Crete (=Kreta; Greek island, in ancient times a naval empire under the Minos dynasty c. 2000–1500 BC; also in later centuries, the rulers of Kreta and Karia maintained close relations) 56, 77, 154
Croesus (595–546 BC; famously rich king of Lydia in 560–547 BC until Cyrus the Great conquered his capital, Sardès. Croesus had donated the Temple of Artemis in Efesos, considered the Seventh Wonder of the Ancient World. Darius I of Persia copied the monetary system on which Lydia’s prosperity was based) 137
Cunaxa/Kunaxa (site of the battle on Sept. 3rd 401 BC, some 70 kms north of Babylon, between Cyrus the Younger and Artaxerxes II, in which Cyrus was killed) 69, 109
Curtius, Quintus Rufus (10 BC - 53 AD; Roman pro-consul in Africa; historian who, in times of emperor Claudius, published a hostile –in reality, ‘anti-emperor’– biography of Alexander, based on Kleitarchos, Diodoros and Trogus) 15, 21, 35, 36, 40, 140, 141, 155, 156, 160, 161
Cyinda (Kilikia treasury where Alexander placed over 10,000 talents for his planned campaign against Carthago) 130
Cynnane/Kunnanè (357–321 BC, daughter of Philip and Audata; Alexander’s half-sister and mother of Adea. Married to Philip’s nephew Amyntas, but widowed in 336 BC. After Alexander’s death she led her own army to Asia Minor with the aim to set her daughter on the throne. Though she was murdered on Perdikkas’ order, her objective was fulfilled by the marriage of Adea to Arridaios. Polyainos VIII.60: “The daughter of Philip was famous for her military knowledge: she conducted armies, and in the field charged at the head of them. In an engagement with the Illyrians, she with her own hand slew Kaeria their queen.”
Cyprus (island in Eastern Mediterranean) 80, 81, 130
Cyrene (=Lybia; grain-rich city founded c. 630 BC as a colony of the Greek island town Thera. Kleopatra and Olympias organise grain imports c. 332 BC from Cyrene to combat famine) 91, 151
Cyropaedia (c. 380 BC, book on Cyrus the Great written by Xenofon) 44, 111, 163
Cyrus the Great (c. 576–529 BC; founder of Persian empire. His Elamite name, Kurush, means “He who bestows fortune/care”, sic Kuhrt 2007. His tomb on the plains of Pasargadai, site of his first victory over the Medes
Cyrus the Younger (424?-401 BC; son of Darius the Bastard and Parysatis; viceroy in Asia Minor, died on the Kunaxa battlefield trying to topple his brother Artaxerxes II) 69, 70, 73, 109
D:
Damascus (ancient city in the Middle East, now capital of Syria) VII, 18, 56, 120, 138
Darab-Nama (Persian epic poem of long oral tradition, first written down in the 12th century; Muslim interpretation of Alexander and Anahita) 13, 45–46, 58, 142, 159
Darik (coin of 8 grams of gold, introduced c. 500 BC by Darius I; in use, mostly in the western part of the empire, until 330 BC) 29, 91, 136–137
Darius I the Great (b. 550, distant relative of Cyrus the Great; led a coup against the ‘rebel’ king Bardiya/Gautama/Smerdis, and reigned 522–486 BC. He reorganized and strengthened the empire. Over time, Darius married: 1) Apame, daughter of Gobryas who governed Babylon, one of the Six that helped Darius I to seize the throne; they had three sons, but their first-born did not become king. 2) Faedymie, daughter of Otanes, another of the Six; they had no sons. Greek literary tradition makes her play an implausible role in the coup. She is cited with her Old Persian name Upandush on PF NN 2176, a tomb offering in the 20ieth. regnal year of Darius. 3) Atossa, eldest daughter of Cyrus; she bore him four sons of whom the eldest, Xerxes, became king. 3) Irtashtuna/Artystone, youngest daughter of Cyrus; she bore him two sons. 4) Parmys, daughter of Bardiya; she bore him one son. 6) Fratagune, daughter of Darius’ brother Artanes, probably a marriage to keep family property united; she bore him two sons) VII, IX, 24, 38, 45, 46, 59, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 78, 109, 111, 136, 137, 138
Darius II (nicknamed “The Bastard”; r. 423–405 BC; husband of Parysatis)
Darius III (=Artashata; born 380 BC; Sisygambis’ son; champion against the Kadoussians 344 BC; under Artaxerxes III, satrap of Armenia in 344–336 BC; reigned as High King 336–330 BC; defeated and succeeded by Alexander)
