The Internal Enemy: Slavery and War in Virginia, 1772-1832

by Taylor, Alan

  72 Thomas T. Tucker to St. George Tucker, Sep. 9, 1814, TCP, box 33, SCSL-CWM; James Monroe to George Hay, Sep. 7, 1814, in [Anonymous], “Letters of James Monroe,” 218.

  73 Charles Carroll to Charles Carroll Jr., Aug. 26, 1814, quoted in Horne, Negro Comrades, 61; H. A. Fay to the adjutant general, July 4, 1814 (“confirmed drunkards” and “by scaling the walls”), WHWP, box 2, MdHS; Levin Winder to W. H. Winder, Aug. 29, 1814, and Fay to W. H. Winder, Aug. 31, 1814 (“firing from the forts”), WHWP, box 3, MdHS.

  74 Henry Crease to Sir Alexander Cochrane, Sep. 1, 1814 (“intelligent”), MG 12, Admiralty 1, vol. 507:12, reel B-1453, LAC; E. F. Chambers, deposition, July 3, 1828, and Richard Frisby, memorial, n.d., RG 76, entry 190, box 9, case 862 (Richard Frisby), USNA-CP; Eshelman, Sheads, and Hickey, War of 1812 in the Chesapeake, 11.

  75 Edward Codrington to his wife, Sep. 10, 1814, MG 24, F 13, reel A-2076, LAC; Sir Alexander Cochrane to Lord Melville, July 17, 1814, and Cochrane to Arthur Brooke, Sep. 12, 1814, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 3:134–35, 276; Eshelman, Sheads, and Hickey, War of 1812 in the Chesapeake, 11.

  76 Eshelman, Sheads, and Hickey, War of 1812 in the Chesapeake, 11–12.

  77 Gleig, Narrative of the Campaigns, 95; [Anonymous], “Recollections of the Expedition,” 30–33; George, “Family Papers,” 310–11; Morriss, Cockburn, 110–11; John Moore to Elizabeth S. Moore, Sep. 13, 1814, Moore Papers, 1 folder, SC-DUL; Eshelman, Sheads, and Hickey, War of 1812 in the Chesapeake, 11–12.

  78 John Moore to Elizabeth S. Moore, Sep. 14, 1814, Moore Papers, 1 folder, SC-DUL; Morriss, Cockburn, 111–12; Eshelman, Sheads, and Hickey, War of 1812 in the Chesapeake, 12. For the deaths of Colonial Marines, see Weiss, “Corps of Colonial Marines,” 83. For the executed sailors, see G. R. Gleig, diary, Sep. 20, 1814, in C. R. B. Barrett, 85th King’s Light Infantry, 182; [R. J. Barrett], “Naval Recollections,” 466.

  79 John Moore to Elizabeth S. Moore, Sep. 15, 1814, Moore Papers, 1 folder, SC-DUL.

  80 Philip Barraud to John Hartwell Cocke, Sep. 19, 1814, JHCFP, box 17, SSCL-UVA; Cocke to Joseph C. Cabell, Sep. 21, 1814, JCCFP (38-111-c), box 11, SSCL-UVA.

  81 Pitch, Burning of Washington, 191–93; Eshelman, Sheads, and Hickey, War of 1812 in the Chesapeake, 12. For the full lyrics of the national anthem, see “Defence of Fort McHenry,” Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser, Oct. 14, 1814.

  82 Sir Pulteney Malcolm to unknown, Oct. 3, 1814, SPMP, box 1, WLCL-UM; Gleig, Narrative of the Campaigns, 108; [Anonymous], “Recollections of the Expedition,” 33–34.

  83 Robert Rowley to Owsley Rowley, Aug. n.d. (“We are here very happy”) and Nov. 8, 1814 (“It is horrible”), in Rowley, “Captain Robert Rowley,” 246–47. For other officers expressing discontent, see Chamier, Life of a Sailor, 178; G. C. M. Smith, Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith, vol. 1:210. For the October raids along the Potomac, see [Anonymous], “Recollections of the Expedition,” 182–83; J. Chowning to the adjutant general, Oct. 8, 1814, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:396–97; F. D. Downing to the adjutant general, Oct. 6, 1814, in Richmond Enquirer, Oct. 13, 1814; Sir Pulteney Malcolm to Sir Alexander Cochrane, Oct. 7, 1814, and William Lambert to William Jones, Oct. 13, 1814, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 3:331, 332.

