James Madison: A Life Reconsidered

by Lynne Cheney

  38.Paul Johnson, Napoleon, 134–35, 142–43.

  39.Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:21, 53–54; Slosberg, “Site Lines.”

  40.Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:26–27.

  41.Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 380–85; Henry Adams, Madison, 878–80; Annals, 13th Cong., 2nd sess., 1965, April 6, 1814.

  42.Brant, Madison, 6:255; Madison, Letters and Other Writings, 3:401, to Armstrong, May 24, 1814, postscript May 25, 1814.

  43.Skeen, John Armstrong Jr., 140; Madison, Letters and Other Writings, 3:373–85, “Review of a Statement Attributed to General John Armstrong”; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 398–99.

  44.Gallatin, Writings, 1:602, to William Crawford, April 21, 1814; 1:612, Gallatin and Bayard to Monroe, May 6, 1814; Madison, Writings, 8:281, Cabinet Memorandum, June 27, 1814; Brant, Madison, 6:268.

  45.Hickey, War of 1812, 187–90, 193; Pitch, Burning of Washington, 29, 180; Powell, “Some Unpublished Correspondence of John Adams and Richard Rush, 1811–1816, II,” PMHB, Jan. 1937, 52; ASP-MA, 1:540, from Jones, Oct. 31, 1814; 1:541, from Richard Rush, Oct. 15, 1814; 1:538, letter of Armstrong, Oct. 17, 1814.

  46.ASP-MA, 1:541, from Rush, Oct. 15, 1814; 1:524, proceedings of the cabinet, July 1, 1814.

  47.Henry Adams, Madison, 996; ASP-MA, 1:554, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814.

  48.Winder, Remarks on a Pamphlet, 12–13; National Archives, Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, RG 107, 7:253–54, Armstrong to Moses Porter, July 16, 1814; ASP-MA, 1:531, recapitulation.

  49.Skeen, John Armstrong Jr., 20; Madison, Writings, 8:287–90, to Armstrong, Aug. 13, 1814.

  50.LC-JM, to Armstrong, Aug. 16, 1814; PDM, to Gallatin, July 28, 1814; ASP-MA, 1:581, General Van Ness’s statement, Nov. 23, 1814.

  51.ASP-MA, 1:536, letter of Monroe, Nov. 13, 1814; 1:537, Monroe to Madison, Aug. 21, 1814; Madison, Writings, 8:291, to Monroe, Aug. 21, 1814.

  52.ASP-MA, 1:527, correspondence of Monroe with the governors; 1:563, General W. Smith’s statement, Oct. 6, 1814; 1:555, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814.

  53.ASP-MA, 1:527, correspondence of Monroe with the governors; 1:555, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814.

  54.PDM, to Lucy Todd, Aug. 23, 1814; Hildt, “Letters Relating to the Capture of Washington,” 65.

  55.PDM, from Madison, Aug. 23, 1814; ASP-MA, 1:555, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814; McKenney, Reply to Kosciusko Armstrong’s Assault, 25–26; ASP-MA, 1:563, General W. Smith’s statement, Oct. 6, 1814.

  56.PDM, from James Madison, Aug. 23, 1814; ASP-MA, 1:571, Lieutenant Colonel J. Lavall’s statement, Oct. 31, 1814.

  57.Armstrong, Review of T. L. McKenney’s Narrative, 5; ASP-MA, 1:556, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814.

  58.Pitch, Burning of Washington, 21, 56; James Scott, Recollections of a Naval Life, 3:283–84.

  59.McKenney, Reply to Kosciusko Armstrong’s Assault, 23; Madison, Writings, 8:290, to Armstrong, Aug. 13, 1814.

  60.PDM, to Lucy Todd, Aug. 23, 1814.

  Chapter 17: TRIAL BY FIRE

  1.ASP-MA, 1:568–69, Colonel George Minor’s statement.

  2.ASP-MA, 1:556–57, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814; 1:529, correspondence of James Monroe with the governors; 1:560, General Stansbury’s report, Nov. 15, 1814.

  3.ASP-MA, 1:539, Monroe to Madison, Aug. 23, 1814.

  4.Madison, Writings, 8:294–95, memorandum, Aug. 24, 1814; ASP-MA, 1:570, Lieutenant Colonel J. Lavall’s statement, Oct. 31, 1814.

  5.Madison, Writings, 8:295, memorandum, Aug. 24, 1814.

  6.Ibid., 295–96.

