War of Shadows

by Gershom Gorenberg

  Bibliography

  ARCHIVES AND PRIVATE PAPERS

  Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, Rome, Italy

  Bletchley Park Archive, Milton Keynes, UK

  Churchill Archive (digitalized papers of Winston Churchill), www.churchill archive.com

  Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge, UK

  Columbia University Oral History Research Office, New York, USA

  Dudley-Smith Papers: private papers of Russell Dudley-Smith, generously shared by his daughter, Lottie Milvain

  Fellers Family Papers: private papers of Bonner Frank Fellers, generously made available by his family

  Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, New York, USA

  Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

  Imperial War Museums, London, UK

  Knox Mellon Collection of material about the John Birch Society and other radical conservative organizations and causes, UCLA special collections, Los Angeles, California, USA

  Liddell Hart Military Archives, King’s College, London, UK

  Middle East Center Archive, St. Antony’s College, Oxford, UK

  National Cryptological Museum Library, Fort Meade, Maryland, USA

  Palmah Museum Archive, Tel Aviv, Israel

  Qatar Digital Archive, www.qdl.qa/en

  Ranfurly Personal Papers: private papers of Hermione Ranfurly, generously provided by her daughter, Lady Caroline Simmonds

  United Kingdom National Archives, Kew, Richmond, UK

  United States National Archive and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA

  Yad Tabenkin Archive, Ramat Efal, Israel

  Yad Vashem Archive, Jerusalem, Israel

  BOOKS AND ARTICLES

  Abbasi, Mustafa. “Palestinians Fighting Against Nazis: The Story of Palestinian Volunteers in the Second World War.” War in History 26, no. 2 (2019): 227–249. doi.org/10.1177/0968344517696527.

  . “Palestinim Nilhamim Benatzim: Sippuram Shel Hamitnadvim Hapalestinim Bemilhemet Ha’olam Hashniyah.” Katedra 171 (Nissan 5779 [April–May 2019]): 125–147.

  Abitbol, Michel. The Jews of North Africa During the Second World War. Translated by Catherine Tihanyi Zentelis. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1989.

  Aldrich, Richard. GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain’s Most Secret Intelligence Agency. London: Harpers, 2010.

  Aldridge, James. Cairo. London: Macmillan, 1970.

  Alexander, Martin S. “Safes and Houses: William C. Bullitt, Embassy Security and the Shortcomings of the US Foreign Service Before the Second World War.” Diplomacy and Statecraft 2, no. 2 (1991): 194–203.

  Almasy, Laszlo (under the name Count L. E. de Almasy). “By Motor Car from Wadi Halfa to Cairo.” Sudan Notes and Records 13, no. 2 (1930): 269–278.

  . The Unknown Sahara. Translated by Andras Zboray. www.fjexpeditions.com, 2012 (originally published 1935).

  . With Rommel’s Army in Libya. Translated by Gabriel Francis Horchler. Bloomington, IN: 1st Books Library, 2001.

  Alvarez, David. “Axis Sigint Collaboration: A Limited Partnership.” Intelligence and National Security 14, no. 1 (1999): 1–17.

  . Secret Messages: Codebreaking and American Diplomacy, 1930–1945. Lawrence: University of Kansas, 2000.

  . Spies in the Vatican: Espionage and Intrigue from Napoleon to the Holocaust. Lawrence: University of Kansas, 2002.

  Alvarez, David, and Robert A. Graham. Nothing Sacred: Nazi Espionage Against the Vatican, 1939–1945. Portland, OR: F. Cass, 1997.

  Amè, Cesare. Guerra segreta in Italia, 1940–1943. Rome: Gherardo Casini Editore, 1954.

  Andrews, Christopher. Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community. London: Sceptre, 1986.

  Annan, Noel. “Book Review: No More an Enigma: Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park.” Independent, August 22, 1993. www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/book-review-no-more-an-enigma-codebreakers-the-inside-story-of-bletchley-park-ed-f-h-hinsley-alan-1462732.html.

  “Architectural History Report of Bletchley Park.” Bletchley Park Research. www.bletchleyparkresearch.co.uk/research-notes/architectural-history-report-bletchley-park.

  Arielli, Nir. “Beyond ‘Mare Nostrum.’ Ambitions and Limitations in Fascist Italy’s Middle Eastern Policy.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 37, no. 3 (2011): 385–407.

  . Fascist Italy and the Middle East, 1933–40. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

  . “‘Haifa Is Still Burning’: Italian, German and French Air Raids on Palestine During the Second World War.” Middle Eastern Studies 46, no. 3 (2010): 331–347.

