Gaushaka (Persian title for the King’s Ears=spies/informers) 112
Gaza (city in Palestine, captured 332 BC by Alexander. In 312 BC, at a battle near Gaza between Antigonos and Ptolemy&Seleukos, king Abdalonymos of Sidon died) VII, 29, 91, 128
Geshtinanna (Sumerian mythological sister of Dumuzi, see id.; she substitutes him in the Underworld every half year) 52
Gigis (servant of queen Parysatis, c. 400 BC executed on the accusation of procuring poison to kill queen Stateira, the mother of Sisygambis) 71
Glaukias (Greek doctor, executed in 324 BC as guilty of Hefaistion’s death) 117, 118
Gordion (capital of Frygia) /Gordian knot undone by Alexander, so fulfilling prophesy of dominion over Asia) VII
Granikos river (334 BC battle at id. in NW Asia Minor; Arsites, satrap of Ionia and nominal leader of the Persian army, having neglected to reinforce his troops in time, as the mercenary general Memnon had advised him to do, was responsable for the Persian rout and killed himself) VII, 40
Great Goddess /Great Mother (ancient sole deity) III, 29, 33, 37, 46, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 78, 80, 88, 95, 132
Gud-gal-anna (Sumerian mythological husband of the Underworld queen, goddess Ereshkigal; also, Sumerian name of a stellar constellation) 53
H:
Hadrian (76–138 AD; Roman emperor, visited the Alexander Tomb in 130 AD; friend and patron of the Greco-Roman author Arrian) 62, 137, 139, 155
Hagnothemis (c. 320 BC confidant of Antigonos One-Eye who ‘leaked’ that Antigonos had proof that Alexander was poisoned by Iollas and Kassander)
Hakhâmanish (see: Achaemenes; legendary Persian king c. 700 BC; founder of the Achaemenid Dynasty) IX, 1, 3, 8, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 36, 38, 41, 43, 46, 48, 59, 65, 73, 75, 78, 90, 110, 112, 113, 114, 128, 137, 145
Halikarnassos (capital of Karia, present-day Bodrum in S-E Turkey) VII, 31, 33, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84
Harpalos (355–324 BC; Alexander’s boyhood friend, exiled by Philip because of the Pixodaro affair. Alexander’s treasurer in Babylon; in 325 he fled with part of the Persian hoard to Athens, where both Antipater and Olympias lodged claims to have him turned over. Harpalos then fled to Crete, where he was killed by brigands the next year) 90
Hathor (ancient Egyptian goddess, protectress of cattle and later of all living beings –usually depicted with a cow’s head–; in the end, often superseded /supplanted by Isis, who assumed all her powers. At the Hathor temple in Dendera, Cleopatra VII had Caesarion depicted as co-ruler) 131
Hatshepsut (1508–1458 BC, pharaoh for 22 years as from 1479 BC, one of the most succesful rulers of Egypt’s history, also in economic matters. She gave orders to re-excavate the Nile-Red Sea canal that had originally been dug by Senusset III c. 1850 BC through the Wadi Tumilat/‘Bitter Lakes’ depression. It was in full use in Alexander’s days) 137
Hefaistion (357–323 BC, Alexander’s boyhood friend, lover, general, brother-in-law and ‘prime minister’. Exclusively for Hefaistion, his military rank of chiliarch was made equivalent to grand vizier or prime minister. Alexander spent 12,000 talents on his funeral. Bereft by Hefaistion’s premature death, Alexander sent embassies to oracles asking if Hefaistion could be revered as a god. “Only as a hero”, they answered, but that was sufficient to allow the two lovers to be reunited in the Underworld) VI, VII, VIII, 2, 3, 5, 8, 15, 24, 26, 28, 36, 37, 40, 89, 104, 117–118, 140
Hegemon (Greek politico-military leadership title used by Philip and Alexander as rulers of the League of Corinth) VII, 13, 15, 44, 154
Hekatomnos (reigned 392–377 BC; king/satrap of Karia; father of queen Ada) 30, 31, 80, 81
Hellanike (=Lanike, see id.; born c. 378 BC; sister of Kleitos the Black and Alexander’s nurse/nanny during his childhood years in Pella) 160
Henkelman, Wouter F.M. (professor of Elamite language and history, expert on the Achaemenid empire; member of the research team for the publication of c. 7000 Elamite texts from the Persepolis Fortification archive. Dr Henkelman holds research and teaching posts at the Netherlands Institute for the Near East and the VU University of Amsterdam; the German Archaeological Institute (Berlin); the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (Paris); and the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago) 134, 163
Hellespont (=Dardanelles, sea-arm separating Europe and Asia) 16, 17, 20, 93, 121, 128, 151
