Frank, Andre Gunder. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1967.
García Lupo, Rogelio. Contra la ocupación extranjera. Buenos Aires, 1968.
Gunther, John. Inside South America. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Instituto Latinamericano de Planificación Económica y Social. La brecha comercialy la integración latinoamericana. México/Santiago de Chile, 1967.
Inter-American Development Bank. Annual Report, 1969. Washington, 1970.
Jalée, Pierre. The Pillage of the Third World. New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1968.
Lichtensztejn, Samuel and Couriel, Alberto. El FMI y la crisis económica national. Montevideo, 1967.
Lízano F., E. “El problema de las inversiones extranjeras en Centro América.” Revista del Banco Central (Costa Rica), September 1966.
Maggiolo, Oscar J. In Hacia una política cultural autónoma para América Latina. Montevideo, 1969.
Martins, Luciano. Industrialização, burguesia nacional e desenvolvimento. Rio de Janeiro, 1968.
Quijano, Carlos. “Las victimas del sistema.” Marcha (Montevideo), 23 October 1970.
Romanova, Z. La expansión econdmióa de Estados Unidos en América Latina. Moscow, n.d.
Trías, Vivian. La crisis del imperio. Montevideo, 1970.
Urquidi, Victor L. In Obstacles to Change in Latin America, edited by Claudio Véliz, et al. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Notes to Part III: Seven Years After pp. 265-87
1. Interview with Jean-Pierre Clerc, Le Monde (Paris), 8-9 May 1977.
2. The Nation (New York), 28 August 1976.
3. The crime occurred in Washington on 21 September 1976. Various Uruguayan, Chilean, and Bolivian political exiles had previously been murdered in Argentina. Most noteworthy among them were General Carlos Prats, key figure in the Allende government’s military setup, whose car blew up in a Buenos Aires garage on 27 September 1974; General Juan José Torres, who had headed a short-lived anti-imperialist government in Bolivia and was riddled with bullets on 15 June 1976; and the Uruguayan legislators Zelmar Michelini and Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz, kidnapped, tortured, and murdered in Buenos Aires between 18 and 21 March 1976.
4. The agrarian reform, started under the Christian Democratic government and deepened by Popular Unity, was also destroyed. See María Beatriz de Albuquerque W., “La agricultura chilena: modernización capitalista o regresión a formas tradicionales? Comentarios sobre la contra-reforma en Chile,” Ibero-Americana, vol. 6, no. 2, 1976, Institute of Latin American Studies, Stockholm.
5. Three months later there were elections in the university. They were the only elections remaining. The dictatorship’s candidates got 2.5 percent of the university votes. So to defend democracy, the dictatorship added substantially to the jail population and handed over the university to the 2.5 percent.
6. Veja no. 444 (São Paulo), 9 March 1977.
7. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Foreign Appropriations for 1963, Hearings 87th Congress, 2nd Session, Part I.
8. Déclaration de Lourdes (October 1976).
9. Le Nouvelliste (Port-au-Prince, Haiti), 19-20 March 1977. Data cited by Agustín Cueva in El desarrollo del capitalismo en América Latina (México: Siglo XXI, 1977).
10. Ida May Mantel, Sources and Uses of Funds for a Sample of Majority-Owned Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Companies, 1966-1972, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, July 1975.
11. United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America, El desarrollo económico y social y las relaciones externas de América Latina (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), February 1977.
12. Money, which has its little wings, travels without a passport. A sizable part of the profits generated by the exploitation of our resources escapes to the United States, Switzerland, Federal Republic of Germany, or other countries where it performs a circus somersault and returns to our shores converted into loans.
13. Agusín Cueva, El desarrollo.
14. Ibid.
15. United Nations, ECLA, El desarrollo económico.
16. UNCTAD, The Marketing and Distribution System for Bananas, December 1974.
17. “Reflexiones sobre la desnutrición en México,” Comercio Exterior, Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior, S.A., vol. 28, no. 2 (México), February 1978.
18. Roger Burbach and Patricia Flynn, “Agribusiness Targets Latin America,” NACLA Report, vol. 13, no. I (New York), January-February 1978.
