The Internal Enemy: Slavery and War in Virginia, 1772-1832

by Taylor, Alan

  97 Sir Alexander Cochrane to George Prevost, Mar. 11, 1814, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 3:40; Bartlett and Smith, “‘Species of Milito-Nautico-Guerilla Warfare,’” 188–89; Whitfield, Blacks on the Border, 32–36.

  CHAPTER SEVEN: PLANTATION

  1 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Oct. 11, 1807, BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA.

  2 Dick Carter quoted in Joseph C. Cabell to the commissioners, Dec. 4, 1827, RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP. John Richeson served as Cabell’s source for the incident. For Dick Carter’s age, see [Cabell], Argument in Support of the Claims of Joseph C. Cabell, St. George Tucker, Charles Carter and Others (n.p., n.d.), in RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP.

  3 Morton, Robert Carter, 7–31; Brewer, “Entailing Aristocracy,” 330; P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 93; Wharton, Corotoman, 8–13. For the size of the estate when owned by George Carter, see the Lancaster County land tax lists for 1786–1789, LV. For George Carter’s death in 1788, see [John Coalter], “Legal Opinion re Title to a Slave Named Jenny,” Randolph-Tucker Papers, RABC, box 7, item 2, HL.

  4 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, July 30 and Oct. 11, 1807 (“I never did” and “the complaints”), BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA; P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 93

  5 George Gresham to St. George Tucker, Apr. 12 and Apr. 30, 1805 (“the best of any”), TCP, reel M-22, SCSL-CWM.

  6 Lynn A. Nelson, “Joseph Carrington Cabell,” in Sara B. Bearss et al. eds., Dictionary of Virginia Biography (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2001), vol. 2:488–89; St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Jan. 23, 1804, BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA; William H. Cabell to J. C. Cabell, May 28, 1806, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 2, SSCL-UVA; J. C. Cabell to W. H. Cabell, Oct. 23, 1806, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 4, SSCL-UVA.

  7 Joseph C. Cabell to William H. Cabell, Oct. 23, 1806, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 4, SSCL-UVA.

  8 Joseph C. Cabell to William H. Cabell, Oct. 26, 1806, and St. George Tucker to J. C. Cabell, Oct. 28 and Nov. 3, 1806 (all quotations), JCC&CFP (38–111), box 4, SSCL-UVA; P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 122.

  9 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Oct. 31 (“the feelings,” “unbounded,” “the appearance,” and “change the nature”), and Nov. 7, 1806, and J. C. Cabell to William H. Cabell, Nov. 1, 1806 (“resist”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 4, SSCL-UVA.

  10 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Nov. 7, 1806, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 4, SSCL-UVA.

  11 William H. Cabell to Joseph C. Cabell, Nov. 4 (“I am opposed”) and Nov. 6, 1806, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 4, SSCL-UVA.

  12 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Nov. 9, 1806, Cabell to Tucker, Nov. 9, 1806, Tucker to Cabell, Nov. 10, 1806 (“as well Slaves”), Cabell to Tucker, Nov. 10, 1806, and John Hartwell Cocke to Cabell, Nov. 17, 1806, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 4, SSCL-UVA.

  13 L. A. Nelson, “Joseph Carrington Cabell,” 488; P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 130, 140; Cabell quoted in Wharton, Corotoman, 9.

  14 Joseph C. Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, May 31, 1807 (“I fear”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 4, SSCL-UVA; J. C. Cabell to Coles, Nov.16,1807, and Nov. 17, 1808, JCC&CFP (38–111), box 5, SSCL—UVA; J. C. Cabell to Coles, Nov. 29, 1809 (“The theater” and “I fear”), and John Hartwell Cocke to J. C. Cabell, Dec. 26, 1809, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 7, SSCL-UVA; William H. Cabell to J. C. Cabell, Nov. 21, 1807 (“I am certain”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 2, SSCL-UVA; John Hartwell Cocke to Ann Barraud Cocke, Dec. 13, 1812 (“This place”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 9, SSCL-UVA.

