A Renegade History of the United States
Page 47
Lender, Mark Edward, 23
Leonard, Benny, 167, 174
lesbians, see gays, homosexuality
Leslie, Joan, 280
Letter from Birmingham Jail (King), 316, 322
Levine, Peter, 167, 178
Lhamon, W. T., Jr., 46
liberalism, 212, 240
Life, 280, 298
Life of Emile Zola, The, 266
Lightwood, Eleanor, 12
Lincoln, Abraham, 42, 59, 78, 93, 259
lipstick, 102, 117, 118
L’Italia, 186, 188, 197
Little Caesar, 232
Little Richard, 308
Little Verses for Good Children, 50
Locke, John, 24, 135
Loeb, Philip, 178
Loew, Marcus, 239
Lombardo, Guy, 193–94
Looking Forward, 242, 243
Lorenzen, Lelain, 338
Los Angeles, Calif., 120–21, 273, 312
homosexuals in, 328, 330
Los Angeles Morals Efficiency Committee, 123
Lott, Eric, 147, 149
Lovinger, Louisa, 12
Lowell, Mass., 93–94
Lucas, James, 52
Luconi, Stefano, 200
Luna Park, 228
Lundberg, Victor, 334
Luther, Martin, 130
luxury, 26, 29, 30, 38, 209, 212, 213, 214, 221, 224, 228, 233, 297, 307
lynchings, 119, 188
of African Americans, 161–62, 164
of Italian Americans, 182
of Leo Frank, 163-64
Lynd, Staughton, 303
Lynn, Loretta, 334, 335
Lyons, Clare, 11–12, 13, 15, 19, 34
Lyons, Doctor, 132–33
Mabley, Moms, 307
McClellan, George, Jr., 238
McCumber, Porter, 214
McDonagh, Father, 151
McDougall, Eliza, 12
McEntee, James J., 253–54
McGovern, James R., 118
McGuffey’s Reader, 92
McMullen, William “Bull,” 150
M’Roberts, Patrick, 13
MacTaggart, John, 142
Macy’s, 207, 217–18
madams, 108–9, 120, 124
wealth of, 105–7
Madison, James, 33
Mafia, 190, 229, 234, 235
Magdalen Society, 34
Magers, Helmut, 242
MAGIC cables, 276n
Malcolm X, 200, 202, 271–72, 301–2
Malkin, Michelle, 276n
Maman, Alan Daniel (“The Alchemist”), 180
Mancuso, David, 203
Mann Act (1910), 123, 310
Manone, Wingy, 192–93
Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race (Montagu), 177
Marcantonio, Vito, 188
Marcy, William, 72
Margolis, Max, 174
“Marian doctrine,” 152
marijuana, 280–81
market economy, 37–38
market research surveys, 226
marriage, 15, 35–36, 65, 265
of ex-slaves, 87–91
of gays, 330
between Italians and blacks, 186
Marsala, Joe, 192–93
Martin, James Kirby, 23
Martin, Linda, 292
Marx Brothers, 264
Massachusetts, 27, 59
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 19, 47–48, 128
“Master Juba,” 148
masturbation, 35, 64
Mather, Cotton, 49, 130
Mather, Increase, 129–30
Mathews, Cornelius, 71–72
Matranga, Henry, 229–30
Matranga’s, 191
Mattachine Society, 324, 325
Matthews, J. B., 243
Mayer, Louis, 265
maypoles, 128, 129, 137–38
“Melinda May” (Foster), 44–45
Melting-Pot, The (Zangwill), 162–63
Menninger, William, 277
Merrymount settlement, 128–29
Mexican Americans, 273
Mexican-American War, 69
Meyer, Martin A., 161
Mezzrow, Milton “Mezz,” 171–72
MGM, 265
military, 29, 59
gays in, 277–80, 325, 331
Miller, Kerby, 143, 151–52
Miner, Maude, 124
minstrelsy, see blackface minstrels
