by Greg Marley
7 . Eleanor Shavit and Efrat Shavit, “Lead and Arsenic in Morchella esculenta Fruitbodies Collected in Lead Arsenate Contaminated Apple Orchards in the Northeast United States: A Preliminary Study,” Fungi 3, no. 2 (2010), pp. 11–18. Published online at http://www.fungimag.com/winter-2010-articles/shavit-morels.pdf
8 . David Pilz et al., “Ecology and Management of Morels Harvested from the Forests of Western North America,” USDA General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-710 (2007).
9 . Ibid.
10 . David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986).
11 . Gary Lincoff, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms (New York: Knopf, 1981).
12 . M. Kuo, “Calvatia gigantea,” September 2005. Retrieved from the mushroomexpert.com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/calvatia_gigantea.html
13 . T. J. Volk, “Laetiporus cincinnatus, the White-Pored Chicken of the Woods,” 2001. Retrieved from www.tomvolkfungi.net
14 . Harold Burdsall and Mark Bank, “The Genus Laetiporus in North America.” Harvard Papers in Botany 6, no. 1 (2001), pp. 43–55.
15 . Scott Redhead, “Bully for Coprinus—A Story of Manure, Minutiae, and Molecules,” McIlvainea 14, no. 2 (2001) pp. 5–14.
16 . T. J. Volk, “Coprinus comatus, the Shaggy Mane,” 2004. Retrieved from http://botit.botany . wisc.edu/toms_fungi/may2004.html
Chapter 4
1 . Lorelei Norvell and Judy Roger, “The Oregon Cantharellus Study Project: Pacific Golden Chanterelle Preliminary Observations and Productivity Data (1986–1997), Inoculum 49, no. 2 (1998), p. 40.
2 . D. Pilz, L. Norvell, E. Danell, and R. Molina, “Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms.” Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon (2003), 83 pp.
3 . Ollie Persson, The Chanterelle Book (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1997).
4 . D. Pilz, L. Norvell, E. Danell, and R. Molina, “Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms.” Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon (2003), 83 pp.
5 . Lorelei Norvell and Judy Roger, “The Oregon Cantharellus Study Project: Pacific Golden Chanterelle Preliminary Observations and Productivity Data (1986–1997),” Inoculum 49, no. 2 (1998), p. 40.
6 . D. Pilz, L. Norvell, E. Danell, and R. Molina, “Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms.” Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon (2003), 83 pp.
7 . Eric Boa, Wild Edible Fungi: Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People, FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Report #17 (2004).
8 . Sinclair Tedder and Darcy Mitchel, “The Commercial Harvest of Edible Wild Mushrooms in British Columbia, Canada,” text of paper presented to the XII World Forestry Congress (2003), accessed at: www.fao.org/DOCREP/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0379-B1.HTM
9 . D. Pilz, L. Norvell, E. Danell, and R. Molina, “Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms,” Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon (2003), 83 pp.
Chapter 5
1 . Allan E. Bessette, William C. Roody, and Arlene R. Bessette, North American Boletes (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2000).
2 . Ernst Both, Boletes of North America: A Compendium (Buffalo, N.Y.: Buffalo Society of Natural History, 1993).
3 . Michael W. Beug, Marilyn Shaw, and Kenneth Cochran, “Thirty-Plus Years of Mushrooming Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvainea 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
4 . Jack Czarnecki, Joe’s Book of Mushroom Cookery (New York: Macmillan, 1998).
Chapter 6
1 . M. Kuo, “The Genus Agaricus,” August 2007, retrieved from the mushroomexpert.com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus.html
2 . Agaricus bisporus. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, retrieved June 22, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agaricus_bisporus&oldid=297932208
3 . L. R. Chariton, “Trial Field Key to the Species of Agaricus in the Pacific Northwest,” 1997, retrieved from the Pacific Northwest Key Council Web site on April 1, 2009: http://www.svimsca/council/Agari2.htm.
4 . David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986).
5 . Louis Krieger, The Mushroom Handbook (New York: Dover, 1936, reprinted 1967).
Part III Introduction
1 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
2 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
3 . Michael W. Beug, “NAMA Toxicology Committee Report for 2009; North American Mushroom Poisonings,” McIlvania 20 (unpublished manuscript).
4 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: 2 (2006), pp. 47–68. Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no.
Chapter 7
1 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
2 . Michael W. Beug, “NAMA Toxicology Committee Report for 2006: Recent Mushroom Poisonings in North America,” McIlvainea 17, no. 1 (2007) pp. 63–72.
3 . Eric Boa, “Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People,” FAO Non-Wood Forest Products Report #14, 2004, at http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5489e/y5489e00.htm #TopOfPage, accessed March 2, 2008.
4 . David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, 2nd edition (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986). Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995). Gary Lincoff, The Audubon Field Guide to North American Mushrooms, (New York: Knopf, 1981). “Mushroom poisoning,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, accessed February 26, 2008, at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mushroom_poisoning&oldid=193723564 .
5 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
6 . Louis C. C. Krieger, The Mushroom Handbook (New York: Dover, 1967).
7 . Charles McIlvaine and Robert K. MacAdam, One Thousand American Fungi (New York: Dover, 1973).
8 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995), p. 348.
9 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: WH Freeman, 1995).
10 R. R. Griffiths, W. A. Richards, and R. Jesse McCann, “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” Psychopharmacology 187 (2006), pp. 268–283.
11 . Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1996).
