Books of Orders (Privy Council) 59, 60, 65
Books of Rates 133, 134, 140
Bourne, Nicholas 592
Bowder, William 174
Bovey Tracey, battle of, 1646 388
Boynton, Sir Matthew 299, 300
Boynton, Matthew (Sir Matthew’s son) 299, 300
Bradford 286, 301
Braddock Down, battle of, 1643 264
Bradshaw, John 571, 573, 574, 576
Brailsford, H. N. 443
Braintree 495
Brentford, storming of, 1642 248, 252, 253, 286
Brereton, Sir William 251, 265, 374
in Cheshire 346, 375, 394
Bridge, William 338–9, 339
Bridgewater 384
siege of, 1645 385; clubmen at 413
Bridgewater, John Egerton, 1st Earl 30, 66, 67, 89–90, 117, 134, 207
John Castle as his letter writer 96, 97, 173–4, 207
Bristol 216, 385, 398
Charles, Prince of Wales in, 1645 374
parliamentary occupation 221, 222; royalist storming of, 1643 228, 289, 290, 300, 302; parliamentary storming of, 1645 386
Bristol, John Digby, 1st Earl 136
See also Digby, Lord George
Brooke, Robert Greville, 2nd Baron 69, 83, 105
as a parliamentarian 232, 254
death 265, 266, 356
Brooke plot, 1643 316, 325
Brown, Colonel 241
Browne, Major-General 328
Browne, Arthur 200
Brunker, Thomas 419
Bryan, John 425–6
Bucer, Martin 342
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of 48, 49, 525
assassination 40–45, 46; motivation for 40–41, 46, 53, 80
as C’s favourite 40, 44, 52
impeachment (Remonstrance against) 40, 45, 46, 53
as James I’s favourite 52
resentment of 40, 41, 44, 52–3
Buckinghamshire 68–9, 82, 99, 100, 171, 219, 254, 533
Bullinger, Heinrich 106
Bunny, Phillip 408
Burges, Cornelius 124, 137
Burgoyne, Sir Roger 554
Burroughs, Jeremiah 338–9, 339, 258–9
Burrow, Edward 423
Burton, Edward 65–6
Burton, Henry 77, 120, 121, 136, 144, 145, 443
John Lilburne and 440, 441–2
Bury St Edmonds 268, 462
May Day riot, 1647 532, 539
Butter, Nathaniel 206, 592
Byron, Sir John 241, 317
at Marston Moor 330
at Naseby 376
Caernarvon, Earl of 290
Calamy, Edmund 337, 338
Calvin, Jean (John) 7, 8, 10–11, 21
Institutes 10
Calvinism 6, 12, 14, 18, 69, 79, 157
anti-Calvinism 47–8, 53, 443
beliefs 344
Church of Ireland as Calvinist 163
‘credal’ 20
‘experimental’ 21
John Knox as Calvinist 12
predestination theology 20, 21, 47–8
Protestantism and 18–22
in Scotland 6, 14, 18, 36
Cambridge 229, 230–32, 495
Cambridge University 145, 230
Cambridgeshire 222, 428
See also East Anglia
Canterbury Cathedral/Deanery 215
pro-royalist demonstration, 1647 531–2, 540
Capuchin monks 73, 274
Carew, Sir Alexander 301
execution 361, 361
Carisbrooke Castle: C imprisoned in 521, 525–8, 526; escape attempts 525–6, 532, 535, 555, 559; moved to Hurst Castle 560
Carleton, Guy 390
Carlisle, Scottish occupation, 1648 537
Carteret, Sir George 191
Cary, Mary 410
Case, Thomas 451
The Quarell of the Covenant 359
The Case of the Armie Truly Stated, 1647 512–14, 515
Castle, John 30, 98, 100, 110–11
as Bridgewater’s letter writer 96, 97, 173–4, 207
catechisms, for soldiers 373, 460
Catholic priests, arrest/execution 199–200
Catholicism 21, 229
anti-popery see popish plots
Capuchin monks 73, 274
Catholics, attacks on 199, 230–31, 231
at court 73, 94, 103, 120, 142, 178–9, 348
form of worship 7, 49, 145
Grand Remonstrance against see Grand Remonstrance
Henrietta Maria as Catholic 23, 73, 142, 178–9
as idolatry 72–3
in Ireland xxiii, 39, 163, 165; See also Confederated Catholics
Jesuits 23, 94, 139, 169–70
William Laud’s rumoured conversion to 93, 97, 103, 116
opposition to 9–10, 14, 15, 23, 34–5, 62, 72
papist officers murdered by their troops 100
the Pope as Antichrist 9, 20, 21, 22, 48
Catrowe, Thomas 402
Cavaliers, first use of term 178
Cawood Castle 221
Chagford engagement, 1643 264
Chalgrove Field, battle of, 1643 287–8, 390
Chaloner, Richard 406
Channel Islands 24
Charles I
advisers/counsellors 127, 134–5, 142, 148, 169, 170, 186, 189–90, 193, 316; See also Privy Council