  . “Italian Involvement in the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–1939.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 35, no. 2 (2008): 187–204.

  Armstrong, David. At Close Quarters: SOE Close Combat Pistol Instructor Colonel Hector Grant-Taylor. Stroud, UK: Fonthill, 2013. iBook.

  Atkinson, Rick. An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.

  Avramski-Bligh, Irit, ed. Pinkas Hakehillot; Luv; Tunisia. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 5757 [1997].

  “Aziz Ali al-Masri.” al-hakawati. http://al-hakawati.net/en_personalities/PersonalityDetails/7406/Aziz-Ali-alMasri.

  Bagnold, Ralph A. Libyan Sands: Travels in a Dead World. London: Howard and Stoughton, 1941.

  . Sand, Wind and War: Memoirs of a Desert Explorer. Tucson: University of Arizona, 1990.

  Barr, Niall. Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein. London: Jonathan Cape, 2004. Kindle.

  Batey, Mavis. Dilly: The Man Who Broke Enigmas. London: Biteback, 2017. Kindle.

  . From Bletchley with Love. Milton Keynes, UK: Bletchley Park Trust, 2008.

  Bauer, Yehuda. From Diplomacy to Resistance: A History of Jewish Palestine, 1939–1945. New York: Atheneum, 1973.

  Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: B. T. Batsford, 1943.

  Beckett, Ian F. W., ed. Rommel: A Reappraisal. London: Pen & Sword Military, 2013. iBook.

  Behrendt, Hans-Otto. Rommel’s Intelligence in the Desert Campaign. London: William Kimber, 1985.

  Benbow, Tim. “The Dunkirk Evacuation and the German ‘Halt’ Order.” Defense-in-Depth. https://defenceindepth.co/2016/07/11/the-dunkirk-evacuation-and-the-german-halt-order.

  Bendersky, Joseph W. The “Jewish Threat”: Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army. New York: Basic Books, 2006.

  Ben-Dor, Yisrael. “Shloshah Degalim Ve’oyev Ehad.” Maarakhot 463 (January 2015): 56–61.

  Bennett, Ralph. Intelligence Investigations: How Ultra Changed History. London: Frank Cass, 1996.

  . Ultra and Mediterranean Strategy. New York: William Morrow, 1989.

  Benson, Robert Louis. A History of U.S. Communications Intelligence During World War II: Policy and Administration. Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptological History, National Security Agency, 1997. www.nsa.gov/about/_files/cryptologic_heritage/publications/wwii/history_us_comms.pdf.

  . “SIGINT and the Holocaust.” Undated NSA document. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/download/sigint_and_the_holocaust-nsa/sigint_and_the_holocaust.pdf.

  Bernhard, Patrick. “Behind the Battle Lines: Italian Atrocities and the Persecution of Arabs, Berbers and Jews in North Africa During World War II.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 26, no. 3 (winter 2012): 425–446.

  . “Guerre et violences en Afrique du Nord.” In La guerre du desert, 1940–1943, edited by David Reynolds, Olivier Wieviorka, and Nicola Labanca, 181–220. Paris: Perrin, 2019.

  . “Hitler’s Africa in the East: Italian Colonialism as a Model for German Planning in Eastern Europe.” Journal of Contemporary History 51, no. 1 (2015): 61–90.

  “Besa: A Code of Honor: Muslim Albanians Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust.” Yad Vashem. www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/besa/index.asp.

  Bierman, John. The Secret Life of Laszlo Almasy: The Real English Patient. London: Penguin, 2005.

  Bletchley P
ark: Home of the Codebreakers. Briscombe Port, UK: Pitkin Publishing, 2015.

  Bosworth, R. J. B. Mussolini. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.

  Bouchnik-Chen, Raphael G. “Palestinian Arab Volunteers in the British Army in WWII: A Reality Check.” BESA Center Perspectives Paper No. 1,367, December 9, 2019. https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/palestinian-arabs-british-army.

  Boyle, David. Alan Turing: Unlocking the Enigma. Endeavour, 2014. Kindle.

  Brenner, Uri. Nokhah Ium Haplishah Hagermanit Le’eretz Yisrael Beshanim 1940–1942. Ramat Efal: Yad Tabenkin, 1981.

  Brigadier John Tiltman: A Giant Among Cryptanalysts. Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2007.

  Brighton, Terry. Patton, Montgomery, Rommel: Masters of War. New York: Crown Publishers, 2009.

  Brin, Morik, and Raoul A. Biancardi. Say It in Arabic and See Egypt: Manual and Guide-Book for the British and Imperial Forces. Cairo: Horus, 1942.

