The Pilgrim Chronicles

by Rod Gragg

  Acknowledgments

  Authoring a book—especially a history book—is a team effort, and I am very grateful for the team members who helped produce The Pilgrim Chronicles. Special thanks are due to Executive Editor Harry Crocker and Publisher Alex Novak of Regnery History for suggesting this project. My editor, Maria Ruhl, did a phenomenal job of editing, especially in managing the inevitable final crunch. The superb layout is the masterful work of the very talented designer Amber Colleran, and the handsome jacket was done by Mark Bacon. Many thanks are due as well to Alive Communications’ Joel Kneedler, who was my literary agent for this book. My thanks also to the administration of Coastal Carolina University and the CresCom Bank Center for Military & Veterans Studies for the opportunities to research and publish. Special thanks also to English Pilgrim authority Sue Allen for her suggestions, and for her splendid tour of the Pilgrim sites in Great Britain’s East Midlands.

  I’m very grateful to numerous research and archival institutions whose collections aided this work, including Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth, Massachusetts, the British Library and British Museum in London, the Maritime Archaeology Trust in Southampton, the National Archives of Great Britain, the Rijksmuseum of Amsterdam, Boston Public Library, the Manuscripts Division and the Prints and Photographs Division at the Library of Congress, the National Archives, the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Duke University, the New England Historic Genealogical Society, the Massachusetts Historical Society, and Kimbel Library at Coastal Carolina University.

  Thanks too are due to my friend and fellow historian Dr. John Navin. I owe a unique debt to my parents, Skip and Elizabeth Gragg, who sparked my lifelong love of history with many books and road trips, and to my brother Ted, who shared his heart for history with me at an early age. Thanks also to my cousins Bob, Charles, and Tony, and to “Aunty” Delores, who made history exciting for me as a child, and continues to share a love for it.

  I’m also thankful for Connie, Sandra, Martha, Deborah, Margaret, Joe, Jackie, Doug, Tina, John, Gail, Jimmy, Newt, Irena, and Mama-O—and the next generations of history-lovers: Wendy, John, Eddie, Vaughn, Holly, Shelley, Meagan, Chris, Emerson, Riley, Caroline, William, Mary Catherine, Rachel Grace, Clayte, Will, Danielle, Christi, Tommy, Abbey, Shannon, Joseph, Margaret, Sam, and Caleb. I’m always thankful for the prayers and support of my own shipload of pilgrims: Faith, Troy, Rachel, Jay, Elizabeth, Jon, Joni, Penny, Ryan, Skip, Matt, and Miranda—and for Kylah, Sophia, Cody, Jaxon, Gracie, Ashlyn, and Jate. Always, my heartfelt love and appreciation for my book-widow wife, Cindy, who remains the love of my life. Lastly, I remain eternally grateful for the truth of Isaiah 53:5.

  Rod Gragg

  Conway, SC

  Notes

  Chapter One

  “Who Shall Separate Us from the Love of Christ?”

  1.Henry Martyn Dexter, ed., Mourt’s Relation or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth (Boston: John K. Wiggin, 1865), 2; William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647, Samuel Eliot Morison, ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 3–14 (Hereafter referred to as Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation); Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War (New York: Viking Penguin, 2006), 35–36.

  2.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 3–14; David Chandler and Ian Beckett, The Oxford History of the British Army (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 28–29; Leslie Stephens, ed., Dictionary of National Biography (London: Smith, Elder, 1885–1900), 6:161–64; George Bancroft, “The Pilgrim Fathers,” Littell’s Living Age (April–June 1845), 5:73–75; Nick Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and Their World (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 187, 190–96; Statement of Thomas Elvish, May 1608, Her Majesty’s State Papers 14:32:82, National Archives of Great Britain; William Cullen Bryant and Sidney Howard Gay, A Popular History of the United States (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1878), 377; William Bradford, Bradford’s History of the Plymouth Settlement, 1608–1650, Harold Paget, ed. (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1920), 10–13 (Hereafter referred to as Bradford/Paget, Plymouth Plantation).

