Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent

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Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent Page 42

by Eduardo Galeano


  United States, 157–69, 217–18, 243

  Uruguay, 160–61

  Venezuela, 92, 136, 157, 159, 165–70

  Philippines, 23, 71

  Philip II, 24, 25, 26, 38

  Philip III, 39

  Philip IV, 27, 39

  Pinochet, Augusto, 270–71, 273, 274, 285

  Pizarro, Francisco, 15, 16, 19, 20, 35, 45

  Plan de Ayala, 122–23

  Plasmaféresis, 272

  Polo, Marco, 11–12

  Portugal, 15, 29, 38, 56, 61, 84, 117, 132

  Methuen Treaty, 55

  slave trade, 79

  Potosí (Bolivia), 14, 20–22, 46, 53, 56, 60, 140, 166

  coca, 47

  development, 20–22

  Indians, 39–40

  ruin of, 31–37

  Poverty: statistics, 282

  urban, 250–51

  Prebisch, Raú, 246, 254–55

  Prices: wages and, 279–81

  Priestley, J.B., 88

  Protectionism. See Free trade and protectionism

  Protestantism, 25

  Puerto Rico, 59, 65, 71

  Pyrochlore, 139

  Quadros, Jânio, 135

  Quinine, 102

  Railroads, 199–202

  Raleigh, Walter, 14

  Reader’s Digest, 105n, 112

  Repression: endemic nature of, 283–84

  Restrepo, Lleras, 99

  Ribeiro, Darcy, 18, 44, 131, 279

  Rockefeller, David, 232

  Rockefeller, Nelson, 159, 229

  Rockefeller, Peggy, 232–33

  Rockefeller family: Foundation, 6

  oil interests, 158, 215

  Rodríguez de Campomames, Pedro, 118

  Roman Catholicism, 12, 25, 30, 31

  in Brazil, 53, 86

  fees, 67

  land ownership in Mexico, 31

  Mayan religion and, 50

  Potosi, 33–35

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 107

  Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 185–86, 191

  Royal African Company, 80

  Royal Dutch/Shell. See Shell Oil Company

  Rubber, 3, 49, 61, 86, 87–91

  Salt, 12, 29

  Saltpeter, 139

  Sandino, Augusto César, 110–11

  San Salvador, 13

  Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), 59, 61, 65, 78, 83

  Sanz de Santamaría, Carlos, 228

  Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 187

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 73

  Schilling, Paulo, 128

  Schnerb, Robert, 198

  Shell Oil Company, 157–60, 166, 268

  Shipping, 260–61

  Silver, 29

  Amazonian, 137

  Andean altiplano, 15

  Bolivian, 14, 20–22, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 44, 136, 145

