 in, 133–38
Cameroon, 226, 229, 230, 231
Camp Devens, 18–20, 28, 30–31, 33, 35, 44, 46–47, 47, 49, 58–59
Camp Funston, 18, 24–25, 27–28, 30, 381–82n
Camp Pike, Arkansas, 28
Camp Wheeler, 22, 31
Camus, Albert, 52, 86, 95, 368
Canada
Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), 257
Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED), 257
SARS in, 249–50, 256, 260, 263–65, 273
Canal do Arruda, 353
cancer, as metaphor, 210
candidiasis, 196, 198, 233. See also thrush
the Caribbean. See also specific countries
AIDS in, 220
Zika in, 339
Carlos Chagas Institute, 328
Carrier Company, 189
Carter, Jimmy, 177
CD4 cells, 193–94, 195, 196, 200, 201–2, 206, 216, 363
CD8 “killer” cells, 193–94, 201
cellular genomes, 203–4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 9–10, 172, 175, 198, 396n
AIDS and, 198, 200, 211, 212, 213, 215–16, 220–21
criticized by Murphy, 169–70
Ebola and, 222, 290, 300, 306–8, 312–13
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 283
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), 150–54, 158, 163, 170, 182, 195, 253, 290
flu immunization campaign and, 177–78
“fowl plague” and, 244
hepatitis B study, 216–17
HIV and, 222
Legionnaires’ disease and, 149–52, 154–56, 160, 165–67, 169, 170–73, 178–81, 183, 185–86, 188
Los Angeles cluster study, 215–16, 218, 219
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 180–81, 197, 206, 215
SARS and, 261, 405n
Special Pathogens Branch, 152
STDs and, 196–97, 216, 363
stores for serum from unsolved outbreaks, 181
Task Force on Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, 217, 218
use of term GRID, 220–21
Zika and, 326–27, 337, 340, 342
certainty, 37
Chamberlain, Charles, 40, 148
Chamberland filters, 40–41, 43, 126
Chan, Margaret, 253, 266, 277, 297, 303–4, 334, 335, 336, 338
Chan, Priscilla, 366
Chandler, Harry, 65
Chan Kwok Hung, 258
Chan Ying-piu, 258
charcoal yeast agar, 186
CHAT, 225
Chatham House’s Center on Global Health Security, 336
Chelsea Naval Hospital, 29
Chemin de Fer Congo-Ocean railroad, 230
Chen, Johnny, 250, 256, 362
Chesney, Alan M., 25–26
Chicago, Illinois, 49, 215
chick embryo cultivation, 46, 46n, 61
chicken cholera, 39, 178, 396n
chicken sarcoma, 204
chikungunya, 319, 320, 322, 323, 326, 359n
children
AIDS and, 212, 213
Zika and, 331, 332–34, 337–39, 341, 343–49, 353–54, 357
Chile, Zika in, 327–28
China, 243–48
avian influenza in, 284, 367
farming patterns in, 240–41
plague in, 77–78
quarantines in, 273
SARS in, 243–58, 260, 261, 262, 266–70, 273–74
secrecy about SARS outbreak, 273–74
chlamydia, 111, 164, 248
Chlamydophila psittaci, 111, 150, 154
cholera, 62, 335. See also chicken cholera
in Brazil, 319
in Hong Kong, China, 239
vaccines against, 5, 7, 37
in Yemen, 342
CIA, 155, 393n
civets, 270–72
civil rights movement leaders, assassinations of, 170
Clara Street, Los Angeles, 63–64, 66, 67, 81, 87, 93, 94
climate and climate change, 317–60
Ebola and, 316
legionellosis and, 190–91
Legionnaires’ disease and, 186
pandemics and, 78–79, 97
plague and, 78–79, 97, 101, 387n
Zika and, 346–47
CNN, 266
Cole, Rufus, 22, 31, 33–34, 35, 36, 37
Coles, A. C., 127
Colombia, Zika in, 334
colonialism, 199, 227–28, 229, 230
commensal bacteria, 12–13, 58
commercial sex workers, 222
Communist Party, SARS and, 273
“community of pariahs,” 211
complacency, threat of, 275
Conakry, Freetown, 4, 278, 284, 292, 312–13, 315
Condé, Alpha, 312
confinement, contagion and, 14 (see also overcrowding)
congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), 333, 333n, 347, 353–56
the Congo, 226. See also Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC); Republic of the Congo
Congo-Brazzaville, 229, 230
conspiracy theories, 81, 155, 206. See also specific diseases
Conteh, Aniru, 295
contraception, 356–57
Coolidge, Calvin, 96
Copeland, Royal S., 47, 48
Cordoba, Argentina, 107, 108
coronaviruses, 10, 10n, 260–62, 267–68, 270–71, 274, 284, 408–9n
Corrego do Jenipapo, Brazil, 351
Costello, Mary, 87
Côte d’Ivoire, 281, 282, 285
Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus, 286
Coxiella burnetti, 154–55, 166–68
C. Quinquefasciatus, 349–51
Craven, Robert, 150–51, 154
Creel, Richard H., 92
Crosby, Alfred, 363
Cross, Billy, 170, 394–95n
Cryer, George, 84, 89–90, 96
Culex mosquito, 349–51
cultural causes and factors, 12–14, 98, 361. See also specific diseases
culture-staining techniques, 37, 48–49, 178, 179, 186, 188, 200, 205, 206, 208, 258–59, 379n, 396n
Cumming, Hugh S., 81, 92, 94–96, 105, 109, 117, 118
Curran, James, 193, 197–98, 215, 216
cyanosis, 23–24, 31, 46–47, 51, 59, 66, 67, 84, 381–82n
cytokines, 59
“cytokine storm,” 59, 405n
cytomegalovirus (CMV), 195, 196, 217, 398n
Daily Mirror, 214
Dallas, Texas, Ebola in, 4, 311–12,
413n
Dallas Presbyterian Hospital, 311
Darrow, William, 216, 218–19
Da Silva, Hector, 355
Da Silva, Joane, 355
Da Silva, Marcilio, 355
Da Silveiro, Paulinho, 353
Daszak, Peter, 272
Davis, David J., 38
Davis, Mike, 241
Day, Jason, 339
De Cock, Kevin, 308
Dehner, George, 177–78
de Kruif, Paul, 103, 106, 113–14, 116, 117, 120, 121, 123, 130–31, 391n
deltamethrin, 327
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 13, 226, 229–30, 231, 281, 286, 289–90, 364. See also Republic of the Congo
dengue, 319, 320, 321–22, 326, 329, 330–31, 335, 347, 347–48, 351
Denver, Colorado, AIDS in, 220
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 45, 54, 203–4, 224
Devens, Charles, 18
Deverell, William, 71, 85
Di Bortoli, 75–76, 80
dibromohydroxymercurifluorescein, 87n
Dick, George W. A., 325, 349
Dickie, William, 82, 84–85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98–99
Dieterle’s stain, 396n
diphtheria, 7
disease causation, 5–7, 12–13, 216–17. See also etiology; specific diseases
diseases. See also specific diseases
confinement and, 14
culpability ascribed for, 211
multidrug-resistant diseases, 365
multifactorial models of disease, 216–17
disease transmission, 14. See also specific diseases
“Disease X,” 365–66
Dolan, Jimmy, 158–59
Dolan, Richard, 158–59
Donka Hospital, 312
Dos Santos, Claudia Nunes Duarte, 328
Dos Santos, David Henrique, 355–56
Dos Santos, Mylene Helena, 355–56
“double pneumonia,” 63, 65
doxycycline, 149
dread, 11
“Dr. Ebola,” 288–89
drug-resistant microbes, 365–66
drugs, for Ebola, 314–15, 414n. See also specific drugs and kinds of drugs
drug use, 217–18
Dubos, René, 9, 12, 149, 234, 317, 365
Duesberg, Peter, 225, 226, 403n
Dugas, Gaetan, 215–16, 218–20, 233
Duncan, Thomas, 311–12, 413n
Duvalier, François, 232
Dylan, Bob, 170, 394–95n
East Coast Fever, 129
Ebola, 3, 10, 11–13, 191, 222–23, 226, 232, 257, 277–316, 282, 328, 335, 361, 363–64
airlifting of health care workers and, 299
as Black Swan event, 313
climate and, 316
contagiousness of, 280, 305
control measures for, 289, 290–92, 295–96, 301, 306, 308–10, 313, 314–15
cultural causes and factors, 14, 287–89, 293–94, 296, 308–10, 314
declared a pheic, 297, 304