The Arrogance of Power

by Anthony Summers

  mob in Cuba: (controlled) Eisenberg, Dan, and Landau, op. cit., p. 253–; Sifakis, op. cit., p. 29–; (Sans Souci described) briefing in Box G 281, DPP; (Lansky control) Legat, Havana to director, Jan. 14, 1948, FBI 62-75147-210-102; Gus Russo, Live by the Sword, Baltimore, MD: Bancroft Press, 1998, p. 50; memo to DP, Sept. 26, 1952, Box G 281, DPP, and Eisenberg, et al., op. cit., Ch. 30.

  Lansky and Smith, RN: Eisenberg, et al., op. cit., p. 258; (Danner) Jeff Gerth article, Penthouse, July 1974.

  Horner: int. Norman Casper.

  Clarke: int. Jack Clarke.

  “Italian money”: Moore to Belmont, Jan. 9, 1959, FBI 109-480-1542.

  Alo: (background) Sifakis, op. cit., p. 7; Ed Reid, The Grim Reapers, New York: Bantam, 1970, p. 92; Lacey, op. cit.; (responses on RN) int. Vincent Alo.

  Lansky: (“impressed”) Messick, Lansky, op. cit., p. 190; Messick contacts with author, 1991; (Stacher) Eisenberg, et al., op. cit., p. 232.

  Giancana: Sam and Chuck Giancana, Double Cross, New York: Warner, 1992, p. 193.

  Arvey: Peter Dale Scott, Deep Politics and the Death of JFK, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993, pp. 77, 158–, 179, 200.

  Cohen refused: FBI report, originating Los Angeles, Dec. 29, 1958, FBI 92-3156-122.

  RN innocent victim of smears?: e.g., AMI, p. 295–.

  Chapter 13

  “The top officials”: RN in call for resignation of RNC Chairman Guy Gabrielson, Oct. 8, 1951, DP column, Box G 281, DPP.

  Malaxa: (Pearson/TV) transcript broadcast, Nov. 2, 1952, Box G 281, DPP; (GSA) Compliance Division report, Dec. 29, 1949, Box G 172, DPP; (U.S. concern) DP memo to editors re. CIA/State, June 5, 1962, Box G 192, DPP; WP, Nov. 16, 1979; Seymour Hersh, The Dark Side of Camelot, Boston: Little, Brown, 1997, p. 158–; (20 drawers) Saga, Nov. 1962; (Goering bros.) ibid.; Howard Blum, Wanted: The Search for Nazis in America, New York: Quadrangle, 1977, p. 117; Charles Higham, American Swastika, New York: Doubleday, 1985, p. 211; (captured cable) German minister, Bucharest to Berlin, Jan. 8, 1941 cited at DP to editors, June 5, 1962, and in letter, Rep. Frank Kowalski to AG Robert F. Kennedy, Apr. 9, 1962, Box G 192, DPP; (1941 coups) I. Glickman, sec. of United Romanian Jews of America to Rep. Jacob Javits, May 14, 1953, Box G 192, DPP; Saga, supra., Higham, op. cit., p. 211 and Elizabeth W. Hazard, Cold War Crucible, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996, p. 223–; (simply refusing) Kowalski to AG Kennedy, supra.

  Malaxa/Nixon: (lawyers call) Saga, supra.; MO, p. 647 and deposition of Thomas Bewley in Malaxa v. Pearson, Washington, D.C. District Court, Civil Action, No. 5549-55, Box G 192, DPP; (Bewley backed RN) MO, pp. 369, 379, 528; (pure chance) ibid. and Walter Land memo, Oct. 9, 1952, Box G 192, DPP; (RN/Western Tube offices) Bewley deposition, supra.; Pearson draft entitled “Nicolae Malaxa,” Box G 192, DPP, G. T. Vincent to DP, Oct. 26, 1952, Box G 281, photo of office directory, Box G 192, DPP; (never produced) NYT, Oct. 7, 1962; (“paper shuffling”) DP memo to editors, June 5, 1962, supra., and blind memo citing Bewley deposition, p. 48, Box G 192, DPP; (Shelley) NYT, Oct. 7, 1962; (private bill) Blum, op. cit., p. 119; (“important, strategically”) RN and William Knowland to Manley Fleischman, Sept. 14, 1951, Box G 192, DPP; (massive advantages) Loftus and Aarons, op. cit., pp. 224, 558 and blind memo, supra.; (RN telephone) ibid., p. 558; Blum, op. cit., p. 120; (RN/Hillings) Kowalski to AG Kennedy, supra.; (Rogers) blind memo, supra., Blum, op. cit., p. 121.