  84 Lovell, Personal Narrative, 164–67 (“shooting parties” and “Death or victory”); Archibald Ritchie to James Barbour, Dec. 3, 1814, and John Hartwell Cocke to Barbour, Dec. 4, 1814, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:401, 404–5; Robert Barrie to Dolly Gardner Clayton, Nov. 11, 1814, and Barrie to George Cockburn, Dec. 7, 1814, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 3:339–40, 342; S. L. Butler, “Captain Barrie’s Last Raid,” 6442–45; Niles’ Weekly Register, vol. 7:283 (Dec. 31, 1814); Eshelman, Sheads, and Hickey, War of 1812 in the Chesapeake, 263–64.

  85 Depositions of William Davis, May 21, 1821 (“that the said negroes”), John Harmon, May 21, 1812, and William Games, July 16, 1821, APA-GMR, entry 247, box 778, Essex County folder, LV; Vincent Bramham, Nov. 8, 1827, RG 76, entry 185, box 3, folder 4, USNA-CP; overseer quoted in William Games, deposition, Apr. 29, 1823 (“did declare”), RG 76, entry 190, box 4, case 223 (Thomas Jones), USNA-CP; Thomas Jones, deposition, Apr. 29, 1823, RG 76, entry 190, box 3, case 159, USNA-CP. For 200 as the number of runaways, see the depositions of Amelia A. Parker and Ann Glasscock, Nov. 6, 1827, RG 76, entry 190, box 4, case 320 (Edward Saunders), USNA-CP.

  86 John Hartwell Cocke to Claiborne W. Gooch, Dec. 7, 1814, in Richmond Enquirer, Dec. 10, 1814; S. L. Butler, “Captain Barrie’s Last Raid,” 6447–49; Robert Barrie to George Cockburn, Dec. 7, 1814 (“releasing” and “beastly Drunk”), in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 3:342; Walter Jones to James Monroe, Dec. 10, 1814, JMP, ser. 1, reel 5, LC. For the Colonial Marines at Farnham Church, see Dr. Horace Welford, deposition, Feb. 22, 1814, RG 76, entry 190, box 5, case 403 (John and Eliza C. Darby), USNA-CP.

  87 Scott, Recollections, vol. 3:188–89 (“So completely”), 229 (“the inhabitants”).

  88 George C. Urmstone to Robert Barrie, June 3, 1814, SGCP, reel 9, LC; Barrie to George Cockburn, June 5, 1814, MG 12, Admiralty 1, vol. 507:76, reel B-1451, LAC; Scott, Recollections, vol. 3:229–35 (all quotations); Barrie to Cockburn, June 19, 1814, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 3:111–14 (see also 151–52, 152n7).

  89 Philip Stuart to James Madison, July 29, 1814, James Madison Papers, American Memory Series, LC; John P. Hungerford to James Barbour, July 21 (“the great advantage”) and Aug. 5, 1814, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:362, 368; John Taylor Lomax to the adjutant general, July 31, 1814, JBEP, reel 5522, LV; “Views and Designs of the Enemy,” Richmond Enquirer, Feb. 11, 1815.

  CHAPTER TEN: CRISIS

  1 Thomas Jefferson to Edward Coles, Aug. 25, 1814, in Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 258–59.

  2 “Defence of the Sea-Board,” Richmond Enquirer, Oct. 13, 1814 (“10,000”); Basset Burwell to James Barbour, Apr. 10, 1814, JBEP, reel 5520, LV; Robert Porterfield to Barbour, Oct. 11, 1814, JBEP, reel 5524, LV; Robert Nelson to Barbour, Dec. 13, 1814, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:406.

  3 Alexander Parker to James Barbour, Aug. 28, 1814, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:377; Thomas Jefferson Randolph to Thomas Jefferson, Sep. 9, 1814, in Looney, PTJ-RS, vol. 7:649; John Hartwell Cocke to Joseph C. Cabell, Sep. 21, 1814, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 11, SSCL-CWM.