Herakleia Pontos (kingdom of Dionysios and Amastris in Paflagonia, NW-Asia Minor) 47, 49, 92, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 157, 158
Hera (Greek successor deity to the Great Goddess, later proclaimed wife of Zeus) 54, 59
Herakles (the Greek halfgod, son of Zeus) 10, 13
Herakles (327–309 BC, Alexander’s son by Barsine the concubine; born on the campaign trail in Baktria; betrayed and murdered by Polyperchon in 309 BC) 3, 20, 24, 25, 95
Herodotos of Halikarnassos (484– 435 BC; Ionian Greek author, called “Father of History”. His main theme is the heroic victory of the Greeks over the Persian empire. Herodotos fails to mention the real reason why Xerxes did not complete his conquest of Greece: part of the invasion army sent to the West was forced to return to Persia, to smash a massive revolt in Babylonia in 482/481 BC. See also: Xerxes) VI, 33, 66, 67, 68, 72, 79, 110, 138, 163
Hermolaos (327 BC disgruntled page and failed assassin of Alexander) 34
Hidrieus (351–344 BC king/satrap of Karia; brother and husband of Ada) 31, 32, 78, 81, 82
Hieronymos of Kardia (c. 350–250 BC; politician and historian; relative of Eumenes, with whom he may have worked for Alexander’s secretariat; later, envoy of Antigonos One-Eye; around 265 BC, he published his History of the Successor Wars) 140, 155, 156, 159, 160
Hindu Kush (=“Killer of Hindi’s/Indians”, high pass in Pamir range) VII, VIII
Hipparchos (in 335 BC, commander of Thrakian soldiers at the sack of Thebes, killed by his rape victim Timokleia) 9
Hippolyta (legendary priestess of the Great Goddess and queen of the Amazons whom Theseus took with him as his wife to Athens, so provoking an Amazon invasion against Attika) 10, 46, 79, 142
Homer (the immortal poet of the 8th-7th century BC,
Hüsing, Georg prof. (1869–1930 German orientologist, expert on Mesopotamian queens) 73
Hutaosâ (= Atossa, see ibid.) 3, 38, 45, 59, 65, 66, 67, 72, 73, 74, 163
Huxshaqra (Old Persian, in Avesta meaning “Of good reign” = Oxyatres, see ibid.)
Hydaspes (=Jhelum river in present-day Pakistan) VIII, 152
Hyfasis (=Beas river in present-day Punjab; in 326 BC, Alexander’s army refused to cross this river and advance further into India) VIII, 152
Hypereides (politician in Athens, in 323 BC celebrated the poisoning of Alexander, and was later executed for it) 123
Hyrcania (coastal region of the Caspian Sea, to the east of Armenia; satrapy of Artasyras; then conquered by Alexander, and later included in the Parthian empire) 109, 152
Hystaspes (Achaemenid prince whose wife, captured in 330, was immediately returned by Alexander) 2, 8, 160
I:
Ifíkrates (c. 415–353 BC, Athenian general; improved army mobility; scored victories over Sparta, and pushed back the Illyrians at the request of queen Eurydike of Makedon; in 378 BC, led Greek mercenaries in a Persian campaign against Egypt) 28, 86
Iliad (epic by Homer on the war of Troy) VI, 10
Illyria (aprox. present-day Albania; warlike, rival neighbor kingdom to Makedon) VI, 16, 86, 88, 89, 90, 135, 154
Inanna /Nin-Anna (“Lady of Heavens”, title of the Great Goddess in the pantheon of Sumer; later, as one of her successors, visible in the night sky as Ninsianna=Venus, she was said to be daughter of the the moon Nanna-Suen and sister of the sun Uru. Inanna maintained the ‘office’ of the Great Goddess of “Giver of Kingship”; also, she was the goddess of sexual love, like Afrodite/Venus in Greek and Roman times. In Akkad, she was equated to Ishtar/Esther, and in Fenicia, to Astarté) III, 37, 51–54, 55
India (country invaded by Alexander in 327 BC; Indian tax payments to the Persian empire) VIII, IX, 3, 10, 14, 22, 27, 33, 34, 102, 107, 118, 125, 128, 129, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 149, 151, 152, 156
Indus (river) VIII, 152
Iollas/Iolaus (Kassander’s brother and Alexander’s cupbearer. Olympias desecrated his grave in 317, probably because she had by then been informed of Hagnothemis saying that Iollas had administered poison – brought by Kassander– to Alexander) 95, 99, 123
Ionia (Greek part of Asia Minor; Persians called the whole of Greece ‘Yauna’, and all Greeks ‘Yaunas’) VI, VII, IX, 2, 6, 16, 18, 19, 30, 56, 78, 80, 89, 90, 151
Ipsos (301 BC battle in central Asia Minor, where Antigonos One-Eye died, defeated by Lysimachos, Seleukos and Ptolemy) 104, 108, 125, 128
Iqbal-Nama (second part of Nizami’s Sikandar-nama, e Bara) 145
Irdabama (c. 500 BC, Old Persian name of the queen-mother of Darius I; in the many references to her that appear on the tablets of the Persepolis Fortification Archive, she carries a title, “Abbamush”, not yet deciphered. She had her own administrative facilities, equal to those of the king, and actively directed her numerous estates and factories in Babylon and southern Persia) 3, 68, 74