  15 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Aug. 13, 1807, BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA; Tucker to Cabell, Oct. 28, 1806, and Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, May 31, 1807, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 4, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to Coles, Nov. 29, 1809, and John Hartwell Cocke to Cabell, Dec. 26, 1809, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 7, SSCL-UVA; E. Brookes to Cabell, Jan. 16, 1809, TCP, reel M-24, SCSL-CWM; Tucker to Cabell, Sep. 20, 1807 (“It is utterly impossible”), BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA.

  16 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Oct. 14 and Oct. 19, 1807 (“The removal”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 2, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to Nicholas Cabell, Nov. 6, 1807, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 5, SSCL-UVA; Wharton, Corotoman, 9; George Gresham to Tucker, Apr. 30, 1805, and Mar. 10, 1808, TCP, reels M-22 and M-24, SCSL-CWM.

  17 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Aug. 13 and Oct. 11, 1807 (“not so well” and “Would it not”), BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA.

  18 Joseph C. Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, Nov. 16, 1807 (“I have met”), J. C. Cabell to Nicholas Cabell, Nov. 20, 1807, and J. C. Cabell to Coles, Jan. 8, 1808, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 5, SSCL-UVA; Charles Carter to St. George Tucker, Apr. 12, 1808, TCP, reel M-24, SCSL-CWM.

  19 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Sep. 20 (“drown’d”) and Oct. 11, 1807, BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA; J. C. Cabell to Tucker, Oct. 19, 1807 (“That the Corotoman estate”), JCCCFP (38-111-c), box 2, SSSL-UVA; J. C. Cabell to Nicholas Cabell, Nov. 6, 1807 (“plunderers”), and J. C. Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, Nov. 6, 1807 (“scoundrel”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 5, SSCL-UVA; George Gresham to Tucker, Mar. 10, 1808, TCP, reel M-24, SCSL-CWM.

  20 Joseph C. Cabell to Nicholas Cabell, Nov. 6, 1807 (“of families”), and J. C. Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, Jan. 8, 1808, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 5, SSCL-UVA; J. C. Cabell to N. Cabell, Jan. 7 and Jan. 27, 1808, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 6, SSCL-UVA; George Cabell to J. C. Cabell, Nov. 5, 1815 (“They were brought”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 5, SSCL-UVA; J. C. Cabell to Langdon Cheves, Henry Sewall, and James Pleasants, Dec. 4, 1827 (“The insular situation”), RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP.

  21 Joseph C. Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, Nov. 16, 1807, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 5, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to Coles, Jan. 27, 1808 (“to prevent”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 6, SSCL-UVA; George Robertson to St. George Tucker, Feb. 2 and Mar. 12, 1808 (“hands on the plantation”) TCP, reel M-24, SCSL-CWM; Tucker to Cabell, Feb. 8, 1808 (“a rebellious spirit”), BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA.

  22 George Robertson to St. George Tucker, Feb. 2 (“They are determined”) and Mar. 12, 1808, TCP, reel M-24, SCSL-CWM; Joseph C. Cabell, “Note Relative to the Claim for Compensation for Slaves Carried Away from Corotoman,” May 1823, in RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP; Tucker to Cabell, Feb. 8 and Feb. 12, 1808, BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA.

  23 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Feb. 12, 1808 (“To strip” and “Lightfoot”), BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA; Tucker to Cabell, Oct. 8, 1808 (“As to every thing”), BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA.

  24 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, May 27, 1807, Feb. 12, 1808 (“Bring Billy”), and Apr. 8, 1808, BFP, box 1, SSCL-UVA; George Robertson to Tucker, Mar. 12, 1808 (“he would”), TCP, reel M-24, SCSL-CWM.

  25 Joseph C. Cabell to Nicholas Cabell, June 20, 1808 (“I found”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 6, SSCL-UVA. For the sale of the slaves, see Ellison Currie to St. George Tucker, Aug. 25, 1808, TCP, reel M-24, SCSL-CWM. Currie reported that initially the buyer could offer only “Georgia & South Carolina notes,” which indicates that he came from there to buy Virginia slaves. For Billy’s subsequent presence at Corotoman, see Henry Richeson to St. George Tucker, Jan. 23, 1817 [sic: 1818], and John Richeson to Tucker, Feb. 22, 1818, TCP, reel M-28, SCSL-CWM.