  4 James Bendall to Rebekah Bendall, n.d. (“and neaver Eate”), Sep. 12, Sep. 26, and Oct. 2, 1814 (“My Bed” and “I am porer”), Bendall Family Papers (Mss 1 B4325 a 3-12), VHS. For the troop numbers at Norfolk, see Moses Porter to James Barbour, July 4, 1814, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:353.

  5 Philip Barraud to St. George Tucker, Aug. 2 and 16, 1814, TCP, box 33, SCSL-CWM. For the prevailing ailments and their symptoms, see Robert Archer, Memorandum Book, 6–35 (33: “eyes sunk”), LV; “An Account of the Deaths . . . in the 7th Regt, 4th Brigade,” Aug. 30, 1814–Feb. 7, 1815, JHCFP, box 16, SSCL-UVA; Thomas Newton to James Madison, Apr. 18, 1814, in Padgett, “Letters from Thomas Newton,” 204.

  6 David Campbell to Virginia’s senators, n.d. [1815], CFP, box 3, SC-DUL; Blair Bolling, commonplace book, 27–33 (32: “What was much more”), VHS; Philip Barraud to John Hartwell Cocke, Dec. 2, 1814, JHCFP, box 18, SSCL-UVA. For the numbers of the sick, see Moses Porter to James Barbour, Sep. 16, 1814, JBEP, reel 5523, LV; James Bankhead to Barbour, Nov. 24, 1814, JBEP, reel 5524, LV; “Contrast!” Richmond Enquirer, Jan. 14, 1815. For the estimate of 3,000 deaths and the words of Charles Fenton Mercer (“in order to avoid depressing”), see Egerton, Charles Fenton Mercer, 93.

  7 Thomas Newton Jr. to James Monroe, Aug. 6, 1814, RG 59, M 179, reel 30, USNA-CP; Wilson Cary Nicholas to Monroe, Jan. 29, 1815, JMP, ser. 1, reel 5, LC; John Preston to James P. Preston, Nov. 6, 1814 (“Worn down”), Preston Family Papers, sec. 4, folder 5 (Mss 1 P9267 d 165–217), VHS; “The Prospect before Us,” Richmond Enquirer, Jan. 3, 1815.

  8 Nicholas Faulcon to John Hartwell Cocke, May 23 and Sep. 13, 1814, and Feb. 15, 1815, JHCFP, boxes 16, 17, 19, SSCL-UVA; William Lambert t
o William Jones, Nov. 4 (“a putrid sore-throat”) and Nov. 11, 1814, RG 45, M 124, reel 66, USNA-DC; “Contagious Distemper,” Richmond Enquirer, Jan. 11, 1815 (“fire to the house”); John Campbell to David Campbell, Feb. 8, 1815, CFP, box 3, SC-DUL.

  9 Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, Mar. 10 and May 10, 1814, Elizabeth Trist to Jefferson, July 29, 1814, and Jefferson to Dabney Carr, Aug. 24, 1814, in Looney, PTJ-RS, vol. 7:240, 360, 501, 601; “Hail Storm,” Richmond Enquirer, June 1, 1814; Mrs. Robertson to Blair Bolling, July 1, 1814 (“Thus you see”), Bolling Family Papers (Mss 1 B6386 a 13-38), VHS; Nicholas Faulcon to John Hartwell Cocke, June 14, 1814, JHCFP, box 16, SSCL-UVA; Cocke to Joseph C. Cabell, Aug. 11, 1814, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 11, SSCL-UVA; John Randolph to Josiah Quincy, July 4, 1814, in E. Quincy, Life of Josiah Quincy, 356; Randolph to Harmanus Bleeker, July 26, 1814, in Kirk, John Randolph, 248; John W. Eppes to James Monroe, Aug. 12, 1814, JMP, ser. 1, reel 5, LC; Sarah Kemp to William Kemp, Sep. 25, 1814, William Kemp folder, SC-DUL; Edward Ross to David Parish, July 29 (“with a report” and “sweaping”) and Aug. 13, 1814, Parish-Rosseel Papers, St. Lawrence University Archives, Owen D. Young Library, Canton, NY.