Irtashduna (=Artystone; c. 535–490 BC, youngest daughter of Cyrus, favourite wife of Darius I and mother of princess Artazostre. Her name derives from Old Persian “Rta-stuna”, pillar of Arta; “Irtashduna” is the Elamite form of the same name. Her title given on Persepolis Fortification tablets is “dukshish” = royal woman. On the tablets, Irtashduna features prominently: six orders with her personal seal plus two other tablets record transactions at her various estates located in Urandush, Kukkannakan and Matannan) 3, 67, 68
Ishtar (goddess of sex and war in Uruk; in Babylon, the transfiguration of Inanna; later, in the Persian empire, an equivalent of Anahita) 54, 55
Iskandar/Sikandar (Oriental version of Alexander’s name) 10, 146
Istakhr (near Persepolis, site of the principal Anahita temple of the Sassanids, where their kings were crowned) 56, 58
Ister (author cited by Plutarch) 141
Isis (Egyptian Mother Goddess, with main temple on Philae near Assuan) 54, 60–63, 132
Iskandar Muda (=“Young Alexander”; c. 1620 AD Muslim sultan of Acheh on the NW-Indonesian island of Sumatra) 146
Isokrates (436–338 BC, from Athens; famous rhetorician and teacher; proposed Philip as leader of united Hellenes to liberate Ionia; his pupil Theopompos proposed Alexander for the same role)
Issos (on November 5th 333 BC, battlefield, in the present-day SE corner of Turkey, of Alexander’s first direct triumph over Darius III; in consequence, the place where he first encountered the Persian queen-mother Sisygambis) VII, 18, 19, 20, 26, 36, 37, 39, 41, 82, 91, 113
J:
Jaxartes/Syr Darya (Central Asian river running towards the Aral Sea) 141
Jhelum (= Hydaspes, river in India/Pakistan, ver ibid.) VIII, 152
Justin/Justinus, Marcus (4th century AD Roman writer who abridged and ‘embellished’ 1st cent. Pompeius Trogus’ History of Alexander based on Kleitarchos) 35, 141, 156
Justinianus (482–565 AD, the Christian emperor who closed down the Isis temples at Philae) 63
K:
Kadmeia (b. 335 BC, daughter of Kleopatra and the Molossian king Alexander) 91
Kadoussians (nomad tribe near Caspian Sea; Artashata, the later Darius III, defeated their champion in a duel in 343 BC) 38
Kaeria (queen of Illyrians, killed on the battlefield by Cynnane) 16, 89
Kallisthenes (370–327 BC, a writer married to a niece of Aristoteles, and official historian of Alexander’s army, until his arrest in connection with the failed ‘Pages Conspiracy’. The sources disagree whether he was executed immediately or succumbed to illness in prison. Anyway, his death sharpened the Athenian academic bias against Alexander) VIII, 12, 139, 140, 141, 149, 154, 155
Kallixeina (=“Beautiful Stranger”; c. 340 BC, professional alias of a call-girl from Larissa in Thessaly, hired by Olympias to initiate teenager Alexander in sex with women. Athenaios in Deipnosofistas, X 435a, cites Theofrastos, an Athenian academic author openly hostile to Alexander: “Hieronymos, in his Epistles, quotes Theofrastos as saying that Alexander was not well disposed to sexual love. Olympias, at any rate, and Philip, were aware of this, and actually caused the Thessalian courtesan Kallixeina, who was a very beautiful woman, to lie with him; for they feared he might prove to be gynnis [womanish], and Olympias often begged him to have intercourse with Kallixeina”) 2, 5, 6, 7, 160
Kampaspe (c. 334 BC, a hetaira and Alexander’s first known regular bedmate. He asked her to pose nude for a portrait by the famous painter Apelles, who fell in love with her, and received her as a gift from Alexander. Her Thessalian name Kampaspe –she came from Larissa– was Atticised into “Pancaspe” by later authors like Pliny the Elder who wrote: “Alexander, in his admiration of her extraordinary beauty, engaged Apelles to paint the most beloved of all his concubines, called Pancaspe, naked…”) 2, 7, 8, 22, 160
Kandace (= Candace, see ibid.) 36, 61
Karia (in its original, Luwian language: Karuwa = “High Mountain Country”: kingdom/satrapy around Halikarnassos, present-day Bodrum in SW-Turkey; see: Ada I queen of Karia) VI, VII, 2, 3, 6, 7, 30–33, 39, 77–84, 87, 90, 162
Karthasis (Scythian leader who in 330 BC offered Alexander his daughter for bride) 2, 11
Kassandane (c. 570–538 BC; Achaemenid royal lady, queen of the Persian empire as wife of Cyrus the Great; the Nabonidus Chronicle registers public mourning for the king’s wife in Babylon on 21–26th of March, 538; Boyce suggests that Kassandane was then buried in Pasargadai, near Cyrus’ tomb, in the so-called Zendan-e-Solayman tower) 3, 65, 66, 75