19. Ibid.
20. Data from trade union and journalism sources published in Uruguay Informations, nos. 21 and 25 (Paris).
21. United Nations, ECLA, El desarrollo económico.
22. Ibid.
23. ILO, Empleo, crecimiento y necesidades esenciales (Geneva, 1976).
24. United Nations, ECLA, El desarrollo económico.
25. In Uruguay the inquisitors have modernized themselves: an odd mixture of Middle Ages and capitalist business sense. The military don’t burn books: now they sell them to paper factories, which shred and convert them into pulp for return to the consumer market. It isn’t true that Marx is not available to the public. True, not in the form of books, but in the form of paper napkins.
26. Press conference of President Aparicio Méndez, 21 May 1977 in Paysandú. “We are saving the country from the tragedy of political passion,” said the President. “Good folk don’t talk about dictatorships, don’t think about dictatorships, and don’t claim human rights.”
INDEX
Abbink, John, 241
Abercromby, Ralph, 174
Acevedo, Manuel Antonio, 184
ADELA (investment consortium), 233–34
Africa, 15, 28. See also Slave trade
Agency for International Development (AID), 221, 230
Agrarian reform: Artigas uprising, 115–20
Guatemala, 113–15
Paraguay, 195
Zapata, 120–25
Agricultural products, 59–133. See also specific products
Aguilar, Alonso, 125, 180, 216n
Alamán, Lucas, 37, 179–82
Allende, Salvador, 130, 144, 145, 272–73, 274
Alliance for Progress, 5, 7, 127, 152, 228, 230, 231, 233
Aluminum, 134, 137, 145. See also Bauxite
Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa), 137
Alvarado, Pedro de, 16, 18, 19
Alvim, Panasco, 195
Amado, Jorge, 93n
Amazonia. See Brazil
American Coffee Corporation, 96
American Cordage Trust, 121
American Smelting and Refining, 146, 147
Amin, Samir, 239
Anaconda (Wire and Cable), 144, 146, 147
ANCAP (Uruguayan state refinery), 160–61
Andean Group, 244
Anderson, Clayton and Company, 95, 96, 125
Angola, 54
Animal products, 69, 176, 177, 178, 184
Antilles, 15, 28, 38, 62, 86
Arabs, 12, 25
Arbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, 113, 114
Arévalo, Juan José, 113
Argentina, 4, 32, 43, 48, 48n, 61, 128–30, 188, 193–94, 199, 210, 226, 246, 271, 275
American aid to, 273
censorship, 284
civil wars, 182–86
disappearance in, 276
foreign capital, 218
importation of technology, 278
industrial output, 208
nineteenth century British relations, 177–78, 185
petroleum, 136, 162
repression in, 283
strikes, 285
textiles, 177
wages and prices, 279
wheat, 95
Artigas, José, 115–20, 124, 184, 186, 259
Atahualpa, 17, 19
Atlantic Oil Company, 161
Aztecs, 18–20, 43–44
Bagú, Sergio, 44, 79
Bahamas, 11
Bairoch, Paul, 127
Balaguer, Joaquín, 78n
Ball, George W., 5
Balmaceda, Jose Manuel, 142
Bananas, 94, 100, 107
“bananization,” 108–11
Bandeira, Manuel, 136
Bank for International Development, 273
Banking: international, 223–36
Bank of England, 198
Banzer, Hugo, 271
Baran, Paul, 29–30, 226
Barba, Alvaro Alonso, 32–33
Barbados, 59, 60, 62, 65, 82
Barbosa, Horta, 161
Barrientos, René, 136
Batista, Fulgencio, 70, 75, 77, 136
Bauxite, 134, 136, 137. See also Aluminum
Beet sugar, 71
Belaunde Terry, Fernando, 136
Belgium, 6
Betancourt, Rómulo, 169
Bethlehem Steel Company, 57, 135, 153–54, 156
Birth control. See Family planning
Black, Eugene, 235
Blacks, 28–31, 38
Brazil, 52–55
cotton plantations, 94
religion in Brazil, 86
sugar plantations, 59–60, 65–67. See also Slaves; Slave trade
Blood: as commodity, 270
Bolívar, Simón, 116, 252, 261