Dâryavaush (=Darius, see ibidem; Old Persian king name meaning “He who restablishes rightful order”)
Daurises (Persian general, married to a daughter of Darius I; c 500 BC, appointed leader of an expeditionary force sent to subdue Karia, but killed in ambush) 78
Deinon (Greek historian who wrote a Persikè c. 330 BC; father of Kleitarchos) 140, 155
Deiokes/Daiukku (c. 715–650 BC; first king of the Medes, founder of the empire’s spy service) 110
Delphi/Delfoi (major sanctuary of the god Apollo on Mount Parnassus in central Greece, site of the Delphic Oracle, the most important shrine in the classical Greek world. Alexander visits the oracle in 335 BC on his return voyage from the League of Corinth assembly, that has made him Hegemon for the war against Persia) VII, 2, 13–14, 92
Demetrios Poliorketes (= “the city-taker”; 337–283 BC; son of Antigonos One-Eye, active in Successor Wars) 95, 108, 127
Demetrios (disgruntled member of Alexander’s bodyguard, tried to organize a conspiracy in 330 BC with Dimnos and others, to kill Alexander; Filotas knew it, but didn’t report on it, and was executed because of this cover-up) VII
Demokedes (c. 530 BC Greek doctor/spy? for Atossa) 66, 67
Demosthenes (b. 384, suicide 332 BC; Athenian demagogue, enemy of Alexander and Philip; received payments from Persia) 113, 139
Dendera (on the Nile, 50 kms north from Luxor; in reliefs on the south wall of its main temple dedicated to the goddess Hathor, Cleopatra VII is shown accompanied by Ptolemy XV Caesarion as co-ruler) 131
Descent of Inanna (Sumerian gospel about the goddess Inanna) 51, 54
Dhu’l-Qarnain (=“Two Horned”, Alexander’s oriental nickname; cited by the prophet Muhammad in the Koran) 10, 145–146
Diana (Roman goddess equated to Artemis. ‘Diana of Ekbatana’=Anahita. A successor deity to the Great Goddess, as the name may in part reflect. AN or ANNA is Sumerian for “Heaven”. Thus: Inanna, or Nin-Anna, “Lady of Heaven”; likewise, the Roman goddess would be ‘Di-anna’, in which the root Anna denotes life-giving divinity) 55
Dimnos (c. 330 BC co-conspirator; his suicide, when persecuted, was presented as proof of the murder attempt against Alexander) VII
Dio Cassius (164–235 AD, consul of Rome 229 AD; his Historiae Romanae 75.13.1 mention the decision of emperor Septimus Severus to close the Alexander Tomb in Alexandria ‘for security reasons’) 157
Diodoros of Sicily (c. 100–20 BC, historian from Agyrium on Sicily who travelled extensively through Europe, Egypt and Asia; in 60–30 BC he published a Historical Library, but most of its books are now lost) 11, 14, 25, 35, 36, 43, 48, 95, 96, 99, 130, 140, 141, 142, 155, 156, 158, 163
Diogenes (413–323 BC; famous ‘cynic’ philosopher in Athens and Corinth, where Alexander paid him a short visit in 335 BC) VII, 139
Dionysios (since 337 BC tyrant/king of Herakleia Pontos in Asia Minor; active promotor of grain exports to Greece, he litigated in Athens about a shipment. A friend of Kleopatra, though after 314 he felt obliged to become a formal ally of Antigonos One-Eye. In 323, he had married princess Amastris, granddaughter of Sisygambis. He died in 306 BC, leaving the government of Herakleia in the hands of his widow queen Amastris) 92, 93, 103, 10
4, 105
Dodona (capital of Molossia and birthplace of Olympias, 20 km SW from present-day Ioannina. Since the early 3rd millennium BC, the site of a sanctuary of the Great Goddess as Gaia <=mother Earth>, with a sacred oak and oracle; c. 1400 BC the Olympian Zeus was added, who later took over the famous oracle. As late as 362 AD, emperor Julian the Apostate still consulted this oracle for his campaign against the Persians) 29, 87, 91, 92
Doryforoi (An elite corps of staff officers, also known as The Immortals. Greek name for the Persian top officers who guarded the High King; their ceremonial lance had a golden knob at the foot, which is why the Greeks called them “gold-carriers”. In Alexander’s reign, the highest-ranking Doryforos was prince Oxyathres, second son of Sisygambis; possibly he also held the office of Eye of the King) 113
Drachma (monetary unit in Athens/Greece. Normal one-day pay for a common soldier. 7 drachmai per week or 30 per month would equal a present-day minimum wage. 6000 drachmai = 1 “talent” equiv. to 26,2 kg of silver; see: Talent) 79, 136