as anglicized 27
art collection 63, 587
assassination of as a possibility 520, 575
character xxi, xxiv, 24, 26, 30, 122, 159, 315, 316–17, 380, 468, 472, 521–2, 533, 556
correspondence 467; capture of 349, 379, 380–83, 525; See also individual correspondents
as a man of blood 517–18, 549, 556
personal appearance 26
political style 24, 26, 30
portraits/images of 24, 25, 26, 474, 526, 580, 587, 588; parliamentary action against 587
public support for xxvi, 38, 160, 161, 175–6, 177, 188, 474–5, 476, 495, 553, 557
religious beliefs 22, 23, 24; declaration on, 1641, 176–7
speech to Parliament, 1641 273
statement of intentions, 1642 217–18, 515
Charles I: surrender/imprisonment, 1646–8, xxi, xxii, xxiv
surrender to Covenanters at Southwell, May 1646 388, 465; taken to Newcastle 465, 525; peace proposals sent to see Newcastle Propositions; Covenanters cede control of him to Parliament, 1646 473–4; taken to Holmby 473–4, 476, 480, 525; his reception 476; taken by Joyce to Newmarket 493–5; his reception 495; moved to Hampton Court 509, 525; plan for flight to Scotland 520; escape from Hampton Court 518–19, 525; on Isle of Wight 521, 525; imprisoned in Carisbrooke Castle 521, 525–8, 526; letter to House of Lords offering compromise settlement see Hampton Court proposals; escape attempts 525–6, 532, 535, 555, 559; the Engagement with Scotland, 1647 522–5, 527, 529, 536; moved to Hurst Castle 560, 575
Charles I: trial/execution, 1648 xxiv, xxv, 222, 555–81, 570, 578
Clarendon on 575–7
Cromwell on 568
events leading to 353, 555–70; New Model Army and 374, 560–62, 564–5; C’s rejection of further peace proposals 564; attempts to avoid/delay 564–8; charges brought 449, 556, 557, 571–2, 573; indictments 568; justification for 556–7, 558–9; legitimacy of 569, 572; legislation enabling 562, 568–9; High Court of Justice established 568–9; Act to set up the court passed by Commons 569; as a public trial 569–70, 576; trial commissioners 569, 570, 573–4, 577; President 571; contempt clause foreclosed 572–3
C’s behaviour during 572, 573–4, 576–7; treatment during 575–6; guilty verdict 573–4; death warrant 574–5; C’s speech from the scaffold 577; executioners identity unknown 577, 580; burial 580;
effects of 563–4, 580–81, 585–93; public response 577–80, 586–7
as martyrdom: C presented as a martyr 526–7, 576–7, 580–81, 581, 586–7; C’s view of himself as martyred 449, 474
Elizabeth P
oole’s prophecy on 567
Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles II) xxv-xxvi, 141, 187, 470, 474
in Bristol, 1645 374
at Edgehill 246
in exile 588; in France 537
in Isles of Scilly, 1646 388, 537
as King 592
in Second Civil War 543, 545, 552, 563
Charles Louis, Prince, Elector Palatine 190
Charlton, Stephen 247–8
Cheapside Cross, London 145, 146, 263, 325
demolition of 262–4, 262, 274, 275, 280, 281, 314, 315
Chelmsford 495, 541
Cheshire 133, 144, 152, 375, 397, 406
militia 211, 214
parliamentarians in 232, 265, 346
royalists in 221, 232, 265, 346
Chester 224, 346, 386, 394
siege of, 1645 374, 375, 386, 387, 388
Chichester 265, 396
Chidley, Katherine 344, 410, 445
Chinese language 453
Cholmley, Sir Hugh 264
allegiance, change in 297–9, 300
Sir John Hotham and 298; and his son 299
Christ Church, Newgate 340, 445, 493
Christmas 256
celebration of 18, 280, 379, 531;
prohibition of 482, 496, 531
Chudleigh, James 287, 300–301
church ales 279
Church of England
bishops see bishops
C and 19, 22, 24
churchwardens 72, 74, 81
clergymen see clergymen
Convocations 95, 97, 119
Directory of Worship see Directory of Worship
dissent within 102, 108, 263
discipline in 48, 151
form of worship 20–21, 22, 27, 54, 71–3, 76, 102, 194–5, 147; attacks on 147, 154, 201–2; innovations in prohibited 151
institutional structure 20
local/lay influences on 73–6, 81
