Commodity fetishism: as symbol of power, 271
Common Market, 240
Copper, 1, 134
Chile, 136, 141, 144–47, 178
Cortés, Hernán, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18–19, 42, 43, 122
Costa Rica, 97
bananas, 106
Cotton, 61, 79, 80, 94–96, 97
Creole Oil Company, 169
Crowder, Enoch, 70
Cruz, Artemio, 125–26
Cuba, 2, 15n, 54n, 270, 280
African cults, 86
changes in economy, 74–78
education, 73
minerals, 72
nickel, 136
petroleum, 159
revolution, 72, 76, 159, 224, 234
slave revolts, 84–85
sugar, 67–78
Currency: disposal by multinational corporations of, 242
Cuzco (Peru), 19, 20, 44, 47
Dantas, Maneca, 93
Davis, Arthur, 137n
Debt: Latin American external, 276–77
Diamonds, 94, 130, 137
Minas Gerais, 54–55, 56
smuggling, 138
Díaz, Porfirio, 120–21, 122
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 13
Direct foreign investments, 215–19, 276
International Monetary Fund, 220–23
Disease, 18, 37, 46–47, 49, 50, 54, 58, 63, 87, 90, 98, 152
Dominican Republic, 59, 61, 65, 77–78, 83
U.S. Marines, 108
Dos Passos, John, 109
Dow Chemical, 215
Dulles, Allen, 74, 113
Dulles, John Foster, 114
Dumont, René, 15n, 48, 64
Dutra, Eurico, 135
Duvalier, Francois, 275
Economic Mission for Latin America (ECLA). See United Nations
Ecuador, 6, 42, 100
agrarian reform, 128
bananas, 61, 110
cacao, 94
poverty, 282
Education: Cuba, 73
higher, 245
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 6, 113, 159
Eisenhower, Milton, 211
Electric Bond and Share, 206, 234, 235
Eliécer Gaitán, Jorge, 103
Elizabeth I, 26, 80
El Salvador, 6, 97, 98, 107, 111
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 203
Emmanuel, Arghiri, 238
Engels, Frederick, 38
England, 6
Brazilian gold, 55–57
cacao, 93–94
coffee, 105
commerce with Latin America, 173–75
cotton, 94
exports, 26, 177–78
Industrial Revolution, 173–74
industry, 60, 173–79
loans to Latin America, 197–200
Methuen Treaty, 55
ninteenth century Argentine relations, 174–78, 185
nineteenth century Brazilian relations, 178, 193–94, 199–200
protectionism, 200–4
slave trade, 79–82
Estrada Palma, Tomás, 72
Export-Import Bank (Eximbank), 228, 229
External debt, 276–77
Exxon. See Standard Oil of New Jersey
Family planning, 5, 138
Ferdinand (King of Aragon), 12, 25
Ferré Pedro, 184
Ferreira Machado, Simão, 52
Firestone, 270
Flores, Edmundo, 125
Ford, Henry, II, 253
Ford Foundation, 6
Foreign aid: United States, 227–36
Foreign capital. See Direct foreign investments
Foreign investments. See Direct foreign investments
Fortune, 254
Fraginals, Manuel Moreno, 67
France, 4, 28, 60, 136
Francia, Gaspar Rodríguez de, 188–89
Francisco Sugar Company, 74
Franco, Francisco, 25
Frank, Andre Gunder, 31–32, 250
Free trade and protectionism, 179–82, 200–4
IMF and, 220–23
market inequality and, 237–43
nineteenth century, 175–82
Frei, Eduardo, 130
Fuentes, Carlos, 125–26
Fuentes, Miguel Ydígoras, 77, 231
Furtado, Celso, 30, 56, 198, 241
García, Antonio, 242
García, Gregorio, 41
Garmendia, Salvador, 170
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 239
General Motors, 276
Ginés de Sepúlveda, Juan, 41
Gold, 1, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18–20, 24, 29, 37, 60, 144