Drangae (people in the lands south of Hindu Kush in today’s Afghanistan; conquered by Alexander) 152
Drypetis, princess (339–323 BC; Sisygambis’ granddaughter; Hefaistion’s wife; killed on Roxane’s orders in 323 BC) 2, 3, 23, 24, 47, 159
Dumuzi (Sumerian mythological shepherd/husband of goddess Inanna) 52, 54
Duris, tyrant of Samos (c. 350–270 BC; wrote on Greek and Makedonian history, but only some 30 fragments of his works survive; author cited by Plutarch) 95, 99, 141, 155, 156, 160
E:
Éfesos (Ionian city bordering on Karia; site of Great Goddess/Artemis temple considered the Seventh Wonder of the Ancient World. This building had been partly financed by king Croesus. A much earlier shrine dedicated to Artemis had been set up in Efesos, legend holds, by Otrera queen of Amazons; her daughter, by the war-god Ares, was Penthesileia, who took part in the Trojan war) ) VI, 56, 78
Egypt (Egyptian oracle/religion; priestesses in Egypt; Egypt’s tax payments to Persia; rebellions against Persia) VII, IX, 3, 14, 15, 17, 25, 41, 44, 46, 54, 60–63, 68, 75, 77, 78, 81, 94, 112, 120, 124, 127, 129, 131–132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 151, 154, 156, 158, 163
Ekbatana (modern-day Hamadan, ancient capital of Media; site where Alexander guarded most of his conquered treasury, and where Hefaistion resided as ‘prime minister’) VII, VIII, 2, 12, 15, 55, 104, 110, 112, 117, 138
Elam (old kingdom with capital in Susa, taken over by Persia c 630 BC) IX, 55
Enheduanna (2300–2245 BC daughter of king Sargon of Akkad, who sent her as high priestess to conquered Sumer to try and promote the integration of his new empire. She resided in the ancient city of Ur where writing had been invented, and is the first writer known by name in world literature, as author of hymns to the goddess Inanna. In reality, Enheduanna is not exactly a name but a Sumerian title meaning “high priestess of the main beauty in heaven”) 51
Enki (Sumerian god who made Inanna’s return from the Underworld possible) 52
Epaminondas (418–362 BC, the Theban general who taught Philip of Makedon about tactics, strategy and the importance of the Persian empire) 88
Epigonoi (=“Successors”: 30,000 Baktrian recruits/hostages in an army unit created by Alexander in 327 BC)
Epiktetos (c.50–125 AD; Greek philosopher who taught Arrian and the future emperor Hadrian) 139, 155
Epimeleia/prostasia (royal tutelage of the boy-king Alexander IV) 25
Episkopos (in the 5th century Delian League, Athenian equivalent of the “King’s Eye”, see id.) 114
Epyaxa (reigned c. 400 BC as queen/co-ruler of Kilikia) 3, 69
Erech/Uruk (city on the Eufrates in southern Sumeria; its patron goddess is Inanna) 52
Ereshkigal (Sumerian goddess of Underworld, sister of Inanna) 52, 54
Erzinjan (town in N-E Anatolia on the north bank of the Qara-sū, one of the headwaters of the Eufrates, at an altitude of 1,200 m. Site of Anahita temple) 55
Eufrates (river; as region of Great Goddess worship) 59, 111
Euía (border valley between Molossia and Makedon, where in 317 BC an army led by queen Adea and co-King Arridaios was meant to stop Olympias’ advance on Pella; but their soldiers went over to Olympias) 95, 99
Eumenes of Kardia (362–316 BC; Greek Royal Secretary of Philip II and Alexander; like Olympias, openly hostile to Antipater; wrote, but partly falsified, the Diaries of Alexander’s campaign; after Alexander’s death, named satrap of Cappadocia and turned general; finally defeated and killed by Antigonos) 2, 27, 83, 93, 94, 95, 118, 120, 121, 124, 139, 140, 141, 154, 155, 156, 159, 163
Eurydike <1> (c. 520 BC, mother of Makedon’s first famous king: Alexander I, who reigned in 498–454 BC)
Eurydike <2> (c.410-c.350 BC, mother of Philip of Makedon; c. 368 BC she obtained military support from the Athenian general Ifíkrates to beat off the pretenders who tried to oust her sons from the throne of Makedon. Prof. E. Carney evaluates: “Not only did Eurydike intervene in a public and aggressive way on behalf of her sons, playing dynastic politics with some skill, but her dedications of temples around Aigai [present-day Vergina] also speak to a new public role for Argead women. Eurydike succeeded in her goals: all the remaining rulers of the Argead dynasty were her descendants.”