  7.ASP-MA, 1:596, William Simmons’s letter, Nov. 28, 1814; Madison, Writings, 8:296–97, memorandum, Aug. 24, 1814.

  8.ASP-MA, 1:584, Dr. Catlett’s statement; Madison, Writings, 8:297, memorandum, Aug. 24, 1814; ASP-MA, 1:565, General W. Smith’s statement, Oct. 6, 1814; 1:537, letter of Colonel Monroe, Nov. 13, 1814.

  9.ASP-MA, 1:565, General W. Smith’s statement, Oct. 6, 1814; Madison, Writings, 8:297 and n1, memorandum, Aug. 24, 1814.

  10.ASP-MA, 1:548, Wm. H. Winder to John Armstrong, Aug. 27, 1814; 1:579–80, Barney to W. Jones, Aug. 29, 1814.

  11.PDM, to Lucy Todd, Aug. 23, 1814.

  12.Jennings, Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison, 10–11; PDM, to Lucy Todd, Aug. 23, 1814; to Mary Latrobe, Dec. 3, 1814.

  13.Madison, Writings, 8:297n1, memorandum, Aug. 24, 1814; PDM, to Lucy Todd, Aug. 23, 1814; Foreign Affairs, Political Correspondence, Paris–United States, Louis Sérurier to Talleyrand, Aug. 27, 1814.

  14.Williams, History of the Invasion and Capture of Washington, 274–75.

  15.Cutts, Queen of America, 125; Cazenove Gardner Lee, Lee Chronicle, 291, 297. The president’s stay at Salona, largely based on tradition, gains some support from Matilda Lee Love’s memory that Madison “had gone farther up the country.” See Lee Chronicle, 291, and Herrick, August 24, 1814, 107–8; Pitch, Burning of Washington, 42–43, 101–3, 127–28.

  16.Dietsch, “Brookeville’s James Madison House”; Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years, 107.

  17.Pitch, Burning of Washington, 162; PDM, from James Madison, Aug. 27, 1814.

  18.Hickey, War of 1812, 209; Thornton, “Diary,” 177–78; PDM, from James Madison, Aug. 28, 1814; Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years, 110. Fort Warburton, it would turn out, had been blown up by its commander, who was subsequently discharged from the army.

  19.LC-JM, “James Monroe’s Notes Regarding the Burning of the Capitol,” Aug. 1814; Brant, Madison, 6:312; Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years, 109.

  20.LC-JM, “James Monroe’s Notes Regarding the Burning of the Capitol”; Thornton, “Diary,” 177–78.

  21.McKenney, Reply to Kosciusko Armstrong’s Assault, 6; Madison, Writings, 8:300–302, memorandum, Aug. 29, 1814.

  22.Madison, Writings, 8:302–4, memorandum, Aug. 29, 1814.

  23.Henry Adams, Madison, 1027–30; Hickey, War of 1812, 210–11; Lossing, Pictorial Field-Book, 951.

  24.Hickey, War of 1812, 211–13.

  25.Ibid. 197–98; Henry Adams, Madison, 985–86.

  26.Henry Adams, Madison, 978; Hickey, War of 1812, 196–99.

  27.Madison, Writings, 8:306–12, “Sixth Annual Message,” Sept. 20, 1814.

  28.Madison, Writings, 8:315–16, to Jefferson, Oct. 10, 1814; Gallatin, Writings, 1:637–38, to Monroe, Aug. 20, 1814; Kennedy, Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt, 1:381, to Mrs. Wirt, Oct. 14, 1814; PDM, to Hannah Gallatin, Dec. 29, 1814.

  29.Pitch, Burning of Washington, 223–25; Annals, 13th Cong., 3rd sess., 320, 396, Sept. 26 and Oct. 15, 1814; Kennedy, Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt, 1:381, to Mrs. Wirt, Oct. 14, 1814.

  30.Kennedy, Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt, 1:381, to Mrs. Wirt, Oct. 14, 1814; Henry Adams, Madison, 1066–67; Hickey, War of 1812, 275–77.

  31.“Elbridge Gerry, 5th Vice President (1813–1814),” U.S. Senate, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Elbridge_Gerry.htm; LC-JM, from Carey, Oct. 30, 1814.

  32.LC-JM, ser. 2, from Nicholas, Nov. 11, 1814; Madison, Writings, 8:319, to Nicholas, Nov. 26, 1814; Stagg, War of 1812, 148–49; Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 2:234–35.