mandatory church attendance 3–4
parochial appointments 73
Prayer Book see Prayer Book Puritans and 21, 48–9
Reformation and 19–20
Royal Supremacy over 19, 24, 49, 54, 95
Thirty-Nine Articles 163, 164, 309, 311
tradition, defence of 20–21, 22
under Elizabeth I 19–20, 21
visitations 72, 74
Church of Ireland 127, 163, 164–5,
church lands 26–7, 477
relinquishing of, under Newcastle Propositions 466, 521
church union 123–4, 311–12
See also Solemn League and Covenant
churches
altar rails 76, 100, 101, 102, 128, 144, 147, 313
communion table/altar 101, 119, 128, 145, 313
pews/seating 75–6
purgation of 274–6, 281, 313–14, 406, 427–8, 433, 463; See also iconoclasm service books 100; See also Directory of Worship; Prayer Book stained/painted glass 100, 101, 144, 201–2
Cirencester 252
City Alarum 371
civil liberties see individual freedom
Civil War: events leading to 182–208, 210, 589–90
armed confrontations 210, 215–17, 218
militia, mustering of 210–11, 214–15, 216–17, 224
parliamentarian cause 287, 290, 293–4, 297, 300, 302–3, 321–2, 337, 345–6, 353–5
perceived cost of war 237–8, 242, 252–3, 466
print campaigns 224, 225, 236, 237
public rhetoric 217–18, 236–7
royalist cause 201, 228–9, 282–3, 286, 290, 295, 302, 308–9, 315–17, 320–22, 552–3
rumours of war 247–8
settlement, petitions for 225, 238
Civil War, First, 1642–6 241–436
American colonies, position of 222
casualties (overall) 363, 389–91, 393, 401; See also individual battles/engagements
cost and benefits of 389–412, 463–4, 503–6;
Covenanter invasion of northern England 3–6; in second campaign 104–5, 106; See also Covenanter army; Covenanters
disease during 394–5
ending of 388, 439–40
escalation of 262–303, 314–15, 322, 354–5
ethnic hostility in 317–19, 322
funding of: by forced loans 45, 48, 86;
through Parliament 45, 89, 91, 92, 132
gender issues in 408–10; See also women
homelessness following 393–4
Ireland, C’s Cessation negotiations with, 1643 295–6, 393–9, 315, 316, 317–18, 319
military position, 1642 222–3, 224–5, 230, 237; 1642–3 251–5, 264–6, 284–90, 320–22, 323, 325–6; 1644 315, 320, 322, 332–5, 336–7, 347–9, 354–5
peace negotiations see peace negotiations
publication of documents on 272–3, 380–83
regional campaigns 251, 264, 286–91, 297, 322, 326–8, 331–2, 354–5, 384–6, 387
soldiers” experience of 391–4, 407–8
taxation during 269–70, 285, 396–7, 403–4
as a war of the three kingdoms 319–20
trades/industries supported by 397–9, 403
wealth redistribution caused by 404–5
See also individual battles/engagements
Civil War, Second, 1648 531–50
causes 536–7, 549–50
Covenanters and see Covenanter army; Covenanters
effects of 567–8
Engager (Scottish) invasion of northern England 537, 543–5, 543, 551–2
peace negotiations see peace negotiations
royalist mobilization 531–6, 437, 539, 551
royalist risings: in Essex 533, 534, 538, 539–41; in Kent 531–2, 535, 538, 539–42; in south Wales 538–9
See also individual battles/engagements
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl 69, 70, 126, 223, 226, 264, 298, 584
C and 189–90, 284, 468; on his captivity/trial 575–7
on Grand Remonstrance 170–71
as Sir Edward Hyde 121, 189–90, 193
on Newcastle Propositions 468
as a royalist 228, 295, 307; as their Chancellor of the Exchequer 307
Clarke, William 515, 517, 565, 584
Clarkson, Laurence 534
class divisions 232, 233–6
See also social structure
clergymen 22, 48, 203, 204, 275–7
anti-clericalism 8, 204, 275–6
authority/status 72
Convocations of 95, 97, 119
in English Reformation 20
oaths required of 95
as preachers 24, 71, 276
Puritan 204
radical 297
in Reformed churches 8, 10–11, 16, 20
as scandalous (malignancy) 275–7, 296, 314, 461
clerical taxation 95
clerical vestments 72, 100, 101, 144, 202
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