Bolivia, 6, 22–23, 32, 42, 88n, 188, 251n, 269–70, 272
agrarian reform, 130
debt, 277
labor exploitation, 277
minerals, 136
mining industry, 147–53
nitrates, 140
petroleum, 163–65
textiles, 176
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 66, 173
Bonaparte, Pauline, 66
Bosch, Juan, 78n
Botí, Regino, 73
Bourgeoisie: national capital participation of, 242
role in Latin America of, 208–14, 222
Brazil, 3, 4, 6, 38, 43, 178, 192, 193–94, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212–13, 222–23, 224, 225, 226, 229, 231–32, 272
African cults, 86
agrarian reform, 128
agricultural exports, 280
cacao, 92–94
coffee, 96–98, 240, 280
cotton, 94–96
debt, 276–77
first Portuguese communities, 16
food costs, 64
foreign capital, 215–19
fruit plantations, 61
gold, 49, 56, 137, 202
importation of technology, 278
Indians, 49
iron, 153–56
mining, 52–55
nineteenth century British relations, 178, 193–94, 199–200
petroleum, 161–62
rubber, 61, 87–91
slavery, 52–55, 86
soil ravagement, 61–65
sugar, 60–62
textiles, 178
U.S. control of minerals, 135–39, 153–54
Volkswagen production in, 269–70
wages and prices, 279–80
Brecht, Bertolt, 274
Britain. See England
British Petroleum (Anglo-Iranian), 158
Brizola, Leonel, 154
Bueno do Prado, Bartolomeu, 84
Butler, Smedley D., 108
Cacao (chocolate), 31, 61, 79, 80, 91–94, 166
Cairú, Viscount de, 202
Caldera, Rafael, 169
Calderón, Francisco García, 90n
Calvinism, 24
Cámpora, Héctor, 272
Campos, Roberto, 212, 220n, 225, 228
Canada, 95
Canary Islands, 59
Canning, George, 173
Capital: import and export, 225–27. See also Banking; Direct foreign investments; Loans
Capoche, Luis, 39, 40
Caracas (Venezuela), 61, 91
Carca Indians, 47
Cárdenas, Lázaro, 124, 125, 159–60, 210, 211
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 213
Cardozo, Efraím, 192
Carpentier, Alejo, 66n
Carranza, Venustiano, 123, 124
Carter, Jimmy, 273
Castillo Armas, Rodolfo, 113, 114
Castro, Fidel, 72, 73, 74, 76, 236
Castro, Josué de, 4
Catholicism. See Roman Catholicism
Cattle, 65, 91
Censorship, 284
Central America: effects of world market on, 105–7
fruit plantations, 61, 100. See also specific countries
Central American Common Market, 258
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 136–37, 272
Cepeda Samudio, Alvaro, 109n
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, 26–27
Ceylon, 89
Chaco War, 163
Charles II, 39, 80
Charles III, 47
Charles V, 24, 25, 26, 79, 83
Charruas Indians, 47–48
Chateaubriand, René, 197
Chile, 3, 6, 32, 42, 178, 211n
agrarian reform, 130
American aid to Pinochet, 273
copper, 136, 141, 144–47, 174
debt, 278–79
nitrates, 140–43
Pinochet dictatorship, 270–71, 285
poverty, 282
relations with England, 178–79
repression in, 283
textiles, 176
wages and prices, 279
China, 23
Chocolate. See Cacao
Chrome, 134, 137
CIA, 136–37, 272
Cigars, 176, 177
Citibank, 277
Cities: population growth, 284
poverty in, 248–49
Class: role of national bourgeoisie, 208–15, 224
terrorism and state and, 274–75. See also Labor
Coca (cocaine), 47, 151, 152
Cochineal, 105
Coffee, 61, 79, 80, 88, 209
Brazil, 96, 97–99, 174, 240, 282
prices, 99–102
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 24, 79
Colombia, 42, 48, 100, 211n, 260
civil war, 102–5
coffee, 98–99, 102
labor market and unemployment, 105
petroleum, 242
poverty, 282
Columbus, Christopher, 11, 12, 13–14, 15, 48, 59
Columbus, Diego, 83
Commodities: transport and delivery system, 260–61
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