  German, 36

  Mexican, 14–15, 22, 37

  Slaves, 30, 31, 34, 38, 48, 52, 53–54

  Central America, 107

  cotton plantations, 94

  revolts, 83

  sugar plantations, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 79

  Slave trade, 28

  Angola-Brazil, 54

  Dutch, 56, 62, 80

  English, 56, 79–82, 174

  French, 28

  Guinea-Brazil, 54

  sugar plantation, 79

  United States, 202

  Smith, Adam, 79, 180

  Smith, Earl, 72

  Smith, Walter Bedell, 113

  Solano López, Francisco, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195

  Somoza, Anastasio, 110–11, 270

  South Sea Company, 80

  Soviet Union, 75n, 159, 160, 209

  Spain, 12, 15, 22–28, 29, 115, 132

  Spices, 12, 14

  Standard Oil of California, 158, 162

  Standard Oil of New Jersey (Exxon), 136, 157–61, 162, 165–66, 168, 268

  Standard Oil of New York (Mobil), 158

  State: terrorism and, 274–75

  Strikes, 285

  Stroessner, Alfredo, 194, 195, 196

  Sugar, 3, 29, 109

  Brazil, 50, 52, 54, 56, 61–65, 130

  Caribbean, 65–67

  Cuba, 67–78, 176

  development, 59–61

  “sugar islands,” 65

  Sulphur, 136n

  Sweezy, Paul, 226, 267

  Taft, William H., 107

  Tantalite, 137, 139

  Taxes, 1, 157, 165, 168, 174, 239

  Technocrats, 227–37

  Technology: dependency, 277–78

  foreign ownership and control, 243–47

  Tenochtitlán, 19, 44

  Terrorism: state and class and, 274–75

  in system of repression, 283–84

  Texaco, 158, 161, 166

  Textiles, 175–78, 201, 239

  Thorium, 137, 138

  Thornton, Edward, 191, 192

  Timber, 51, 68

  Tin, 33, 147–52

  Tires, 88

  Titanium, 137

  Tobacco, 54, 68, 67, 79, 91, 102

  Torres, Juan José, 274

  Torture, 283–84

  Toussaint L’Ouverture, 66

  Transport system: for commodities, 250–61

  Trías, Vivian, 186

  Trinidad-Tobago, 65, 174

  Triple Alliance, 188, 195, 197, 200

  Tupac Amaru, 44–45

  Turner, John Kenneth, 121

  Ubico Castañeda, Jorge, 110, 112–13, 114

  Underdevelopment, 245, 285

  Union Carbide, 217

  United Fruit Company, 100, 106, 108–10, 206

  United Nations, 3

  Economic Mission for Latin America (ECLA), 93, 101, 207, 216, 251n, 278

  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 64

  UNESCO, 73

  United States, 4–8, 49, 261

  cacao, 93

  and Central America, 107–10, 113–14

  CIA, 136–37

  coffee, 100–101, 105, 110

  cotton, 95

  and Cuba, 70–75, 77

  family planning, 5

  foreign aid, 228–29

  foreign banking, 223–27

  and Haiti, 66

  industrial development, 202–4

  investments, 205–10, 218–19, 276

  and LAFTA, 252–58

  Latin American interventions, 272–73

  Marine Corps, 77, 111, 123

  and Mexico, 121

  mineral imports, 134–38, 144–46, 149, 153–56

  mineral need, 134–35, 137–38

  petroleum, 157–69

  protectionism, 200–4

  railroads, 106

  shipping, 202–3

  slavery, 79

  technology investment and development, 245

  textiles, 202–3

  westward expansion, 131–32

  U.S. Steel, 91, 153

  Uranium, 139

  Uruguay, 6–7, 48, 128, 188, 191, 211, 230n

  agrarian reform, 117–20

  debt, 276–77

  military and police budget, 271

  petroleum, 160–61

  repression in, 283, 284

  rice, 95

  wages and prices, 279

  Varela, Felipe, 184

  Vargas, Getulio, 99, 154, 210–13, 216n

  Velasco Alvarado, Juan, 95, 136, 164, 220n, 269

  Venezuela, 6, 14, 31

  agrarian reform, 128

  cacao, 91

  imports, 268–69

  Indians, 49

  iron, 153–56

  nationalization of oil, 268

  petroleum, 91, 136, 157, 159, 165–70

  Vespucci, Amerigo, 14

  Videla, Jorge, 273, 275, 276

  Vietnam, 6

  Villa, Francisco (“Pancho”), 123

  Vinhas de Queiroz, Mauricio, 216

  Volkswagen: Brazilian production, 267–68, 279

  Wages, 250, 251

  prices and, 279–81

  Walker, William
, 107

  Walsh, Rodolfo, 276

  War of the Triple Alliance, 188–97

  Washington, George, 203

  Washington Post, 115

  Watt, James, 81, 94

  Webb, James Watson, 178

  West Germany, 4, 93

  West Indies, 65

  Wickham, Henry, 89

  Wilhelm (Kaiser), 274

  Wilson, Henry Lane, 123

  Wilson, Woodrow, 2

  Wood, Leonard, 71

  Woods, George D., 235

  Working class. See Class; Labor

  World Bank, 5–6, 221, 235–36, 239, 273. See also International Monetary Fund

  World Coffee Information Center, 100

  World Market, 237–43

  Yaqui Indians, 48, 61, 121

  Yucatán (Mexico), 48, 61, 121

  Zander, Arnold, 136

  Zapata, Emiliano, 120, 122–24

  Zavala, Maza, 126

  Zavaleta, René, 163

  Zinc, 134, 136, 137

  Zuazo, Alonso, 83

  Zumbi (Indian chief), 84

 

 

 


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