  Brown, Anthony Cave. “C”: The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill. New York: Collier, 1987.

  Browning, Christopher R. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2004.

  Budiansky, Stephen. Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. London: Viking, 2000.

  . “The Difficult Beginnings of US-British Codebreaking Cooperation.” Intelligence and National Security 15, no. 2 (2000): 49–73.

  Caanan, Haviv. Matayim Yemei Haredah. Tel Aviv: Mol Art, 5734 [1973–1974].

  Calvocoressi, Peter. Top Secret Ultra. London: Cassell, 1980.

  Cavallero, Ugo. Diario, 1940–1943. Rome: Ciarrapico, 1984.

  Churchill, Winston S. The Second World War, vol. 3: The Grand Alliance. London: Cassell, 1950.

  . The Second World War, vol. 4: The Hinge of Fate. London: Cassell, 1951.

  . The Second World War, vol. 2: Their Finest Hour. London: Cassell, 1949.

  Ciano, Galeazzo. Ciano’s Diplomatic Papers. Edited by Malcolm Muggeridge. Translated by Stuart Hodd. London: Odhams Press, 1948.

  . Diary, 1937–1943. New York: Enigma, 2002.

  Ciechenowski, Jan Stanislaw, et al., eds. Marian Rejewski, 1905–1980: Living with the Enigma Secret. Bydgoszcz: Bydgoszcz City Council, 2005.

  Clark, Ronald. The Man Who Broke Purple. New York: Bloomsbury, 2011. iBook.

  Clayton, Tim, and Phil Craig. The End of the Beginning: From the Siege of Malta to the Allied Victory at El Alamein. New York: Free Press, 2002.

  Conti, Giuseppe. Mussolini’s Spies: A History of SIM Italian Military Intelligence, 1940–1943. Translated by Brian Sullivan. Unpublished page proofs of the English translation.

  Cooper, Artemis. Cairo in the War, 1939–1945. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1989.

  Cooper, Diana. Trumpets from the Steep. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1960.

  “Count Galeazzo Ciano Executed.” World War II Graves. https://ww2gravestone.com/count-galeazzo-ciano-executed.

  Cowper, Marcus, and Christopher Pannell. Tank Spotter’s Guide. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2011.

  Cox, Stephen Russell. “Britain and the Origin of Israeli Special Operations: SOE and PALMACH During the Second World War.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 8, no. 1 (2015): 60–78.

  Craven, Wesley Frank, and James Lea Cate, eds. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 7: Services Around the World. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1983.

  Crompton, Paul. “King Farouk’s Fabulous Wealth.” Al Arabiya News, January 30, 2014, https://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2014/01/30/King-Farouk-s-fabulous-wealth-1977.html.

  Cüppers, Martin. Walther Rauff—In deutschen Diensten: Vom Naziverbrecher zum BND-Spion. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2013.

  Currier, Prescott. “My ‘Purple’ Trip to England in 1941.” Cryptologia 20, no. 3 (1996): 193–201.

  Dalton, Hugh. The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1940–1945. Edited by Ben Pimlott. London: Jonathan Cape, 1986.

  Daly, M. W., ed. The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

  Davidson, Jason. “Italy, British Resolve and the 1935–1936 Italo-Ethiopian War.” Cahiers de la Méditerranée 88 (2014): 1–17. https://journals.open edition.org/cdlm/7428.

  Davis, Ronald W. “Jewish Military Recruitment in Palestine, 1940–1943.” Journal of Palestine Studies 8, no. 2 (1979): 55–76.

  De Felice, Renzo. Jews in an Arab Land: Libya, 1835–1970. Austin: University of Texas, 1985.

  De Risio, Carlo. Servizi segreti. Gli «uomini ombra» italiani nella seconda guerra mondiale e i (troppi) misteri insoluti della R. marina nel 1940–43. Rome: Napoleone, 2014.

  Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D (1937–1945). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Multiple volumes.

  Dovey, H. O. “Maunsell and Mure.” Intelligence and National Security 8, no. 1 (1993): 60–77.

  . “Operation Condor.” Intelligence and National Security 4, no. 2 (1989): 357–373.

  Eban, Abba. Personal Witness: Israel Through My Eyes. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1992.

  “Egypt-Libya: The U.S. Army Campaign of World War II.” Last updated October 3, 2003. U.S. Army Center of Military History. https://history.army.mil/brochures/egypt/egypt.htm.