  3.Henry Martyn Dexter and Morton Dexter, The England and Holland of the Pilgrims (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1905), 341; Christopher Durston and Jacqueline Eales, The Culture of English Puritans, 1560–1700 (New York: Macmillan, 1996), 8, 11; Francis J. Bremer and Tom Webster, eds., Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara: Clio, 2006), 130, 320, 419; Martin Luther, The Works of Martin Luther, Adolph Spaeth, L. D. Reed, and Henry Jacobs, eds. (Philadelphia: J. Holman, 1915), 29–38; Thomas Lindsey, A History of the Reformation (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906), 207; Crane Brinton, John B. Christopher, and Robert Lee Wolfe, A History of Civilization (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1955), 1:203–5; Elias B. Sanford, A History of the Reformation (Hartford: S.S. Scranton, 1917), 80; Jeremy C. Jackson, No Other Foundation: The Church Through Twenty Centuries (Westchester: Cornerstone, 1980), 127–29; Frank Leslie Cross, ed., Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 752–53, 1051; Arthur G. Dickens, The English Reformation (New York: Scribner & Armstrong, 1873), 324; Daniel Neal, The History of the Puritans or Protestant Non-Conformists (Boston: Charles Ewer, 1817), 179–80; Ira M. Price, The Ancestry of Our English Bible: An Account of Manuscripts, Texts and Versions of the Bible (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1956), 240–51; F. L. Cross, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 752–54, 1051; Edward Been Underhill, ed., Tracts on Liberty of Conscience and Persecution, 1614–1661 (London: J. Haddon, 1846): Lii; John Richard Green, History of the English People (London: Macmillan, 1885), 4:191; The Prayer Book of Queen Elizabeth, 1559 (Edinburgh: Grant, 1911).

  4.Mandel Creighton, The Story of Some English Shires (London: Religious Tract Society, 1897), 281; 9–10; Henry Gee and William John Hardy, eds., Documents Illustrative of English Church History (New York: Macmillan, 1896), 460–61; John Gordon Palfrey, History of New England (Boston: Little and Brown, 1899), 1:111–14, 5:61–67; John Hastings, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919): 10: 507; Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson, The Puritans: A Sourcebook of Their Writings (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 6–7; Stephen Monganiello, ed., The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland (Oxford: Scarecrow Press, 2004), 252; Romans 8:28–39, 10:9–15.

  5.Price, Ancestry of the English Bible, 260–70; Brinton, Christopher and Wolff, History of Civilization, 1:591–92; F. F. Bruce, The Books and the Parchments (Westwood: Fleming H. Revell, 1963), 224–25; Bill R. Austin, Austin’s Topical History of Christianity (Wheaton: Tyndale House, 1983), 280–83; Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 859–60 90–120; Dictionary of National Biography: 20: 141–50; John Foxe, Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (Philadelphia: E. Claxton, 1881), 271–81

  Chapter Two

  “Rather than Turn, They Will Burn”

  1.Leslie Stephen, ed., Dictionary of National Biography (London: Macmillan, 1880), 50:5–6, 61:131–35; Geoffrey Treasure, Who’s Who in British History (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998), 1:972; William Ames, The Marrow of Theology (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1997), 155–58.

  2.Gerald Bray, ed., Documents of the English Reformation (Cambridge: James Clarke, 1994), 550–53; Dictionary of National Biography, 7:57–61; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 80–93; William Bradford, A Dialogue: Or, Third Conference between Some Young Men Born in New England and Some Ancient Men Who Came Out of Holland and Old England, John Wilson, ed. (Boston: John Deane, 1870), 51–53; Alexander Young, Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers (Boston: Little and Brown, 1841), 427–28; Ephesians 5:22–33, Proverbs 22:6; John Waddington, John Penry: The Pilgrim Martyr, 1553–1593 (London: W.F.G. Cash, 1854), 35–48, 171–77, 205–10, 282; Benjamin Hanbury, Historical Memorials Relating to the Independents or Congregationalists (London: Fisher and Son, 1839), 1:86.

  3.J. R. Tanner, ed., Constitut
ional Documents of the Reign of James I (London: Bentley House, 1930), 58-65; Pauline Croft, James I (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 100–3, 156–59; George Punchard, History of Congregationalism (Boston: Tappan and Dennet, 1841), 279.

  4.Tanner, ed., Constitutional Documents of the Reign of James I, 58–65; Croft, James I, 100–3, 156–59; Ralph Anthony Houlbrook, ed., James I and VI: Ideas, Authority and Government (Hampshire: Ashgate, 2006), 77–78, 87–91; Anthony Weldon, ed., The Court and Times of James I (London: Henry Colburn, 1849), 2:227–28.

  5.Charles A. Beard, An Introduction to the English Historians (New York: Macmillan, 1908), 337–40; William Barlow, Sum and Substance of the Hampton Court Conference (London: Vance, 1604), 3–4, 7–10, 21–30; Dictionary of National Biography, 3:110–12; Dexter and Dexter, England and Holland of the Pilgrims, 370–73; Henry Morley, A Miscellany Containing Richard of Bury’s Prohibition, the Basilikon Doron of James I (London: George Routledge, 1888).