  10 William H. Fitzhugh to James Barbour, Oct. 12, 1824, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:397; John Turberville to Barbour, Oct. 16, 1814, JBEP, reel 5524, LV; “Defence of the Sea-Board.” Richmond Enquirer, Oct. 13, 1814; Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Robertson, June 21, 1814, to John Hartwell Cocke, Aug. 5, 1814, and to William Short, Nov. 28, 1814 (“How can”), in Looney, PTJ-RS, vol. 7:430–31, 513–14, and vol. 8:109; Jefferson to James Monroe, Oct. 16, 1814, JMP, ser. 1, reel 5, LC; Nathaniel Beverley Tucker to St. George Tucker, Dec. 18, 1814, TCP, box 33, SCSL-CWM; “John Randolph’s Letter,” Jan. 7, 1815, in Richmond Enquirer, Apr. 1, 1815.

  11 John Randolph to John Brockenbrough, Aug. 1, 1814, in W. C. Bruce, John Randolph, vol. 1:412; William Gray to John Hartwell Cocke, Aug. 1, 1814 (“I had not”), JHCFP, box 16, SSCL-UVA; Francis Browning to Wilson Cary Nicholas, Feb. 10, 1815 (“I never saw”), WCNEP, box 1, LV; Nicholas to Joseph C. Cabell, Jan. 3, 1814 (“More patriotism”), JCC&CFP (38-111), box 10, SSCL-UVA; Nicholas to James Monroe, Dec. 22, 1814, Executive Letter Book, p. 139, RG 3 (Office of the Governor), reel 3011, LV; Joseph Sexton to Nicholas, Nov. 21, 1815 [misfiled in 1816], WCNEP, box 4, LV.

  12 William R. Custis to James Barbour, Sep. 19, 1814 (“we must give up”), in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:389; Elliott Muse to Barbour, Nov. 30, 1814 (“I will agree”), JBEP, reel 5524, LV; St. George Tucker to Joseph C. Cabell, Dec. 30, 1814, BFP, box 3, SSCL-UVA; John Campbell to David Campbell, Dec. 17, 1814, CFP, box 3, SC-DUL; John Coalter to St. G. Tucker, Dec. 22, 1814, and Henry St. George Tucker to St. G. Tucker, Jan. 23, 1815, TCP, box 33, SCSL-CWM.

  13 Wilson J. Cary to John Hartwell Cocke, Jan. 12, 1814, JHCFP, box 15, SSCL-UVA; David Campbell to Edward Campbell, Jan. 30, 1814 and John Campbell to James Campbell, Apr. 6, (“I begin to think”) and June 16, 1814, CFP, box 3, SC-DUL; James W. Wallace to Thomas Jefferson, Sep. 7, 1814, and John Minor to Jefferson, Sep. 8, 1814, in Looney, PTJ-RS, vol. 7:643, 644; Walter Jones to John Tayloe, Aug. 12, 1814, WHWP, box 2, MdHS.

  14 Hickey, War of 1812, 222–25, 231, 247–51; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 426–27; anonymous British spy’s report, Feb. 2, 1815, MG 12, Admiralty 1, vol. 508:100–101, reel B-1452, LAC; Thomas P. Grosvenor to John F. Mercer, Nov. n.d., 1814, Mercer Papers, HL; Edward Ross to David Parish, Jan. 10, 1815, Parish Papers, St. Lawrence University Archives.

  15 Mrs. Robertson to Blair Bolling, Sep. 6, 1814, Bolling Family Papers (Mss 1 B6386 a 13-38), VHS; Samuel Hopkins to John Cropper, Nov. 6, 1814, and Richard D. Bayly to John Cropper, Nov. 10, 1814 (“climax”), Cropper Papers, sec. 1 (Mss 1 C8835 a 1-308), VHS; Claiborne W. Gooch to David Campbell, Dec. 6, 1814 (“This union”), CFP, box 3, SC-DUL; Rosalie Stier Calvert to H. J. Stier, Oct. 22, 1814, and Mar. 10, 1815, in Callcott, Mistress of Riversdale, 273, 278; “The Prospect before Us,” Richmond Enquirer, Jan. 3, 1815 (“In the Northern”).