  alleged bribe: (DP notes) handwritten notes/witness list, Box G 192, DPP; (Wisner/Romania) Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995, p. 20–; (Pearson/CIA report) “Friendly Questions for DP,” document prepared for lawsuit, Box G 192, DPP; (Cadillacs/jewelry) Saga, Nov. 1962; (Wisner/recruitment) Thomas, op. cit., p. 35; (recruited Malaxa?) Loftus and Aarons, op. cit., p. 559n.33.

  Gordon Mason: int. Gordon Mason and Hazard, op. cit., p. 223–; Hersh, op. cit., p. 158.

  Visoianu widow: int. Mrs. Constantine Visoianu.

  Malaxa in US: (5th Ave.) Saga, Nov. 1962; (death) Blum, op. cit., p. 122.

  Election 1952: (vanished) Klein, op. cit., p. 49; (Time), Ralph de Toledano, Nixon, New York: Duell Sloan & Pearce, 1960, p. 149; (vacation) NYT, Miami Herald, Nov. 11, 21, 1952, Nixon to Rebozo, Nov. 28, 1952, Rebozo file, Series 320, Box 622, VP, NA; (fish) Rebozo to RN, Dec. 5, 1952, Michael Ewing Collection; int. P.R. man John Tassos.

  RN enemies: (Harriman/Douglas campaign) Douglas, op. cit., p. 324; (Harriman/dinner) FB, p. 244; Rudy Abramson, Spanning the Century, New York: William Morrow, 1992, p. 412; (topic) ibid., p. 686; (Eleanor Roosevelt) FB, p. 244–; (J. F. Kennedy) Douglas, op. cit., p. 325; (Kent/Stevenson) Mazo, op. cit. p. 8; (Celler) ibid. and see Toledano, Nixon, op. cit., p. 151; (Lippmann) Radical History Review, Fall 1994, p. 138; (Ball) George Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, New York: Norton, 1982, p. 128; (Pepper) Claude Pepper with Hayes Gorey, Pepper: Eyewitness to a Century, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987, p. 240; (Redlich) cited in Boston Phoenix, Aug. 13, 1974.

  Truman: (re: “traitors”) Kornitzer, op. cit., p. 213; MEM, p. 112; Miller, Plain Speaking, op. cit., 178; (“crooks”) The Reporter, Apr. 19, 1956; (“Goddamn liar”) Miller, Plain Speaking, op. cit., p. 178–: (“doesn’t understand”) ibid., p. 335.

  Rich:NYT, Apr. 24, 1994.

  RN response to 1952 attacks: (“My instinct”) MEM, p. 109; (Stripling) Esquire, Nov. 1975.

  RN temper: (“The hotter”) Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 6, 1952; (“blowing . . . stack”) ed. Sevareid, op. cit., p. 80; Alsop, op. cit., p. 153; (Klein/Hillings) Klein, op. cit., p. 133–; JA, p. 223; (“obligation”) ed. Sidney Kraus, The Great Debates, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1962, p. 397; (slap) notes of int. Zita Remley by FB, FBP, FB, p. 236—name is Zita, not Vita, as rendered by FB (Remley to DP, Oct. 7, 1952, Box G 281, DPP).

  1952 violence: (Oregon) Mazo, op. cit., p. 117–; (Long Beach) ed. Abell, op. cit., p. 229; (Rogan) Los Angeles Sun News, Nov. 2, 1952; (“When we’re elected”) Costello, op. cit., p. 6; (Heavey) Weekly News Letter, CA State Federation of Labor, Nov. 3, 1954; Robert Allen to DP, Nov. 13, 1953, Box G 281, DPP; Chotiner to Agent Paul Paterni, Feb. 2 and to William Rogers, Feb. 10, and complaint for damages, 443705, Superior Court of California, (San Francisco) Nov. 26, 1954, summary of incident, Bogen/Pearman (police) Heckler Report, Oct. 29, 1954; Nelson to RN, Dec. 7, 1954, William Rogers Papers, DDEL; NYT, Oct. 30, Nov. 27, 1954.