  Chapter Three

  “They Resolved to Get Over into Holland”

  1.Green, History of the English People, 3:49–53; Alan Haynes, The Gunpowder Plot: Faith in Rebellion, (Dover: Alan Sutton, 1994), 10, 85, 92; Mark Nicholls, Investigating the Gunpowder Plot (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1991), 21, 41; Henry Garnett, Guy Fawkes: An Experiment in Biography (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1962), 79, 100, 174; Dictionary of National Biography: 9:282–84; 18:165–68.

  2.Haynes, Gunpowder Plot, 18, 92; Nicholls, Investigating the Gunpowder Plot, 21, 41; Garnett, Guy Fawkes, 79, 100, 174; Dictionary of National Biography, 9:282–84; 18:165–68; “Civil and Religious Liberty Not Obtained by the Reformation,” Catholic Monthly Intelligencier (January 1817) 5:44:3–5.

  3.William H. Burgess, John Robinson: Pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers (London: Williams and Norgate, 1920): 47–48, 60–63; Dictionary of National Biography, 49:19–22; Dexter and Dexter, England and Holland of the Pilgrims:, 257, 399–400; Bunker, Masking Haste from Babylon, 100–5, 169–73; Patrick Collinson, Richard Bancroft and Elizabethan AntiPuritanism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 6–10; George Stevens, Three Centuries of a City Library (Norwich: Public Library Committee, 1917), ii; George F. Willson, Saints and Strangers: Lives of the Pilgrim Fathers (Kingsport: Kingsport Press, 1945), 55–56, 492; Ephesians 5: 1–2, 11; John Robinson, The Works of John Robinson, Pastor of the Pilgrim Fathers (Boston: Doctrinal Tract and Book Society, 1851), 2:252, 259–75.

  4.Burgess, John Robinson, 60–63; Dictionary of National Biography, 49:19–22; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 14; Robert Tracy McKenzie, The First Thanksgiving: What the Real Story Tells Us About Loving God and Learning From History (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2013), 50–51; Charle Garside, The Origins of Calvin’s Theology of Music, 1536–1543 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1979), 7–8; Timothy George, John Robinson and the English Separatist Tradition (Macon: Mercer University Press, 1982), 148–51; J.C. Addison, The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims (Boston: L.C. Page, 1911), 25; Augustus J. C. Hare, The Story of My Life (London: George Allen, 1900), 5:260; Joseph Hunter, Collections Concerning the Church or Congregation of Separatists Formed at Scrooby in North Nottinghamshire in the Time of King James I (London: John Russell Smith, 1854), 163–73; Benjamin Handbury, Historical Memorials Relating to the Independents or Congregationalists (London: Fisher and Son, 1839), 1:376.

  5.Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1929), 3:29–30; “Scrooby Manor Houses/Farm Houses,” English Heritage Building I.D. 417777, Britishlistedbuilding.co.uk; Jeremy Dupertuis Bangs, Strangers and Pilgrims, Travelers and Sojourners: Leiden and the Foundations of Plymouth Plantation, (Plymouth: General Society of Mayflower Descendants, 2009), 30–33; Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History & People, 1620–1691 (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), 251–52; Burgess, John Robinson, 72–76, 80–81; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 101–3; Caleb Johnson, ed., Of Plymouth Plantation (Bloomington: Xlibris, 2006), 197; Acts 5:27–29; Dexter and Dexter, England and Holland of the Pilgrims, 288–89.

  6.Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 181–88; Dictionary of American Biography, 3:29–30; Dictionary of National Biography, 37:61–67; Alexander Young, ed., Chronicles of the Pilgrims Fathers (Boston: A.C. Little, 1834), 23–24, 32: Robert William Dale, History of English Congregationalism (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1907), 192.

  Chapter Four

  “Butter-Mouths,” “Lubbers,” and “Manifold Temptations”

  1.Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana: An Ecclesiastical History of New England (Hartford: Silas Andras, 1855), 1:109–11; Dictionary of American Biography: 2:559; Gary D. Schmidt, William Bradford: Plymouth’s Faithful Pilgrim (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1999), 3–9; Peggy M. Baker, “Searching for the Promised Land: The Travels and Travails of Richard Clyfton,” Pilgrim Hall Museum website, http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org; I Peter 2:11; Dexter and Dexter, England and Holland of the Pilgrims, 423–30, 446–48; Keith L. Sprunger, Dutch Puritanism: A History of English and Scottish Churches in the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th Centuries (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), 123–25, 134; William Bradford, Bradford’s History of the Plymouth Settlement, 1606–1659, Harold Paget, ed. (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1909), 19–21 (Hereafter referred to as Bradford/Paget, Bradford’s History).