Kassander (358–297 BC; Antipater’s son, later king of Makedon; ordered the murders of Olympias, of Barsine and Herakles, and of Roxane and her son. Athenaeus I.17 gossips that at age 35 Kassander still had to sit up, instead of reclining on a couch, at his father’s dinners, because Makedonian custom allowed this honour only to men who had speared their own wild boar, a feat which Kassander had been unable to accomplish) 17, 25, 94, 95, 99, 100, 106, 120, 123, 124, 127
Kentake (title of the queen-mother in the Meroitic period of Nubia /Kush (593 BC - 350 AD); wall carvings excavated in its capital Meroé prove that in 177–155 BC, the Kentake Shanakdakhete already held sole sovereign power. Roman authors registered the series of Kentakes contemporaneous with the Caesars. Nawidemak and Amanikhabale c. 50– 40 BC, coincided with Julius Caesar. The one-eyed Amanirenas, 40–10 BC, fought against (but later signed the peace with) Augustus; a treaty upheld by her successor Amanishaketo, 10–1 BC. The next Kentakes Amanitare, Amanitarakide, Amanimemide and Amanikhatasan reigned until 85 AD and so coincided with Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero and Vespasian. Roman authors transliterated the queen-mother’s title as “Candace”. The ‘Romance’ literary tradition, probably inspired by the real Kleofis episode, invented a meeting and love affair of Alexander with a Candace) 61, 62
“King’s Eye” /Spathaka (title of chief of Persia’s secret service) 37, 109–114
Kilikia (satrapy on the SE-coast of Asia Minor facing Cyprus; c. 400, ruled by queen Epyaxa and her husband. Kilikia became the principal Persian stronghold to control Asia Minor, and Artaxerxes II appointed Mazday
Kleitarchos (330–280 BC? writer in Alexandria, son of the historian Deinon who c. 350 BC had published a Persikè; Kleitarchos produced c. 305 BC a best-selling book About Alexander that became the source of many Alexander books in the so-called ‘Vulgate’ style) 140, 141, 147, 155, 156
Kleitos “the Black” (380–327 BC; Makedonian general, crony of king Philip and brother of Hellanike, Alexander’s nurse/nanny. At the battle of the Granikos, Kleitos
saved Alexander’s life from a Persian attack. Finally they fell out, however, and at the winter HQ of Samarkand, Kleitos was killed in drunken rage by Alexander) VIII
Kleofis/Kripa (c. 326 BC queen or Regent of the Massaga fortress in the Swat valley of present-day Pakistan. Professors R.K. Mukerjee and V.D. Majan report that her name in Sanskrit would be “Kripa”. There is no doubt about her historic character, but the different sources, some of them clearly biased, offer confusing descriptions. Even so, all agree that Alexander (re) established her on the throne after a bloody siege of the fortress city. The fact that the queen-mother accepted this appointment seems to void the ‘ultra-nationalist’ theory in some academic circles of India, who present her as a fiercely patriotic war leader against “Alexander’s bloodthirsty aggression”. Most experts agree, however, in rejecting the Roman-made scandal story about Kleofis. Authors like Curtius and Justin write of a sexual relation between Alexander and Kleofis, producing a son also called Alexander “who became king in India”. In Justin’s characteristic sensationalist version, “Cleophis recovered her throne by acting as a royal whore”. Academic analysis deduces that such Roman authors invented this image of Cleophis or Cleophylis to draw a parallel with Cleopatra, and so excite their public. The propaganda machine of Augustus had turned Cleopatra into ‘the typical perverting Oriental sex monster’. Even today some people, specially in Hollywood, still believe in this ‘sex bomb’ image of Cleopatra VII. And it is highly probable, as Berve already pointed out, that this sensationalist description of Kleofis inspired the fictional love affair of Alexander with Candace in the Romance tradition. On the other hand it is noteworthy that the two sources most directly related to the Kleitarchos original, Diodoros and the Metz Epitome, contain no such slander against Kleofis. They present her as a dignified sovereign, much admired by Alexander, who decided to spend several days in her company; which sounds very similar to his long conversations with queen Ada of Karia and queen-mother Sisygambis of Persia) VIII, 3, 34–35, 160
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