  16 James Barbour to James Monroe, Sep. 13, 1814, Barbour to the state legislature, Oct. 10, 1814, and Wilson Cary Nicholas to Monroe, Dec. 29, 1814, Executive Letter Book, pp. 92, 105, 154, RG 3 (Office of the Governor), reel 3011, LV; Joseph C. Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, in Looney, PTJ-RS, vol. 7:669–70; John Stokely to James Monroe, Oct. 18, 1814, JMP, ser. 1, reel 7, LC; Cabell to Isaac A. Coles, Jan. 3, 1815, JCC&CFP (38-111), box 11, SSCL-UVA; “State Defence,” Richmond Enquirer, Jan. 11, 1815; “General Orders” and “Instructions from the Governor,” Richmond Enquirer, Feb. 8, 1815; Lowrey, James Barbour, 77–79; Egerton, Charles Fenton Mercer, 94–95. For the federal endorsement, see James Monroe to Wilson Cary Nicholas, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:417.

  17 [G. Tucker], Letters from Virginia, 82.

  18 Henry Lee to William H. Cabell, Aug. 24, 1807, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 9:589; “S.C.,” National Intelligencer, Nov. 26, 1814 (“We are conscious”).

  19 Berlin, Many Thousands Gone, 369–75; Nash and Soderland, Freedom by Degrees, 167–93; Foner, Blacks and the Military, 3–22. In 1810, census figures indicate 1,200,000 slaves and 180,000 free blacks in total; calculating military-age men as a fifth of those totals yields 240,000 enslaved and 36,000 free black men. For William Williams, see George, “Mirage of Freedom,” 442–43.

  20 Charles Gordon to William Jones, Sep. 20, 1814, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 3:308; James Madison and Joshua Barney quoted in Jennings, Colored Man’s Reminiscences, 9; Shomette, Flotilla, 58, 429n29.

  21 For the Irish American appeals and Armstrong’s endorsement, see William Duane to Thomas Jefferson, Aug. 11, 1813, in Ford, “Letters of William Duane,” 373–74; Duane to John Armstrong, July 12 and July 29, 1814, Duane, “Memoir on the Formation of Military Corps of Coloured Men,” Aug. 25, 1814, and Nicholas Gray to James Monroe, Oct. 1, 1814, RG 107, M 221, reel 61, USNA-DC; Thomas Lefferts to Armstrong, Sep. 6, 1814, and James Mease to Armstrong, Aug. 2 and Aug. 8, 1814, RG 107, M 221, reels 63 and 64, USNA-DC; Armstrong to Duane, July 15, 1814 (“We must”), in Duane, “Selections from the Duane Papers,” 63. For Armstrong’s downfall, see Skeen, John Armstrong, 137–43, 161, 198–204.

  22 Daniel D. Tompkins to James Monroe, Dec. 12, 1814, RG 107, M 221, reel 66, USNA-DC.

  23 “Black Troops Proposed,” National Intelligencer, Nov. 11, 1814.

  24 “S.C.,” National Intelligencer, Nov. 26, 1814.

  25 George Cockburn to John Clavell, Dec. 13, 1814, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 3:345–46; Cockburn to Clavell, Feb. 7, 1815, SGCP, reel 7, LC; Clavell to Cockburn, Jan. 16 and 19, 1815, SGCP, reel 9, LC; Morriss, Cockburn, 114. For the role of the Regulus in withdrawing the Colonial Marines, see John Fraser, deposition, n.d., RG 76, entry 185, box 4, folder 16, USNA-CP; Henry Griffin, deposition, May 3, 1828, RG 76, entry 190, box 4, case 260 (William Taliafero), USNA-CP; James Monroe to Wilson Cary Nicholas, Jan. 14, 1815, in Flournoy, CVSP, vol. 10:415–16; Weiss, Merikens, 8–9.

  26 Sir Alexander Cochrane, “Thoughts on American War,” Apr. 27, 1812 (“The capture”), Henry Dundas, Viscount Melville, Papers, HL; Morriss, Cockburn, 114–16; Lambert, Challenge, 341–45.

  27 Sir Alexander Cochrane to John Wilson Croker, Oct. 3, 1814, SACP, file 2348, reel 8, LC; Samuel Jackson to Cochrane, Oct. 26, 1814, SACP, file 2326, reel 1, LC; Morriss, Cockburn, 114–16; Bullard, Black Liberation, 9–11.