  26 Joseph C. Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, Dec. 1, 1808, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 5, SSCL-UVA; George Robertson to St. George Tucker, Dec. 18, 1808, TCP, reel M-24, SCSL-CWM; Cabell to Coles, Nov. 29, 1809 (“On my arrival”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 7, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to Tucker, July 31, 1810, TCP, reel M-25, SCSL-CWM.

  27 Joseph C. Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, Nov. 29, 1809, and Cabell to John H. Cocke, Nov. 31, [sic] 1809, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 7, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to St. George Tucker, July 31, 1810 (“The Land”), TCP, reel M-25, SCSL-CWM. For the profits, see St. George Tucker to Charles Carter, May 25, 1812, TCP, box 31, SCSL-CWM.

  28 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Jan. 29, 1811, Ms. 6038, SSCL-UVA.

  29 Henry Skipwith to St. George Tucker, Sep. 9, 1804 (“Phylosopher Carter”), and Henry St. George Tucker to St. G. Tucker, Sep. 30, 1804 (“He is so fanciful”), TCP, reel M-21, SCSL-CWM; St. G. Tucker to Cabell, Feb. 8, 1808, BFP, box 1, SSCL-UV
A. For Charles Carter in Europe, see St. G. Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, June 19, 1806; John Rennolds to St. G. Tucker, Aug. 16, 1811, Carter to St. G. Tucker, Sep. 3, Nov. 8, and Dec. 11, 1811, TCP, box 31, SCSL-CWM.

  30 Charles Carter to St. George Tucker, Dec. 5, 1806 (“I informed”), and Nov. 21, 1807 (“Many reasons”), TCP, reels M-23 and M-24, SCSL.

  31 Charles Carter to St. George Tucker, Nov. 21, 1807, TCP, reels M-23 and M-24, SCSL. Although Tucker’s letters to Carter do not survive, their content can be estimated from Carter’s responses.

  32 Joseph C. Cabell, June 8, 1812, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 8, SSCL-UVA; Dr. Philip Barraud to St. George Tucker, May n.d., 1812, and Charles Carter to Lelia Carter Tucker, Jan. 18, 1813, TCP, boxes 31 and 32, SCSL-CWM.

  33 St. George Tucker to Lelia Tucker, Jan. 19, 1813, TCP, box 32, SCSL-CWM.

  34 Joseph C. Cabell, “Notes Relative to the Claim for Compensation for Slaves Carried Away from Corotoman by the British Forces in the Late War,” RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP; Wharton, Corotoman, 8–10; J. C. Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, June 8, 1812, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 8, SSCL-UVA; St. George Tucker to J. C. Cabell, Aug. 5, 1812, BFP, box 2, SSCL-UVA; St. G. Tucker to Charles Carter, Aug. 18, 1812, TCP, box 32, SCSL-CWM; St. G. Tucker to J. C. Cabell, Aug. 12, 1812 (“resting”), and Lelia Carter Tucker to Polly Cabell, Aug. 25, 1812, BFP, box 2, SSCL-UVA.

  35 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Aug. 12, 1812, BFP, box 2, SSCL-UVA.

  36 Lelia Carter Tucker to Polly Cabell, Aug. 25, 1812, BFP, box 2, SSCL-UVA; Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Sep. 15, 1812, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 9, SSCL-UVA.

  37 Joseph C. Cabell, “Notes Relative to the Claim for Compensation for Slaves Carried Away from Corotoman by the British Forces in the Late War,” RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP; John Richeson and Cabell, memorandum of agreement, Sep. 12, 1812, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 9, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to St. George Tucker, Dec. 26, 1812 (“uncertainty,” “under the pretext,” and “Richeson”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 2, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Jan. 5, 1813 (“for incorrigible”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 1, SSCL-UVA.

  38 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Sep. 20, 1812, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 1, SSCL-UVA; Charles Carter to St. George Tucker, Oct. 1, 1812, and J. H. Cocke to Tucker, Dec. 18, 1812, TCP, box 32, SCSL-CWM; J. H. Cocke to Ann Barraud Cocke, Dec. 13, 1812, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 9, SSCL-UVA; Lancaster County land tax list, 1814, LV.