  RN depression/weeping: (“He almost needed”) MO, p. 763; (“the full weight”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 87; (“irritable”) MO, p. 793; (“sponge”) ibid., p. 799; (Drown) PAT, p. 120; (“blow up”) MO, p. 793; (Mother message/Hillings) Hillings with Seelye, op. cit., p. 60; Good Housekeeping, June 1960, but see Kornitzer, op. cit., p. 192–; (tears after Checkers) Matthews, op. cit., p. 84; Mazo, op. cit., p. 131; (tears on plane) ibid., p. 134; (tears/Knowland) MO, p. 849; (“Dick’s state of mind”) Kornitzer, op. cit., p. 193; (tried frantically) int. Dr. Arnold Hutschnecker.

  Pat in ’52 campaign: (doubts) see Ch. 12, supra.; MEM, p. 86; (prattled) American Weekly, Aug. 24, 1952; (Pat on campaigning) Los Angeles Herald & Express, July 25, 1952; (she urged) MEM, p. 98; PAT, p. 120; (“Of course you can”) MEM, p. 103; (“great”) PAT, p. 124; (total silence) MEM, p. 108; (“Why . . . keep taking?”) Mazo, op. cit., p. 119; (“kitten”) PAT, p. 119; (“So much pain”) ibid., p. 126; (“would hate politics”) MEM, p. 108.

  Hannah in fund: (babysitting) Kornitzer, op. cit., p. 191; (Frank wept) MEM, p. 109; (Hannah on phone) MEM, p. 99; (Hannah/Ike telegram) Kornitzer, op. cit., pp. 192, 205–; MEM, p. 107; (inauguration note) MEM, p. 117.

  RN promised to retire:NYT magazine, Sept. 13, 1970; Mazo, op. cit., p. 139.

  1952 inauguration: Lurie, op. cit., p. 159.

  RN on peace: e.g., 1969 inaugural address in full in Whittier Rock, Spring 1969.

  “exaltation”:PAT, p. 132.

  portents: (Haldeman) MO, pp. 825, 826; (father) MO, pp. 573, 636; U.S. News & World Report, Oct. 3, 1952; (Goldberg in ’52) U.S. News & World Repo
rt, Feb. 23, 1998; (Goldberg in Watergate) Washington Star-News, Aug. 19, 1973; WP, Aug. 20, 1973, Feb. 4, 1998; (Goldberg re. Lewinsky) ibid. and LAT Book Review, Mar. 14, 1999; (meets Hunt) int. Howard Hunt; Hunt, Undercover, op. cit., p. 127: (Hunt card) Hunt Corr file, VP, NA; (Ervin sworn in) Paul Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1974, p. 155.

  Chapter 14

  poem: David, op. cit., p. 13–.

  Duke Zeibert’s: James Bassett unpub. ms., pp. 52, 234.

  Bassett: (background) Klein, op. cit., p. 137–; Bassett letters to Wilma Bassett, 1952, 1954, 1960, Bassett Collection, Bassett ms., supra., p. lxv–; Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 329–; int. Cynthia Bassett, Gottlieb & Wolt, op. cit., p. 279; (“intense”) Bassett ms., p. 52; (“affable”) int. James Bassett by FRB, FBP; (“son”) ibid.; (“oldest”) JB to Wilma, June 3, 1954, Bassett Collection; (P-55) Bassett ms., pp. 46, 60; (“judgement”) JB to Wilma, June 3, 1954, supra.; (“chlorophyll”) Bassett ms., p. 27; (“ice”) ibid., p. 13; (“subliminal”) James Bassett int. by FB, FBP; (“I remember”) Bassett ms., p. lxx; (“balls”) James Bassett int. by FB, FBP; (“retreat”) Bassett ms. p. 52; (“lonesome”) JB to Wilma, June 3, 1954, supra.; (“grimness”) Bassett ms., p. lxix.