miscegenation, 4, 144–45, 258
Missionary Education Committee, 184
Mississippi, 55, 91, 302–4
Mississippi Delta, 182
modernist movement, 22
Moley, Raymond, 250
Moloney, Mick, 147
monarchy, 22–23
Montagu, Ashley, 177
Montgomery, Ala., 301, 315
Montgomery bus boycott, 296, 315
Moore, Rudy Ray, 307
Morgan, Edmund S., 20
Moriah commune, 340
Morris, Robert, 33
Morton, Ferdinand “Jelly Roll,” 191
Morton, Thomas, 128–29
Moskowitz, Belle, 113, 170, 175
motion picture industry, 227
Motion Picture Patents Company, 237
Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, 257, 261
Motion Picture Production Code, 175, 261
movies, 170, 175, 222, 227, 237–39, 264–65, 289, 291, 292
African Americans as portrayed in, 307
censorship of, 257–58, 261
gangsters as portrayed in, 232–33
homosexuality in, 328
Jews in, 264–65
New Deal and, 259, 261–62
sexuality in, 236, 237, 258
women as portrayed in, 233
Moyamensing Hose Company, 150
muckrakers, 246
Mumford, Kevin J., 121, 122
Muni, Paul, 232
Murphy, Ed “the Skull,” 235
Murphy, George, 280
Muscio, Giuliana, 257
music, 46–47, 130, 189–95, 285–86, 308–11
see also specific music genres
musical theater, 165
Mussolini, Benito, 199, 240, 243, 245, 246, 250, 252, 253, 254, 260, 261, 262
Mussolini, Vittorio, 261–62
Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America (Diggins), 246
M. Witmark & Sons, 168
Myrdal, Gunnar, 312, 315
Nakamura, Julia Volpelletto, 190
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, (NAACP), 271, 323
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 246
National Council of Churches, 303
National Council of Disk Jockeys for Public Service, 292
National Guard, 199
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 243, 245, 247, 250, 252
National Labor Union, 211
National Origins Act (1924), 158, 197
National Purity Association, 123
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 245, 252, 259, 262
National Urban League, 187
National War Labor Board, 214
Native Americans, 4, 128, 339–40
dancing of, 132–33
naturism, 329
Navy, U.S., 277
Nazis, Nazism, 240–42, 243, 247–49, 253–56, 258, 262–64, 266
NBC, 257, 300
Nearing, Scott, 248, 249
Necaise, Henri, 52
Neues Deutschland, 286, 287, 289
Nevada, 103, 236
Nevada Project Corporation, 236
New Bethel Baptist Church, 300
New Deal, 50, 240–69, 336, 341
fascism compared to, 240, 243
Hollywood and, 259, 261–62
Nazism compared to, 243, 263
New England Watch and Ward Society, 123
New Jersey, 95, 201
New Mexico, 339–40
New Orleans, La., 74, 113, 118, 182, 186, 194, 229
Litt
le Palermo in, 190–91, 193
New Physiognomy (Wells), 141
New Picture-Book, A, 49
New Republic, 243
“new right,” 336–37
New York, N.Y., 3, 4, 10, 40, 45, 95–96, 110, 113, 116, 121, 144, 145, 153, 165, 166, 187, 191–92, 194, 215–18, 220–22, 238, 299
draft riots in, 149
Five Points in, 143, 145, 147, 153
Harlem in, see Harlem, N.Y.