  33.Henry Adams, Madison, 1068; Annals, 13th Cong., 3rd sess., 664, Nov. 28, 1814; Federal Republican, Dec. 9, 1814.

  34.ASP-MA, 1:524, 531, “Proceedings of the Cabinet the 1st of July” and “Recapitulation.”

  35.Henry Adams, Madison, 1123; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 489.

  36.PDM, to Gallatin, Dec. 29, 1814.

  37.DHRC, 9:963, Debates, June 5, 1788; “Report and Resolutions of the Hartford Convention,” in Liberty and Order, 343.

  38.PDM, to Gallatin, Jan. 14, 1815; “Events of the War,” 356; Daily National Intelligencer, Feb. 6, 1815.

  39.Daily National Intelligencer, Feb. 6, 1815.

  40.Daily National Intelligencer, Feb. 16, 1815; Morison, Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis
, 2:168.

  41.Stagg, War of 1812, 155; Hickey, War of 1812, 308–9; American State Papers, Indian Affairs, 2:183, “Alteration of the System for Trading with the Indians,” Dec. 5, 1818.

  42.Hugh Gray, “Necessity and Expediency of Peace with America,” in Selections from the “Edinburgh Review,” 4:242, 246–47.

  43.Henry Adams, Madison, 1211–12.

  44.Powell, “Some Unpublished Correspondence of John Adams and Richard Rush,” PMHB, Oct. 1936, 454.

  45.Madison, Writings, 8:324–26, “Special Message to Congress,” Feb. 18, 1815.

  46.Barry, “Letters,” 237; PDM, to Gallatin, March 5, 1815.

  47.“Jefferson’s Library,” Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jefflib.html; Adams-Jefferson Letters, 443, Jefferson to Adams, June 10, 1815.

  48.Moffatt and Carrière, “Frenchman Visits Norfolk, Fredericksburg, and Orange County, 1816,” 199, 212; PDM, to Hannah Gallatin, May 22, 1814; to John Payne Todd, Aug. 6, 1814; Gallatin, Writings, 1:651, to Madison, Sept. 4, 1815; PDM, to Hannah Gallatin, Aug. 7, 1815.

  49.Madison, Writings, 8:335, 338–39, “Seventh Annual Message,” Dec. 5, 1815; Madison, Letters and Other Writings, 4:183–87, to Ingersoll, June 25, 1831.

  50.Randolph Papers, John Randolph–J. M. Garnett Letterbook, Randolph to Garnett, Feb. 2, 1816.

  51.PDM, to Anna Cutts, July 5, 1816; Ingersoll Papers, from Rush, Oct. 9, 1816.

  52.Moffatt and Carrière, “Frenchman Visits Norfolk, Fredericksburg, and Orange County, 1816,” 198–202, 211–12.

  53.LC-JM, from Delaplaine, Jan. 31 and Feb. 26, 1816; De Coppet Collection, Madison to Delaplaine, memo, Sept. 1816.

  54.PMC, 1:52, “Notes on Commentary on the Bible,” 1770–1773; 1:7, “Commonplace Book,” 1759–1772.

  55.Madison, Writings, 8:383–84, “Eighth Annual Message,” Dec. 3, 1816.

  56.Ibid., 379; Annals, 14th Cong., 2nd sess., 212, March 3, 1817; PMC, 14:180, to Lee, Jan. 1, 1792.

  57.Brant, Madison, 6:419; Daily National Intelligencer, March 10, 1817; Thornton, “Diary,” 177 and n9.

  58.Vile, Constitutional Convention of 1787, 1:lxxii; Ketcham, “Unpublished Sketch of James Madison by James K. Paulding,” 435.

  Chapter 18: THE SAGE OF MONTPELIER

  1.Watts, Republic Reborn, 317.

  2.PMR, 1:263, 270, 283, “Address to the Agricultural Society of Albemarle,” May 12, 1818.

  3.LC-JM, to Rush, July 22, 1823.

  4.PMR, 2:145, from Corbin, Nov. 13, 1820.

  5.Ketcham, Madisons at Montpelier, 37; PMR, 2:161, to Corbin, Nov. 26, 1820.

  6.LC-TJ, to John Holmes, April 22, 1820.

  7.PMR, 2:446–49, “Jonathan Bull and Mary Bull,” 1821.

  8.PMR, 1:468–69, to Robert J. Evans, June 15, 1819; Shulman, “‘Constant Attention,’” 60.