  39 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Jan. 5, 1813, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 1, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to St. George Tucker, Jan. 12, 1812, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 2, NSCL-UVA; Cocke to Tucker, Jan. 22, 1812 [sic: a misdate for 1813 and misfiled by that misdate], TCP, box 31, SCSL-CWM.

  40 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Feb. 4, 1813 (“I am lost”), TCP, box 32, SCSL-CWM; S. G. Tucker to J. C. Cabell, Feb. 8, 1813, and Lelia Tucker to Polly Cabell, Feb. 12, 1813, BFP, box 2, SSCL-UVA; J. C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, May 25, 1813, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 1, SSCL-UVA.

  41 Joseph C. Cabell to St. George Tucker, Feb. 13, 1813 (“Our situation” and “The negroes”), TCP, box 32, SCSL-CWM; Tucker to Cabell, Feb. 15, 1813, BFP, box 2, SSCL-UVA; Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, May 21, 1813, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 9, SSCL-UVA.

  42 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Nov. 16, 1813, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA.

  43 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Nov. 16, 1813, and Cocke to Cabell, Dec. 12, 1813, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA.

  44 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Nov. 16, 1813, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA.

  45 William Lambert to William Jones, Apr. 22, 1814 (“it being”), RG 45, M 124, reel 62, USNA-DC; Joseph C. Cabell, “Notes Relative to the Claim for Compensation for Slaves Carried Away from Corotoman by the British Forces in the Late War,” RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP; John Richeson to St. George Tucker, Apr. 20, 1814, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA. Richeson’s letter sets the first escape as on the morning of April 20, but Cabell subsequently insisted that Richeson was mistaken and that it occurred on April 18. For the ages of the first three runaways, see Richeson, “List of Negroes,” RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 5, USNA-CP.

  46 John Richeson to St. George Tucker, Apr. 22, 1814, RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 5, USNA-CP; Joseph C. Cabell, “Notes Relative to the Claim for Compensation for Slaves Carried Away from Corotoman by the British Forces in the Late War,” RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP; William Lambert to William Jones, Apr. 22 and Apr. 29, 1814, RG 45, M 124, reel 62, USNA-DC.

  47 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Apr. 28, 1814 (“The 43”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA; John Richeson, “List of Negroes,” and William H. Richardson, “List of Negroes of Dr. Charles Carter,” RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 5, USNA-CP; Joseph C. Cabell, “Notes Relative to the Claim for Compensation for Slaves Carried Away from Corotoman by the British Forces in the Late War,” and Joseph C. Cabell to the Board of Commissioners, Dec. 4, 1827, RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP. Cabell’s quotation overstates the number of slaves lost from his and Tucker’s portion by 1; rather than 43 the true number was 42. For the pregnant runaway from Corotoman, see “Mr. Crawford’s Statement,” National Intelligencer, May 16, 1814.

  48 For the firefight at the end of the raid, see William Lambert to James Barbour, Apr. 22, 1814, in Richmond Enquirer, Apr. 30, 1814.

  49 Carter friend’s report conveyed in Sally Skipwith Kennon Sinclair to Ellen Mordecai, May 1, 1814 (“the rest”), in [Anonymous], “Kennon Letters,” 366; John Richeson, “List of Negroes,” and William H. Richardson, “List of Negroes of Dr. Charles Carter,” RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 5, USNA-CP; George Robertson, deposition, May 22, 1821, APA-GMR, 1811–1812, entry 258, box 779, LV. After the war, Cabell gathered information on the family relationships of the Corotoman runaways. At his behest, two local notables, Addison Hall and James Kelley, “diligently enquired among the slaves” who remained behind to reconstitute “the names, surnames, nicknames & connections of the negroes” who had left. Their report revealed family dynamics and structures ordinarily opaque to the uninterested masters. See Addison Hall and James Kelley, deposition, Feb. 21, 1828, and Joseph C. Cabell, Argument in Support of the Claims of Joseph C. Cabell, St. George Tucker, Charles Carter and Others (n.p., n.d.), in RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP. For a fuller discussion of the family relationships, see appendix A at the end of this book.