  28 George Cockburn to Sir Alexander Cochrane, Jan. 27, 1814, SGCP, reel 7, LC; Bullard, Black Liberation, 13–14, 27–33, 47; Morriss, Cockburn, 116.

  29 George Cockburn to Sir Alexander Cochrane, Jan. 27, 1814, SGCP, reel 7, LC; Robert Barrie to Philip Somerville, Jan. 14, 1815, MG 12, Admiralty 1, vol. 509:169, reel B-1453, LAC; Barrie to Mrs. George Clayton, Jan. 22, 1815, Robert Barrie Papers, box 1, WLCL-UM; John Miller to Thomas Miller, Feb. 12, 1815 (“Blacky”), Niles’ Weekly Register, vol. 8:103 (Apr. 8, 1815); Archibald Clark, deposition, May 1, 1823, RG 76, entry 190, box 8, case 765 (John Boog), USNA-CP; [R. J. Barrett], “Naval Recollections,” 21–22; Field, Britain’s Sea-Sol
diers, vol. 1:301–2; Bullard, Black Liberation, 50–52; Morriss, Cockburn, 116–17; Miller, Memoir of General David Blackshear, 457.

  30 Peter Early to David Blackshear, Jan. 19 (“insurrection on one side”) and Jan. 25, 1815, John Sawyer to Blackshear, Jan. 27, 1815, and Blackshear to John Floyd, Feb. 2, 1815 (“by the multitude”), in Miller, Memoir of General David Blackshear, 448, 453, 455–56, 457; James G. Almy to John C. Almy, Feb. 23, 1815, War of 1812 Collection, box 5, WLCL-UM.

  31 George Cockburn to Sir Alexander Cochrane, Feb. 11, 1815, SGCP, reel 7, LC; Cockburn to Cochrane, Feb. 17, 1815, and Robert Ramsay to Cockburn, Feb. 16, 1815, MG 12, Admiralty 1, vol. 509:175, 177, reel B-1453, LAC; John Houston McIntosh to David Blackshear, Apr. 2, 1815, in Miller, Memoir of General David Blackshear, 465; Bullard, Black Liberation, 52–60, 74; Scott, Recollections, vol. 3:360–61.

  32 Roswell King to Pierce Butler, Jan. 20, 1815, and Roswell King, deposition, Feb. 14, 1815, in Bell, Major Butler’s Legacy, 175–76, 182; John Sawyer to David Blackshear, Jan. 27, 1815, and Blackshear to John Floyd, Feb. 13, 1815, in Miller, Memoir of General David Blackshear, 455, 462; William F. Kelly, deposition, Apr. 29, 1823, RG 76, entry 190, box 8, case 765 (John Boog), USNA-CP; Bullard, Black Liberation, 63.

  33 John Dawson, deposition, Jan. 1, 1824, RG 76, entry 190, box 1, case 38 (Edmund Mathews), USNA-CP; George Baillie to William Jones, Nov. 18, 1815 (“the Queen of England”), in Bullard, Black Liberation, 65. For Roswell King’s charge, see Bell, Major Butler’s Legacy, 184.

  34 Roswell King, deposition, Feb. 14, 1815, in Bell, Major Butler’s Legacy, 182.

  35 Roswell King to Pierce Butler, Feb. 12 (“God cursed”), Feb. 16 (“I have these twelve years”), and Mar. 4, 1815 (“How will it please”), in Bell, Major Butler’s Legacy, 177–80.

  36 George Cockburn, order, Feb. 4, 1815, SGCP, reel 10, LC; Cockburn to Andrew Fitzherbert Evans, Feb. 4, 1815, SGCP, reel 7, LC; Kingsley, Treatise on the Patriarchal, 11 (“the magical transformation”); Roswell King to Pierce Butler, Jan. 20, 1815, in Bell, Major Butler’s Legacy, 176; James Hamilton Couper, deposition, n.d., RG 76, entry 185, box 8, folder 77, USNA-CP; Morriss, Cockburn, 117; Weiss, “Corps of Colonial Marines,” 84.