  9.LC-JM, to Robert Walsh Jr., Dec. 22, 1827; from Engelbrecht, Sept. 5, 1825; to Engelbrecht, Oct. 20, 1825.

  10.LC-JM, to Beasley, Nov. 20, 1825; Clarke, Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God, 118.

  11.McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819); LC-JM, to Roane, Sept. 2, 1819; to Stevenson, Nov. 27, 1830.

  12.Mattern and Shulman, Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, 218; Washington Globe, Aug. 12, 1836.

  13.Ketcham, “Unpublished Sketch of James Madison by James K. Paulding,” 435–36; Levasseur, Lafayette in America, 1:225.

  14.Semmes, John H. B. Latrobe and His Times, 240; Moffatt and Carrière, “Frenchman Visits Norfolk, Fredericksburg, and Orange County, 1816,” 202–3; “Mr. Livingston, I Presume?” and “Pan in the Drawing Room,” Montpelier Foundation, http://www.montpelier.org/blog/mr-livingston-i-presume and http://www.montpelier.org/blog/pan-drawing-room.

  15.Slaughter, “Anne Mercer Slaughter,” 35.

  16.Cutts, Queen of America, 154; Ketcham, Madisons at Montpelier, 25–26; Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years, 237.

  17.LC-JM, to W. T. Barry, Aug. 4, 1822.

  18.PDM, from James Madison, Nov. 5, 1824.

  19.Levasseur, Lafayette in America, 1:220–22.

  20.Jefferson, Writings, 15:303, to William Roscoe, Dec. 27, 1820; Republic of Letters, 3:1923, Jefferson to Madison, Feb. 1, 1825; 3:1924–26, Madison to Jefferson, Feb. 8, 1825.

  21.Cutts, Queen of America, 163; Lee Family Papers, B. Miller to Betsey Lee, March 16, 1819.

  22.Ketcham, Madisons at Montpelier, 15–17, 19–20; LC-JM, to Richard Cutts, Jan. 4, 1829; Holly Cowan Shulman, “History, Memory, and Dolley Madison,” in Cutts, Queen of America, 58.

  23.Todd Memorandum Book; PMR, 1:25, “Promissory Note from Richard Cutts,” April 4 and 1, 1817; LC-JM, from Thornton, Sept. 2, 1823; to Walter Jones, Sept. 9, 1828; 2:19–21, “Madison and Richard Cutts’s Financial Difficulties: Editorial Note.”

  24.PMR, 1:25 and n, “Promissory Note from Richard Cutts,” April 4 and 1, 1817; PDM, James Madison to Todd, Nov. 13, 1825.

  25.LC-JM, to Biddle, April 16, 1825; from Biddle, April 26, 1825; to Chester Bailey, 1826; UVA, Papers of the Madison Family, Bache to Madison, June 4, 1827; Madison to Bache, June 8, 1827, letter owned by Robert Shannahan.

  26.Shulman, “‘Constant Attention,’” 47; Coles Papers, Coles to Madison, July 12, 1827; McCoy, Last of the Fathers, 313, 316; Washburne, Sketch of Edward Coles, 238–39.

  27.Ketcham, “Dictates of Conscience,” 52; PMR, 1:505, to Coles, Sept. 3, 1819; Ketcham, Madison, 626; McCoy, Last of the Fathers, 316.

  28.McCoy, Last of the Fathers, 208–12, 217–20.

  29.Republic of Letters, 3:1965–66, Jefferson to Madison, Feb. 17, 1826; Malone, Jefferson, 6:473–75.

  30.Republic of Letters, 3:1967, Madison to Jefferson, Feb. 24, 1826; Ketcham, Madison, 616.

  31.Republic of Letters, 3:1966–68, Jefferson to Madison, Feb. 17, 1826, and Madison to Jefferson, Feb. 24, 1826; LC-JM, from Thomas Jefferson Randolph, July 8, 1826; Jefferson, Works, 12:481, Jefferson’s Will, March 1826.

  32.John Quincy Adams, “First Annual Message,” Dec. 6, 1825, Miller Center, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3514; Republic of Letters, 3:1944–46, “Declaration and Protest.”

  33.Republic of Letters, 3:1947–48, Madison to Jefferson, Dec. 28, 1825; Malone, Jefferson, 6:439n48; Jefferson, Works, 12:424, 426, to Giles, Dec. 26, 1825.