  Elshahed, Mohamed. “Saving Cairo Station.” Egypt Independent. May 2, 2011. www.egyptindependent.com/node/421491.

  Eppler, John. Operation Condor: Rommel’s Spy. Translated by S. Seago. London: MacDonald and Jane’s, 1974.

  Eran, Esther. “Redifat Yehudei Luv (Kefi Shehi Mishtakefet Bedivuhei Hakonsulia Hagermanit Betripoli).” Yalkut Moreshet 33 (June 1982): 153–156.

  Fennell, Jonathan. “‘Steel My Soldiers’ Hearts’: El Alamein Reappraised.” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 14, no. 1 (2011): 1–31.

  Ferris, John. “The British Army, Signals and Security in the Desert Campaign, 1940–42.” Intelligence and National Security 5, no. 2 (1990): 255–291.

  . Issues in British and American Signals Intelligence, 1919–1932. Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2015.

  . Review of C. J. Jenner. “Turning the Hinges of Fate.” H-Diplo Article Review No. 199. November 4, 2008. www.h-net.org/~diplo/reviews/PDF/Ferris-Jenner.pdf.

  . “The Road to Bletchley Park: The British Experience with Signals Intelligence, 1892–1945.” Intelligence and National Security 17, no. 1 (2002): 53–84.

  Fitzgerald, Penolope. The Knox Brothers. London: Flamingo, 2002.

  Flicke, Wilhelm F. War Secrets in the Ether, Part III. Translated by Ray W. Pettengill. Washington, DC: National Security Agency, 1953. www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/friedmanDocuments/Publications/FOLDER_265/41760949080010.pdf.

  Foot, John. “Via Rasella, 1944: Memory, Truth, and History.” Historical Journal 43 (2000): 1173–1181.

  Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington, DC: Office of the Historian, Department of State. Multiple volumes and publication dates.

  Fraser, David. Knight’s Cross: A Life of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. New York: Harper, 1995.

  Friedman, William F. “A Brief History of the Signal Intelligence Agency.” NSA. June 29, 1942, revised April 2, 1943. www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/friedmanDocuments/ReportsandResearchNotes/FOLDER_224/41760689079982.pdf.

  Fuensanta, José Ramón Soler, Francisco Javier López-Brea Espiau, and Frode Weierud. “Spanish Enigma: A History of the Enigma in Spain.” Cryptologia 34, no. 4 (2010): 301−328.

  “Gas Vans.” Yad Vashem. www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206236.pdf.

  Gelber, Yoav. Matzadah: Hahaganah Al Eretz Yisrael Bemilhemet Ha’olam Hashniyah (Massada: The Defence of Palestine During World War II). Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 1990.

  “Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein.” NSA. www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publicatio
ns/women/Article/1621585/genevieve-grotjan-feinstein.

  Gentzke, Ann Whitcher. “An American Hero.” At Buffalo (spring 2018). www.buffalo.edu/atbuffalo/article-page-spring-2018.host.html/content/shared/www/atbuffalo/articles/Spring-2018/features/an-american-hero.detail.html.

  Gershoni, Israel. Milhemet Ha’umot Hahalashot (The War of the Weak Nations: Egypt in the Second World War, 1939–1945). Tel Aviv: Resling, 2017.

  Gershoni, Israel, and James Jankowski. Confronting Fascism in Egypt: Dictatorship Versus Democracy in the 1930s. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010. iBook.

  Gerwarth, Robert. Hitler’s Hangman: The Life of Heydrich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011. Kindle.

  Gilad, Zerubavel, ed. Magen Beseter. Jerusalem: Jewish Agency: 5712 [1951–1952].

  Gladwin, Lee A. “Alan Turing, Enigma, and the Breaking of German Machine Ciphers in World War II.” Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives 29, no. 1 (1997): 203–217.

  “The Glow-Lamp Ciphering and Deciphering Machine.” Cryptologia 25, no. 3 (2001): 161–173.

  Gordon, John W. The Other Desert War: British Special Forces in North Africa, 1940–1943. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.

  Greenberg, Joel. Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park’s Architect of Ultra Intelligence. London, Frontline, 2014.

  Gross, Kuno, Michael Rolke, and András Zboray. Operation Salam: Laszlo Almasy’s Most Daring Mission in the Desert War. Munich: Belleville, 2013.

  Haag, Michael. “Ahmed Hassanein: Writer, Diplomat and Desert Explorer.” Michael Haag. August 8, 2011, https://michaelhaag.blogspot.com/2011/08/ahmed-hassanein-diplomat-and-desert.html.

  Haarr, Geirr H. The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth, 2011.