Brazilian, 49, 56, 130, 137
Mexican exports, 36
Minas Gerais, 51–58
Nicaraguan, 47
Gómez, Juan Vicente, 168
Good Neighbor policy, 110–11
Goodyear, Charles, 88
Gordon, Lincoln, 272
Goulart, Jango, 272
Goulart, João, 135, 212, 217
Grant, Ulysses S., 200, 204
Great Britain. See England
Guadeloupe, 59, 65
Guanajuato (Mexico), 36–37, 60
Guano, 139–41, 174. See also Nitrates
Guaraní Indians, 190n
Guatemala, 7, 19, 77, 112, 206, 231
agricultural exports, 280
bananas, 106, 108
coffee, 97, 98
cotton, 95
Indians, 50
years of violence, 113–15
Guevara, Ernesto Che, 70, 78, 124, 136
Guinea, 83
Gulf Oil Company, 158, 163–64, 166, 168, 268
Guyana (British Guiana), 136–37
Gypsum, 137
Haiti, 2, 6, 12–13, 15, 59, 60, 65, 108
coffee, 97, 98
poverty, 275
revolution, 66
slave settlement, 83
voodoo, 86
Hamilton, Alexander, 202
Hancock, Thomas, 88
Hanna Mining Company, 57, 135, 154–56
Harvey, Robert, 141
Hawkins, John, 80
Hearst, William Randolph, 121n
Hematite, 137
Hemo Caribbean, 270
Henequen, 61, 121
Henry VIII, 26
Hernández Martínez, Maximiliano, 110, 111–12
Hidalgo, Miguel, 46, 116, 120
Hides, 174, 186
Holland, 56
cacao, 94
Dutch Guiana, 83–84
industry, 60
slave revolts, 83–84
slave trade, 56, 62, 80
Holy Inquisition, 12, 24
Homestead Act (1862), 131
Honduras, 106, 107, 108, 110
poverty, 282
Huayna Cápaj, 21
Huerta, Victoriano, 122–23
Humboldt, Alexander von, 8, 31, 36–37, 45, 175, 180
Humphrey, George, 154
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
Imperialism: early twentieth century nature of, 205
foreign banking, 223–27
International Monetary Fund, 220–23
role of national bourgeoisie, 215–19, 222
technocracy, 227–36
technology and, 243–47
Incas, 15, 16, 17, 21, 42, 43, 44
Indians, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38–50, 98, 111
Peru, 116
Veracruz, 19. See also specific Indians
Indigo, 91, 102, 105, 133
Indonesia, 28
Industrialization: labor force, 247–51
and market inequality, 237–43
Industrial Revolution, 173–74
Inquisition. See Holy Inquisition
Inter-American Committee for Agricultural Development, 96
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 152, 160, 228, 229–30
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 228
International Coffee Agreement, 100
&nbs
p; International Labor Organization (ILO), 282
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 7, 209, 219–23, 273, 277. See also World Bank
International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), 206, 233n
Investments. See Direct foreign investments
Iron, 1, 57, 134, 135, 153–56
Isabella (Queen of Castile), 12, 16, 25
Jagan, Cheddi, 136
Jamaica, 14, 59, 66, 82
James, William, 108
Japan, 6, 11
Jesuit missions, 190
Jesus, Maria Carolina de, 281–83
Jews, 12, 18, 25, 41
Johnson, Lyndon B., 6, 78n, 136, 155, 195, 228, 231
Keith, Minor, 109
Kennecott Wire and Cable Company, 144, 145
Kennedy, John F., 226n
Kirkland, Edward, 201
Kissinger, Henry, 272
Kruel, Riograndino, 138–39
Labor: exploitation, 277
labor force, 247–57
miners, 147–53
prices and wages, 279–81
strikes, 285
Lacerda, Carlos, 231
Lane, Arthur Bliss, 111
Language: and political discourse, 266
Latin American Free Trade Area (LAFTA), 252–58