  50 Joseph C. Cabell, “Notes Relative to the Claim for Compensation for Slaves Carried Away from Corotoman by the British Forces in the Late War,” and Richard Carter quoted in Cabell to the Board of Commissioners, Dec. 4, 1827, RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP.

  51 St. George Tucker to Charles Carter, May 25, 1812, and Tucker to John Hartwell Cocke and Henry Skipwith, Nov. 13, 1812, TCP, boxes 31 and 32, SCSL-UVA; Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, May 16, June 1, and June 8, 1814 (“to respectable farmers”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA. For Sir Peyton Skipwith’s gift of Jenny to Lelia, see [John Coalter], “Legal Opinion re Title to a Slave Named Jenny,” Randolph-Tucker Papers, Brock Collection, box 7, item 2, HL.

  52 Joseph C. Cabell, “Explanatory Notes Touching the Claim for Slaves Carried Off by the British Forces from Corrottoman on Rappahannock River in Virginia,” July 3, 1824 (“carried forcibly”), and [Cabell], Argument in Support of the Claims of Joseph C. Cabell, St. George Tucker, Charles Carter and Others (n.p., n.d.), in RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 6, USNA-CP; “The Inhuman Enemy,” Richmond Enquirer, May 11, 1814.

  53 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Apr. 24, 1814 (“unhappy wretches”), Tucker to John Richeson, Apr. 24, 1814, and Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Apr. 28, 1814, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA.

  54 St. George Tucker to John Richeson, Apr. 24, 1814, and Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Apr. 24 (“Situated”), Apr. 27, May 6, and June 8, 1814 (“I cannot” and “Have I ever”), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA.

  55 St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Apr. 27,
1814, and John Coalter to Cabell, Apr. 28, 1814 (all quotations), JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA. Coalter sent his letter to Tucker to forward to Cabell.

  56 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Apr. 30 (“What a scene”) and May 14, 1814 (“The estate”), JHCFP, box 16, SSCL-UVA; Cabell, “Account of Expences of the Removal of the Corotoman Negroes That Arrived at Warminster,” May 6–20, 1814, and Richard Powell to Cabell, July 9, 1814, RABC, box 48, folders 5 and 7, HL; Lelia Tucker to Polly Cabell, May 16, 1814, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA; “List of Negroes Hired in Lynchburg, Summer 1814 till 1 Jan. 1815,” Cabell Family Papers, RABC, box 48, folder 5, HL.

  CHAPTER EIGHT: FLIGHT

  1 Mrs. T. B. Glasscock to Sarah Barryman, Dec. 4, 1814, Mss 2 G4616 b, VHS.

  2 T. A. Mason, “Luminary of the Northern Neck,” 3978–82 (includes the quotation from the Richmond Enquirer).

  3 Joseph C. Cabell to John Hartwell Cocke, Nov. 16, 1813, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 10, SSCL-UVA; depositions of Walter Jones, May 8, 1815, and John C. Hudson, May 8, 1815, APA-GMR, entry 247, box 778, Northumberland County folder, LV; John Tapscott, deposition, Dec. 6, 1827, RG 76, entry 190, box 5, case 373 (Walter Jones), USNA-CP; Robert Murphy, deposition, May 28, 1821 (“uncommonly likely” and “Washington”), APA-GMA, entry 258, box 779, Westmoreland County folder, LV.

  4 Robert Murphy, deposition, May 28, 1821, APA-GMA, entry 258, box 779, Westmoreland County folder, LV; Walter Jones to James Monroe, Dec. 10, 1814, JMP, ser. 1, reel 5, LC; Hadden, Slave Patrols, 162.

  5 “From Below,” Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser, Sep. 3, 1813 (“for the purpose”); Petrides and Downs, Sea Soldier, 174 (“band playing”); Basil Halton, deposition, Nov. 25, 1824, RG 76, entry 190, box 7, case 630 (Walter Edelen), USNA-CP; depositions of John Hunt, June 19, 1815, and Mary K. Hall, Nov. 22, 1827, RG 76, entry 190, box 5, case 340 (William Gibson), USNA-CP; Robert Barrie to John Wilson Croker, Oct. 1, 1815, MG 16 (FO 5), vol. 111:298, reel B-2006, LAC.