prostitution in, 13, 104, 110
1741 fire in, 10
shirtwaist strike in, 218, 221
taverns and tavern culture in, 5, 9–10
New York Association of Working Girl’s Societies (NYAWG), 222
New York by Gas-Light (Foster), 115, 145
New York Clipper, 146
New York Police Department (NYPD), 235
New York Society for Ethical Culture, 162
New York Times, 181, 328
New York World, 113, 116
Nice, Chuck, 204
“Nickel in the Slot” (Manone), 193
nickelodeons, 227, 237–38
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 248
Niles, Hezekiah, 71
Nixon, Richard, 336
No Crown, No Cross (Penn), 130
nonviolence, 316, 321, 322
North Carolina, 29, 131
North Dakota, 266
Northup, Solomon, 72–73
nudity, 329
Nutt, Haller, 67–68
Nye, Russel B., 113
O’Brien, Andrew Leary, 142–43
O’Connell, William Henry, 151, 159
Office of Education, U.S., 257
Office of Price Administration, 276–77
Oglethorpe, James, 132
Ohio, 47, 93, 333
Olcott, Chauncey, 153, 154–55
Oliver, Joe “King,” 170, 191, 195, 230, 231
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 54, 55, 56, 72
On Our Way, 242
On the Road, 309
Operation PUSH, 308
Order of the Sons of Italy in America, 196, 198, 204
Ordway, John P., 45
Ordway’s Aeolians, 153
Oregon, 266, 338
Orsi, Robert, 188
Osborne, Jimmie, 333
“Over There” (Cohan), 158
Owens, Virginia Stem, 340
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 223, 224
Palmer raids, 223
Pampianelli, Richard, 203
Paris, Treaty of (1784), 29–30
“Paris Is a Paradise for Coons” (Kern), 169
Parker, Jack, 317
Parks, Rosa, 315
Parliament, British, 25, 26, 27
Parton, Dolly, 334
Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 157, 184
Patten, Simon, 212, 248–49
Paycheck, Johnny, 335
Pearl Harbor, attack on, 270, 274, 276, 332
Pease, Lewis, 146
Peiss, Kathy, 115, 117, 118, 216–17, 218, 220, 228
Penn, William, 12–13, 130
Pennsylvania, 15, 33, 64, 130, 333, 340
Pennsylvania Canal, 142–43
“Pennsylvania plan” prison, 60
Peterson, Kathleen (“K.P.”), 331
Petrik, Paula, 107–8
Pettijohn, Charles, 261
Phagan, Mary, 163
Phelan, Rev. John J., 222–23
Philadelphia, Pa., 3, 4, 5, 8–9, 11–19, 27, 28, 31, 34, 64, 118, 131, 143, 144, 150, 160, 199–200
Philadelphia SPHAS, 166–67, 178
Philbrick, Edward, 85
phrenology, 161
Picon, Molly, 264
Pierce, Franklin, 72
Pike, James S., 98
Pile, William, 87
pimps, 124
Pioneer Fund, 268
pirates, 4, 17–18, 19
Plain Counsels for Freedmen (Fisk), 81–82, 88–89
Pleasant, Mary Ellen “Mammy,” 107
Pleck, Elizabeth, 59
Plymouth Colony, 48, 128–29
Pogue, Forrest C., 271
Poiger, Uta, 286, 288, 291
Poitier, Sidney, 307
Poland, 286, 293
poll tax, 188
Poor Richard’s Almanack, 49
Pope, James Russell, 264
Popenoe, Paul, 267
Popular Science Monthly, 182, 183
Porgy and Bess (Gershwin), 169
pornography, 96, 122, 166, 328
Powderly, Terence, 211
Powell, Lawrence N., 85
Presley, Elvis, 289, 290, 291, 292
Prima, Louis, 193, 194–95, 200, 201, 202–3
prisons, 59–60
Private Maxie Reporting, 279
“Problems of Personality Integration” (King), 296
Procter & Gamble, 225–26
progressive movement, 212, 213, 214, 246, 252, 267
Prohibition, 30, 188–90, 231–32, 236
promiscuity, 14, 34, 220–21, 222, 223, 340
prostitutes, prostitution, 4, 6, 10–13, 16, 34, 36, 65, 96, 101–24, 117, 185, 214, 217, 227, 329
attacks on, 122–24
as attorneys, 108
as breaking free of female servitude, 105
in Chicago, 118–19
earnings of, 104–8
Jewish, 166
lack of shame among, 109–14
in New York City, 13, 104, 110
in Philadelphia, 11–12
racial integration and, 119–22
as rarely punished, 11–12
reformatories for, 123–24
self defense by, 114–15
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, 163
Prynne, William, 127–28
Pryor, Richard, 307
Public Enemy, The, 232
Public Works Administration, 254, 255
Punch, 140–41
Puritans, 7, 49, 115, 127–28, 130, 133