  RN and drink: (RN writing) Nixon, Arena, op. cit., Ch. 11; (protestations) e.g., int. Robert Cushman by FB, FBP; (“we ordered”) Bassett ms. p. 11; (“fabulous Cad”) ibid., p. 27–; (“Scotches”) ibid., p. 164; (“We’d arrived”) ibid., p. 244; (“Rarely”) Time, Aug. 25, 1952; (“At 5 P.M.”) Bellino autobiographical notes, Bellino Papers; (“wonderful catalysts”) Bobst to RN, Apr. 20, 1956, corr. files, Series 320, Box 90, VP, NA; (gin) Elmer Bobst, Bobst, New York: David McKay, 1973, p. 273; (“won’t drink”) Colliers, July 9, 1954; (hair way down) JB to Wilma, June 10, 1960, Bassett Collection; (“after Martinis”) James Bassett int. by FB, FBP and see Haldeman and DiMona, op. cit., p. 45; (“not a shit!”) JA, p. 343.

  RN and Eisenhower: (“errand boy”) Life, Dec. 14, 1953; (“Asst. President”) ibid.; (Johnson) Jeff Shesol, Mutual Contempt, New York: Norton, 1997, p. 79; (Reston) Blanche Wiesen Cook, “Dwight David Eisenhower: Antimilitarist in the White House,” Forums in History, St. Charles, MO: Foreign Press, 1974, p. 3; (“immature”) Wicker, op. cit., p. 196 and AMI, p. 379; (liability) int. Robert Finch in eds. Miller Center, op. cit., p. 260; (“tea-drinkers”) Bassett unpub. ms., supra., p. 27–; (“dumb”) JB to Wilma, Mar. 6, 1954, Bassett Collection; (RN . . . smiled) MEM, p. 145; (“slip . . . a gadget”) Bassett unpub. ms., supra., p. 48—entry for Mar. 12, 1954; (“You know boys”) AMI, p. 334fn; (Ike “remembered”) WP, Mar. 15, 1997; (Ike castigating) AP, Oct. 21, 1979; AMI, p. 349; (“snake’s belly”) Bassett ms., p. 207; (“six times”) Newsday, Apr. 25, 1994, citing H. R. Haldeman notes, Apr. 1969; (Ike golf) Lurie, op. cit., p. 160; (“furious dedication”) ibid.; (RN cheated?) London Daily Express, Aug. 9, 1996; (“Nixon fired”) Bassett ms., p. 17–; (“RN complained”/bridge) int. Walter Trohan; (not in private quarters) int. John Rothmann, citing Bryce Harlow; (“never asked”) White, 1960, op. cit., p. 66; (“Hutschnecker”) Winter-Berger, op. cit., p. 257; (de Toledano) Lurie, op. cit., p. 161, citing PBS program, Oct. 14, 1971.

  Rejections: (Duke) COQ magazine, Jan. 1974; (Whittier) Mazo, op. cit., p. 139 and JB to Wilma, June 10, 1954, Bassett Collection; (“pained”) Good Housekeeping, June 1960; (few friends) int. Walter Trohan; (“uncomfortable”) Nancy Dickerson, Among Those Present, New York: Random House, 1976, p. 1976; (“wooden”) int. Patricia Alsop by FB, FBP, FB, p. 336; (aversion) Alsop, op. cit., p. 28–.

  “bone tired”: Mazo, op. cit., p. 152.

  “through with politics”:MEM, p. 163.

  agreed with Pat:JA, p. 234.

  Bassett bet: Alsop, op. cit., p. 155.

  Ike illness: (heart attack) Adams, op. cit., p. 180; Manchester, op. cit., p. 752; (RN reaction) Press Secretary Jim Hagerty acct., Hagerty papers, DDEL; MEM, p. 164; American Weekly, Mar. 4, 1956; Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 132; (“voice hoarse”) James D. Barber, professor of political science, Duke University, Political Science Quarterly, Winter 1977–78, p. 588; (RN presided) Adams, op. cit., p. 186; (“leaned backward”) ibid., p. 185; (Dulles’s biographer) Hoopes, op. cit., p. 304–; (Randall/“pray”) cabinet notes, July 4–Aug. 1, 1956, Clarence Randall Papers, Box 3, DDEL–the note was reported by economist Gabriel Hauge; (“I would be next”) MEM, p. 167; (Hall) Henry Brandon, Special Relationships, New York: Atheneum, 1988, p. 140.