  2.William Brereton, Travels in Holland, England, the United Provinces, Scotland and Ireland (London: Richard Pliner, 1634), 38–48: Dexter and Dexter, England and Holland of the Pilgrims, 491; Dictionary of American Biography, 2:29; Sprunger, Dutch Puritanism, 123–25, 134; Encyclopedia Britannica, 11:375; Register of Decisions of the Burgomasters and Aldermen, 30 October 1608–4 August 1609, Leiden City Archive, Record 501A, Leiden Regional Archive; Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 16–18.

  3.John Abott Goodwin, The Pilgrim Republic: An Historic Review of the Colony of New Plymouth (Boston: Tichnor, 1888), 34, 44; Maaten Prak, The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 15–18; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 18; I Corinthians 2:2; Conveyance from William Bradford to Jan Des Obrys, 19 April 1619, Register of Conveyances, Judicial Archive of Leiden, record number 508; A. J. Barnouw, “Echoes of the Pilgrim Fathers’ Speech,” The Weekly Review, vol. 4, no. 105 (14 May 1921): 466–67; D. Plooij and J. Rendel Harris, eds., Leyden Documents Relating to the Pilgrim Fathers (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1920) 2–14; A. Eekhof, ed., Three Unknown Documents Relating to the Pilgrim Fathers in Holland (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1920), 30; The Mayflower Descendant: A Quarterly Magazine of Pilgrim Genealogy, History and Biography (1907) 9:1:116.

  4.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 25; Dictionary of National Biography, 39:172–73; Fynes Moryson, An Itinerary: Containing His Ten Years Travel Through the Twelve Dominions of Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, Netherland, Denmark, Poland, Italy, Turkey, France, England, Scotland and Ireland (Glascow: MacLahose, 1908), 3:455, 4:469; Gervase Markham, The English Housewife: Containing the Inward and Outward Vertues Which Ought to be in a Compleet Woman (London: Richard Rogers, 1615), 8–16.

  5.Goodwin, Pilgrim Republic, 32-45; Bangs, Strangers and Pilgrims, 527–42; William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647, Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed. (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1912), 53–55 (Hereafter referred to as Bradford/Ford, History of Plymouth Plantation).

  6.Goodwin, Pilgrim Republic, 38–42; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 212–17; Bradford/Paget, Bradford’s History; Bradford/Paget, Plymouth Plantation, 368–71; Burgess, John Robinson, 803, 253–56.

  Chapter Five

  “They Knew They Were Pilgrims”

  1.Dexter and Dexter, England and Holland of the Pilgrims, 423–30, 446–48, 491; Brereton, Travels in Holland, England, 38–48; Dictionary of American Biography, 2:29; Sprunger, Dutch Puritanism, 123–25, 134; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 16–18:

  2.John Navin, “Plymouth Plantation: The
Search for Community on the New England Frontier,” Dissertation (Brandeis University Department of History, 1997),171–72; Goodwin, The Pilgrim Republic, 34, 44; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 18; Dexter and Dexter, England and Holland of the Pilgrims, 423–30, 446–48, 491; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 37–42, 51; Philbrick, Mayflower, 24–26; Dillon, Place of Habitation, 116–17; Nathaniel Morton, New England’s Memorial (Boston: Congregational Board of Publication, 1855), 267–69.

  3.Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 37–42, 51; Philbrick, Mayflower, 24–26; Goodwin, Pilgrim Republic, 32–45; Bangs, Strangers and Pilgrims, 527–42; Bradford/Ford, History of Plymouth Plantation, 1:115–17.

  4.Dexter and Dexter, England and Holland of the Pilgrims, 446–48, 491; Philbrick, Mayflower, 24–26; Dillon, Place of Habitation, 116–17; I Peter 1:9–11; Ezra 8:21; Arthur Stedman, ed., A Library of American Literature from the Earliest Settlement to the Present time (New York, NY: Charles Webster, 1888), 1:132; Young, Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers, 360–62.

  5.Philbrick, Mayflower, 29–32; Goodwin, The Pilgrim Republic, 34, 44; Dexter and Dexter, England and Holland of the Pilgrims, 446–48, 491; Schmidt, William Bradford: Plymouth’s Faithful Pilgrim; Dillon, Place of Habitation, 121–28; Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Boston: W.P. Lewis, 1832), 9:30–32.

  Chapter Six

  “They Put to Sea Again with a Prosperous Wind”

  1.Bernard B. Woodward, A General History of Hampshire (London: Virtue, 1861), 144–56; Henry John Englefield and John Bular, A Walk Through Southampton: Including a Survey of its Antiquities (London: T. Baker, 1841), 14; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 54–55, 366.