“Push Day” in Bessemer, Ala., 320
Quakers, 58
Quartering Act, 25, 26
Quattlebaum, Junius, 50
Quicksand (Larsen), 116
Quincy, Josiah, II, 135–36
“race” records, 170
Races of Europe, The (Ripley), 160
Races of Mankind, The (Benedict), 177, 198
racial liberalism, 313, 314
Radical Republicans, 78, 85, 86
ragtime, 99, 107, 172, 173, 192
RAM Films, 262
Ramsay, David, 31
rapes, 59, 67–69
Raskob, John J., 241
Reagan, Nancy, 119
Reagan, Ronald, 119, 280, 336
Reckless, Walter, 118
Reconstruction, 77–79, 81–82, 84, 86, 91, 93, 94–95, 96–99, 240, 312
moral rules for white Americans during, 92–93
Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865–1877 (Dunning), 78n
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (Foner), 78
Reconstruction and the Constitution (Burgess), 78n
Red-Headed Woman, 233
“red-light abatement” laws, 123
Red Scare, 223–24
Red Summer (1919), 186
reformatories, 34, 123–24
Reich, Charles, 340
Reich, Das 242–43
Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD), 254
Reid, Whitelaw, 85
Reps, John W., 264
Republican Party, 53–54, 187, 241
Republicans, 98, 268
Radical, 78, 85, 86
Reuben, David, 329
Reverend Johnson’s Dream, 170
Rhapsody in Blue (Gershwin), 169
Rhead, Frederick Hurten, 225
Rhode Island, 27, 128
rhythm and blues (R & B), 47, 310–11
Ricards, Sherman L., 104, 107
Rice, Dan, 42
Rice, Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy,” 42, 46
Richardson, Bertha, 218, 221
Richberg, Donald, 252
Riis, Jacob, 170
riots, 142, 312, 321–22, 326–28
Ripley, William Z., 160
Ritter, Tex, 336
Rivera, Sylvia “Ray,” 327
Rizzo, Frank, 199–200, 202
Roach, Hal, 262
Road Is Open Again, The, 259
Roback, Abraham, 175
Roberts, Bartholomew (“Black Bart”), 17–18
Robinson, Edward G., 232
Robinson, Smokey, 308
Robison, Carson, 333
rock-and-roll, 201–2, 203, 288–93, 297, 308, 311, 337
Rockefeller, John D., 58–59, 210
Roediger, David, 40, 305
Rogers, Jennie, 106
Rogers, Will, 259–60, 262
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 118, 261, 313–14
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 50, 158, 240–69, 270, 271, 274
Roosevelt, John, 262
Roosevelt administration, 257, 260–61, 262, 264, 267, 269, 270, 313
Roosevelt: A Revolutionary with Common Sense (Magers), 242
Rorabaugh, W. J., 7
Rosen, Morris, 237
Rosen, Ruth, 104, 105, 123, 124
Rosenberg, Petey, 167
Rosenbloom, Maxie “Slapsie,” 167–68
Ross, Barney, 168
Ross, Edward, 183, 189, 195–96
Ross, Ezra, 29
Rothstein, Arnold, 230–31
Rourke, Constance, 147
Rowland, Chuck, 325
Royster, Louvenia, 300–301
Rubin, Rick, 179
Rush, Benjamin, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33–34, 35, 64
Ryback, Timothy W., 293
Rykiss, Lorraine, 179
Sachar, Howard, 166
St. Louis, Mo., 74–75, 107
St. Mery, Moreau de, 13, 19
“Saint Monday,” 7
St. Paul’s Chapel, 13
St. Philip Benizi Church, 197–98
St. Philip’s African Episcopal Church, 144
Sale, Samuel, 161
Saleski, Gdal, 174
Salinger, Sharon V., 5, 7, 8, 9, 17
saloons, 96, 102, 113, 120, 192, 213, 217, 229, 231
San Francisco, Calif., 105, 107, 109, 113, 114, 120, 280
Sanger, Margaret, 111, 267
Sanger, William, 110
Saturday Evening Post, 196, 224, 298
Saturday Night Fever, 203–4
Savannah, Ga., 29, 132
Savannah River Anti-Slave Traffick Association, 75
Savarese, Tom, 203
Sbarbaro, Tony, 191
Scarface, 232
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 253
Schmid, Julius, 111–12
Schoenfeld, Julia, 220
Schoepf, Johann, 15
schools, 50, 58, 62, 80–81
Freedmen’s Bureau and, 83, 97
Schurz, Carl, 98
Schwartz, Maurice, 176
Scott, Marylyn Motherbear, 339
Sears, David, 200
Seattle, Wash., 106–7
Second Continental Congress, U.S., 11, 28
Sedran, Barney, 166
Sedway, Moe, 236
Segrave, Kerry, 292
segregation, 119–20, 176, 186, 191, 313, 314–15, 316, 323
of Italian Americans, 182