  Ike handling of vice presidency, 1956: (shortlist) entries for Dec. 13, 14, 1955, James Hagerty papers, DDEL; (“I’ve watched Dick”) Emmet Hughes, The Ordeal of Power, New York: Atheneum, 1963, p. 173; (cabinet post suggested) AMI, p. 387; (Some would insist) Bob Considine column, Oct. 10, 1974, citing Milton Eisenhower, The President Is Calling, New York: Doubleday, 1974; Adams, op. cit., p. 230; (“be very gentle”) diary note, Eisenhower secretary Ann Whitman, Feb. 9, 1956, DDEL; (cat-and-mouse) AMI, p. 384; (“agonizing”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 161; (“anguish”) Bryce Harlow cited at FB, p. 350; (“hurt”) Mazo, op. cit., p. 164—perhaps citing Chotiner, see Leonard Lurie, Party Politics, New York: Stein & Day, 1980, p. 245; (“fury”) int. Walter Trohan; (“depressed”) PAT, p. 157.

  Chotiner: (“April meeting”) Ann Whitman diary, Apr. 26, 1956, DDEL; AMI, p. 398 and see NY World-Telegram & Sun, Apr. 27, 1956; (revelations emerge) Federal Trade Commission Order 6236, Dec. 22, 1955, Box 230, DPP; (FBI) Nichols to Jones, Jan. 25, 1956, FBI 63-2766-2; (furor) Behind the Scenes magazine, Mar. 1956—issued Jan.; LAT, Jan. 12, 1956; (untrue claim) WP, Jan. 4, 1956; (probe) NY World-Telegram & Sun, Washington Daily News, Apr. 27, 1956; (RN to tell the press) Ann Whitman diary, Apr. 26, 1956, DDEL; AMI, p. 398.

  RN in ’56 campaign: (campaign plane) Time, Nov. 5, 1956; (Pat/mike) U.S. News & World Report, Oct. 5, 1956; (Haldeman) H. R. “Bob” Haldeman deposition, May 22, 1973; DNC vs. McCord, Civil Action 1233-72, U.S. District Court, Washington, D.C., p. 10; H. R. “Bob” Haldeman to RN, May 22, 1956, Series 320, Box 311, VP, NA.

  Hughes: (background) Donald Barlett and James Steele, Empire, New York: Norton, 1979; Charles Higham, Howard Hughes, The Secret Life, London: Pan, 1994; (bribery) Barlett and Steele, op. cit., p. 147–; Higham, Hughes, op. cit., p. 151; (Truman) Noah Dietrich and Bob Thomas, Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes, Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1972, p. 241–; (Dewey) ibid.; (Hughes’s politics) Barlett and Steele, op. cit., p. 178; (“I can buy”) Higham, Hughes, op. cit., frontispiece; (“He figured”) Dietrich and Thomas, op. cit., p. 241–.

  RN and Hughes: (“Never met”) int. of RN by Prof. Herbert Parmet, supplied to author and see Parmet, op. cit., p. 403–; (Haldeman) HD, p. 397; Parmet, op. cit., p. 409; JA, p. 259; (St. Johns) MO, p. 592 citing Richard St. Johns and conv. Roger Morris; (“old buddy”) int. Donald A. Nixon; (“encountered”) int. Herbert Klein; (“happy . . . over seeing you”) JDH to RN, memo, Jan. 23, 1959, Howard Hughes file, VP, NA, AMI, p. 599; (Don Hughes) int. Gen. Don Hughes; (from the very start) Michael Drosnin, Citizen Hughes, New York: Bantam, 1986, pp. 311, 519; (RN praise) Peter Brown and Pat Broeske, Howard Hughes, The Untold Story, New York: Signet, 1997, p. 341; (Giancana) Sam and Chuck Giancana, op. cit., p. 211; int. Sam Giancana (nephew).

  Stassen: (1956 bid) Fullest accounts, see U.S. News & World report, Aug. 3, 1956; Mazo, op. cit., p. 158–; (“aloof”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 167; (“scared”) Mazo, op. cit., p. 179.