  34.Jefferson, Works, 12:424, to Giles, Dec. 26, 1825; Anderson, William Branch Giles, 222–26.

  35.LC-JM, to Joseph C. Cabell, Dec. 5, 1828; to William C. Rives, Jan. 23, 1829; to Cabell, Sept. 18 and Oct. 5, 1828.

  36.Hunt, John C. Calhoun, 73; Calhoun, “Rough Draft of What Is Called the South Carolina Exposition,” in Union and Liberty, 349–51.

  37.LC-JM, to Coles, Aug. 29, 1834.

  38.Madison, “Speeches Made in the Senate of the United States,” 538.

  39.Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 8, 1829.

  40.LC-JM, to Nicholas P. Trist, Feb. 15, 1830; PMC, 17:187–88, “Virginia Resolutions: Editorial Note”; LC-JM, to Trist, Dec. 1831.

  41.LC-JM, to Trist, May 1832.

  42.Madison, “Speeches Made in the Senate of the United States,” 541–45; Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall, 504–5; PMC, 17:190, “Virginia Resolutions,” Dec. 21, 1798.

  43.See, for example, LC-JM, to Trist, Dec. 1831, and Trist Papers, to Madison, Dec. 14, 1831; LC-JM, to Trist, May 1832.

  44.Clay Papers, from Madison, April 2, 1833; Madison, Writings, 9:525–27, to unknown, 1833.

  45.Clay Papers, from Madison, April 2, 1833; Republic of Letters, 3:2002 and n112, “Advice to My Country,” 1834; Brant, Madison, 6:530–31, 580n12.

  46.PJ, 7:446, 451–52n5, from Madison, Oct. 17, 1784.

  47.Madison, Writings, 2:410, “A Sketch Never Finished nor Applied”; PDM, “James Madison’s Will,” April 15, 1835; Washington Globe, Aug. 12, 1836.

  48.LC-JM, to Coles, Oct. 3, 1834; McCoy, Last of the Fathers, 256–58.

  49.PDM, to Mary Cutts, Oct. 1834; Coles Papers, to Madison, Aug. 17,
Sept. 15, and Oct. 31, 1834; LC-JM, to Coles, Aug. 29 and Oct. 3, 1834.

  50.James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library, Monroe to Madison, April 11, 1831; LC-JM, to Monroe, April 21, 1831.

  51.LC-JM, to Sparks, June 1, 1831; to Le Ray de Chaumont, June 9, 1832; Cutts, Queen of America, 176.

  52.PDM, to Frances Lear, March 1832; Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel, 2:2, 8; PDM, to James Madison, Nov. 1, 1805.

  53.Chernow, Washington, 815, 800.

  54.Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel, 2:4–5.

  55.LC-JM, to R. R. Gurley, Dec. 28, 1831.

  56.Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel, 2:4, 17.

  57.Jennings, Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison, 20–21.

  EPILOGUE

  1.McCoy, Last of the Fathers, 318–22; PDM, editorial note by Amy Larrabee Cotz, “Dolley Madison and the Montpelier Enslaved Community, 1836–1843.”

  2.PDM, “James Madison’s Will,” April 15, 1835; Rives Papers, from George Featherstonhaugh, April 6, 1837.

  3.Mattern and Shulman, Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, 320; Allgor, Perfect Union, 380.

  4.PDM, Holly Shulman, “Widowhood: The Final Years at Montpelier”; to Lucy Todd, Nov. 13, 1842.

  5.Mattern and Shulman, Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, 324.

  6.PDM, to Moncure, Aug. 12, 1844.

  7.Dolley Madison Papers, “Items Extracted from Accounts of Payments and Expenses,” 1845–1848; Mattern and Shulman, Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, 385, to Todd, Sept. 24, 1847.

  8.Mattern and Shulman, Selected Letters of Dolley Payne Madison, 324, 390, to Todd, July 10, 1848.

  9.Ibid., 324–25; Allgor, Perfect Union, 397–99.

  10.“Madison Family Cemetery,” Montpelier Foundation, http://www.montpelier.org/mansion-and-grounds/landscape/madison-family-cemetery.

  11.Kearns Diary, July 1–Aug. 3, 1863.

  12.Farrand, Records, 2:27–28, Madison’s notes, July 17, 1787; PMC, 10:212, to Jefferson, Oct. 24, 1787.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Books

  Adams, Abigail. New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788–1801. Edited by Stewart Mitchill. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947.