Lead, 136
Leeward Islands, 65, 66
Lenin, V.I., 205, 226
Letelier, Orlando, 272–73
Lisboa, Antonio Francisco (Aleijadinho), 57–58
List, Friedrich, 179
Loans, 227–29, 232, 234–35
railroads and, 197–200. See also Banking
López, Carlos Antonio, 189
López, Francisco Solano, 189, 192, 193
Louis XIV, 79
McCloy, John J., 235
McKinley, William, 71–72
McNamara, Robert, 5, 273
Magellan, Ferdinand, 14, 16
Magnetite, 137
Malaria, 50, 87
Malaya, 89
Manganese, 134, 135, 154
Mann, Thomas, 231
Mariátegui, José Carlos, 95, 140, 141
Market: cheap labor for, 275
industrialization and inequality of, 237–43
monopoly capital and, 267–68
prices and wages, 279–81
Martí, José, 69, 70
Marx, Karl, 28, 65, 180
Mayas, 17, 18, 43, 48, 50, 121
Meat industry, 1, 65, 68, 69
Médicis, Lorenzo de, 14
Melchor de Jovellanos, Gaspar, 118
Melville, Thomas, 114
Méndez Montenegro, Julio César, 112
Mercury, 32, 39, 40, 137
Mexico, 4, 13, 14, 15, 32, 38, 36–37, 41, 46, 48, 116, 208, 210, 226
agrarian reform, 120
agricultural exports, 280
cotton, 94, 95, 96
debt, 276–77
foreign capital, 218–19
importation of technology, 278
petroleum, 159–60
poverty, 282
sulphur, 136n
textiles, 175, 181–82
Middle East, 157
Minas Gerais (Brazil), 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 135–36, 154, 155
Minerals: mining industry, 147–53
United States need for, 134–35, 137–38. See also specific minerals
Mitre, Bartolomé, 191, 192, 193
Molybdenum, 145
Montezuma, 15, 17, 18, 19
Montoneros, 182–87
Morelos, José María, 46, 116
Moscoso, Teodoro, 231
National City Bank, 108, 196
National Sugar Refining Company, 77n
Natural gas, 156
Netherlands. See Holland
New York Times, 148n
Nicaragua, 47, 95, 107, 110, 270
Nickel, 75, 134, 136
Nieto Arteta, Luis Eduardo, 102, 104
Niobium, 139
Nitrates, 3, 139–44, 174. See also guano
Nixon, Richard M., 3, 5, 229
North, John Thomas, 141, 142
OAS. See Organization of American States
Oil. See Petroleum
Onganía, Juan Carlos, 128–29
Open Veins of Latin America: aftermath of publication, 267
Opium War, 194
Organization of American States (OAS), 3, 78, 113, 114, 206, 223, 229, 230–31
Ouro Prêto (Brazil), 51, 55, 60
Ovando, Alfredo, 163, 164
Palmer, Bruce, 77
Panama, 107, 108, 109, 270
debt, 277
Pan-American Coffee Bureau, 99n
Paraguay, 6, 42, 61, 118
cotton, 95
move for independence, 188–97
petroleum, 163
Parsons and Whittemore, 270
Patents, 244
Patiño, Antenor, 148
Patiño, Simon Ituri, 147
Patman, Wright, 243
Pearls, 11–12, 14
Pedro II, 93, 195
Pemex (Petróleos Mexicanos), 160
Peñaloza, “El Chacho,” 187
Pepina y Pibernat, Juan, 85
Pepper, 12, 14
Pérez Alfonso, Juan Pablo, 269
Pérez de Holguin, Melchor, 33
Pérez Jiménez, Marcos, 169
Perón, Juan Domingo, 129, 162, 210–11, 273
Peru, 6, 20, 31, 32, 45, 269, 279
cotton, 95–96
debt, 277
guano, 139–40
Indians, 115
minerals, 136
nitrates, 139–44, 175
petroleum, 136
poverty, 282
sugar, 59, 61
textiles, 175–76
Petrobras, 161–62
Petroleos de Venezuela, 268
Petroleum, 1, 3, 96, 156–70, 270
Argentina, 136, 162
Bolivia, 163–64
Brazil, 161–62
Colombia, 160, 242
Cuba, 159
Mexico, 160–61
Middle East, 157
Paraguay, 163
Peru, 136
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