Eurydike <3> (name given by Philip II to his last bride, who was executed in 336 BC on Olympias’ order
Eurydike <4> (name taken on by Philip’s granddaughter Adea after 321 BC, when she became queen of Makedon by marrying her uncle Arridaios
Eurylochos (Makedonian soldier once cited by Plutarch as the man who in 324 BC asks for false invalidity leave in order to accompany the hetaira Telesippa) 161
Eusebios of Caesarea (260–340 AD Fenician bishop and historian) 77
“Exiles’ Decree” (promulgated Aug., 324 BC: Alexander ordered Greek city-states to readmit political exiles; they were supposed to be his partisans) VIII, 92
F:
Fenicia (seafaring nation on the Levant coast of the Eastern Mediterranean, with cities like Tyre, Sidon, Byblos and Beritos/Beirut) VII, 42, 46, 77, 81, 129, 130
Filippos of Calchis (Greek author; his lost works cited by Plutarch) 141
Filippos of Makedon (king Philip II, b. 382, reigned 359–336, political and strategic genius who turned his small country into the major military power of his times. Father of Alexander. His marriages were famous both as diplomatic successes and domestic fiascos; the prime source is Satyros, as quoted by Athenaios in Deipnosofistas 557 b-e: “Philip always married a new wife with each war he undertook. “In the twenty-two years of his reign, at any rate,” as Satyros says in his Life of him, “he married Audata of Illyria, and had by her a daughter, Cynna; he also married Fila, a sister of Derdas and Machatas. Wishing to put in a claim to the Thessalian nation as his own besides others, he begot children by two women of Thessaly, one of whom was Nikesipolis of Ferai, who bore to him Thessalonike, while the other was Filinna of Larisa, by whom he became the father of Arrhidaios. In addition, he took possession of the Molossian kingdom by marrying Olympias, by whom he had Alexander and Kleopatra, and when he subjugated Thrace, there came over to his side Kothelas the Thracian king, who brought with him his daughter Meda and a large dowry. By marrying her also he thus brought home a second wife after Olympias. After all these women he married Kleopatra, with whom he had fallen in love, the sister of Hippostratos and niece of Attalos; and by bringing her home to supplant Olympias, he threw the entire course of his life into utter confusion. Kleopatra, in her turn, bore to Philip a daughter, the one who was called Europa.”
Filippeion (civic centre/gymnasion in Halikarnassos, repaired in 281 BC with Ptolemaic funds; named after the ‘Filippeion’ built c. 336 BC at Olympia and decorated by the Athenian sculptor Leochares, to the
order of king Philip, see: Philippeion) 90
Filippos of Theangela in Karia (historian cited by Plutarch) 141
Filon of Thebes (Greek author cited by Plutarch) 141
Filostratos the Athenian (170–247 AD, general and writer who accompanied the Roman emperor Caracalla to his negotiations with Parthia) 114, 157
Filotas (360–330 BC; son of Parmenion, sent to warn Philip of Alexander’s dealings with the Karian king Pixodaro; later, executed for not reporting on a murder conspiracy against Alexander) VII, 90
Filoxenos <1> (c. 330 BC treasurer in Sardès; early 323 led Karian troops sent as reinforcements to Alexander in Babylonia) 83
Filoxenos <2> (c. 300 BC famous Greek painter)
Firdausi, Hakim Abu-l-Qasem (935–1020 AD, author of Persia’s national epic Shah-Nama) 144, 145
Frygia (satrapy in Asia Minor; capital: Gordion) VII
Fylarchos (historian in Athens whose work covers the period 272–220 BC) 157
G:
Gabiene (battle of id. in 316 BC, near present-day Isfahan; Antigonos One-Eye won, Eumenes was captured and later killed; Peukestas lost his post of satrap in Persis)
Gadatas (trusted vassal of Darius the Great) 111
Gadrosia (=Makran, coastal desert between India and Persia; here Alexander lost half his army to thirst and starvation) VIII, 152
Gaia (=“Mother Earth”: name given to the Great Goddess in the Molossian capital Dodona, where she had a sanctuary since the 3rd millennium BC, site of the sacred oak and oracle taken over by the Zeus cult c. 1400 BC) 29
Gandara (region between Baktra and the Indus river; Hefaistion led the army on this march) VIII
Gaugamela (hamlet in northern Mesopotamia; on October 1st 331 BC, site of the battle that meant the definitive rout of Darius III; sometimes called “battle of Arbela” after the nearest city) VII, 15, 20, 42, 43
All Alexander's Women Page 21