  Maheu: (background) Maheu and Hack, op. cit.; Hougan, op. cit., p. 278–; (early work for Hughes) Maheu and Hack, op. cit., p. 55–.

  Anti-Stassen operation: Maheu and Hack, op. cit., p. 79–; int. Robert Maheu; (basket) Hougan, Spooks, op. cit., p. 280; (“cannot . . . be told”) Alsop, op. cit., p. 72; (polls announced) Maheu and Hack, op. cit., p. 82, Mazo, op. cit., p. 182; (“no gratitude”) int. Robert Maheu, and Maheu and Hack, op. cit., p. 82; (“malleable”) ibid., pp. 79.

  Hughes loan: (Waters’s call) Noah Dietrich, int. transcript, p. 126; Charles Higham Collection,
Mary Norton Clapp Library, Occidental College, and Dietrich, op. cit., p. 281; (Donald Nixon business) Donald Nixon personal statement, 1960, File 804, Box 104, WSPF; (“smell”) Dietrich, op. cit., p. 281; (lease worth less than half) ibid., p. 282; The Reporter, Aug. 16, 1962 and detail in Nicholas North-Broome, The Hughes-Nixon Loan, New York: American Public Affairs Inst., 1972; (Dietrich warning) Dietrch, op. cit., p. 283; (“family comes ahead”) Dietrich int. transcript, supra.; (loan secrecy) Drew Pearson column draft, Oct. 25, 1960 and see Donald Nixon personal statement, supra.; (to bury further) The Reporter, Aug. 16, 1962; (supposedly used) Dietrich, op. cit., p. 281; (“Pull ’em off”) Dietrich int., supra.; Dietrich, op. cit., p. 284; (leaked) The Reporter, Aug. 16, 1962; (“I had nothing”) RN int. with Larry Collins; Long Beach Independent, undated, 1962, Box G 281, DPP; (lot transfer) Dietrich, op. cit., p. 285; (owner until ’62) North-Broome, op. cit., p. 93 and see Frank Waters to William Gay, Jan. 4, 1963, Box 92, WSPF; (waived rights) letter agreement between F. Waters and H. Nixon, Dec. 12, 1954, ibid.; (Ridgeley) North-Broome, op. cit., p. 86; Parmet, op. cit., p. 405; (“call Dick,” etc.) int. Philip Reiner; New York Post, Nov. 1, 1960; (RN to Cal.) ibid.; (ensure no tax) DP column, Oct. 27, 1960, Box G 281, DPP; (RN on list) ibid. and DP column draft, Oct. 25, 1960; (suggested Carnation) int. Dietrich, supra., p. 126; (Carnation post) North-Broome, op. cit., pp. 94, 99 and see MO, pp. 637, 650; (no impropriety) RN to Ben Bradlee, Meet the Press, TV program transcript, VI.37, Oct. 7, 1962, p. 10; (“won’t answer”) int. Frank Waters; (“really for Richard”) int. C. Arnholt Smith; (new house) NYT, UPI, June 4, 1957; ed. Sevareid, op. cit., pp. 106, 138; PAT, p. 168; (mortgage) MEM, p. 243; (before selling) ed. Abell, op. cit., p. 384; (foes speculated) Kline to Champion; (Gov. Pat Brown Staff), Feb. 11, 1961, Nitze-Nixon folder, RFK papers, AG’s general corr., Box 42, JFKL; (Medical Institute & IRS) Barlett and Steele, op. cit., p. 198; (airplane purchases/ TWA) ibid., p. 217–; (concessions to TWA) ed. Miller, Breaking of a President, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 113; Jack Anderson with James Boyd, Confessions of a Muckraker, New York: Random House, 1979, p. 329; (TWA president) North-Broome, op. cit., p. 14, MO, pp. 573, 746—the president was Charles Thomas; (“curious”/“bargain?”) Dietrich, op. cit., p. 285; (“draw your conclusions”) WP, Feb. 6, 1972; (“not philanthropist”) Benjamin Schemmer unpub. ms. provided to author, p. 214; (“In back of mind”) WP, Dec. 16, 1973; (“damaging”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 243.