Chapter 8
1 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1995). V. Grimm-Samuel, “On the Mushroom which Deified the Emperor Claudius,” Classical Quarterly 41 (1991), pp. 178–82.
2 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995), p. 200.
3 . Anne Pringle et al., “The Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Amanita phalloides Was Introduced and Is Expanding Its Range on the West Coast of North America,” Molecular Ecology (2009).
4 . Michael Kuo, “Amanita bisporegera” at mushroomexpert.com, http://www.mushroomexpert . com/amanita_bisporigera.html. (October 2003).
5 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
6 . Ibid.
7 . H. Faulstich and T. Zi
lker, “Amatoxins,” in Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment, D. G. Spoerke and B. A. Rumack, eds. (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).
8 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
9 . Michael W. Beug, “Toxicology: Reflections on Mushroom Poisoning in North America,” Fungi 1, no. 2 (2008), pp. 42–44.
10 . P. Hydzik et al., “Liver Albumin Dialysis (MARS) Treatment of Choice in Amanita phalloides Poisoning,” Przegl Lek. 62, no. 6 (2005), pp. 475–9.
11 . Michael W. Beug, “Toxicology: Reflections on Mushroom Poisoning in North America,” Fungi 1, no. 2 (2008), pp. 42–44.
12 . C. Lionte, L. Sorodoc, and V. Simionescu, “Successful Treatment of an Adult with Amanita phalloides-Induced Fulminant Liver Failure with Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS),” Romanian Journal of Gastroenterology 14, no. 3 (1995), pp. 267–71.
13 . Michael W. Beug, “Toxicology: Reflections on Mushroom Poisoning in North America,” Fungi 1, no. 2 (2008), pp. 42–44.
14 . Ibid.
15 . Michael Kuo, 100 Edible Mushrooms (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007).
Chapter 9
1 . Michael Kuo, “Gyromitra: The False Morels,” at mushroomexpert.com, http://www.mushroo-mexpert.com/gyromitra.ht, accessed December 2006.
2 . Ibid.
3 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
4 . John H. Trestrail, III, “Monomethlyhydrazine-Containing Mushrooms—A Form of Gastronomic Roulette,” McIlvainea 11 (1993), pp. 45–50.
5 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
6 . John H. Trestrail, III, “Monomethlyhydrazine-Containing Mushrooms,” in Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment, D. G. Spoerke and B. A. Rumack, eds. (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).
7 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
8 . John H. Trestrail, III, “Monomethlyhydrazine-Containing Mushrooms,” in Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment, D. G. Spoerke and B. A. Rumack, eds. (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).
9 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
10 . John H. Trestrail, III, “Monomethlyhydrazine-Containing Mushrooms,” in Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment, D. G. Spoerke and B. A. Rumack, eds. (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).
11 . Charles McIlvaine and Robert K. MacAdam, One Thousand American Fungi (New York: Dover, 1973).
12 . Louis C. C. Krieger, The Mushroom Handbook (New York: Dover, 1967).
13 . Clyde M. Christensen, Common Edible Mushrooms (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1943).
14 . Rene Pomerleau, Mushrooms of Eastern Canada and the United States (Montreal: Chantecler, 1951).
15 . Orson K. Miller, Mushrooms of North America (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1977).
16 . Gary Lincoff, The Audubon Field Guide to North American Mushrooms (New York: Knopf, 1981). David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, 2nd edition (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986).
17 . John H. Trestrail, III, “Monomethlyhydrazine-Containing Mushrooms,” in Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment, D. G. Spoerke and B. A. Rumack, eds. (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1994).
18 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
19 . Marianna Paavankallio, “False Morels” at Marianna’s Nordic Territory, http://www.dlc.fi/~marian1/gourmet/morel.htm, accessed on March 19, 2010.
20 . Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira, “False Morel Fungi” (2003).
Chapter 10
1 . T. Kato, “An Outbreak of Encephalopathy after Eating Autumn Mushroom (Sugihiratake; Pleurocybella porrigens) in Patients with Renal Failure: A Clinical Analysis of Ten Cases in Yamagata, Japan,” No To Shinkei 56, no. 12 (2004), pp. 999–1007.
2 . David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, 2nd edition (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986).
3 . Hiroshi Akiyama et al., “Determination of Cyanide and Thiocyanate in Sugihiratake Mushroom Using HPLC Method with Fluorometric Detection,” Journal of Health Science 52, no. 1 (2006), pp. 73–77.
4 . H. Sasaki, H. Akiyama, Y. Yoshida, K. Kondo, Y. Amakura, Y. Kasahara, and T. Maitani, “Sugihiratake Mushroom (Angel’s Wing Mushroom)-Induced Cryptogenic Encephalopathy May Involve Vitamin D Analogues,” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29, no. 12 (December 2006), pp. 2514–8.
5 . Tatsuya Nomoto et al., “A Case of Reversible Encephalopathy Accompanied by Demyelination Occurring after Ingestion of Sugihiratake Mushrooms,” Journal of Nippon Medical School 74 (2007), pp. 261–274.
Chapter 11
1 . Larry Beuchat, Food and Beverage Mycology (New York: Springer, 1987), pp. 393–396.
2 . M. Winklemenn, W. Stangel, I. Schedl, and B. Grabensee, “Severe Hemolysis Caused by Antibodies against Mushroom Paxillus involutus and Its Therapy by Plasma Exchange,” Klin Wochenschr 64 (1986), pp. 935–38.
3 . Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
4 . R. Flammer, “Paxillus Syndrome: Immunohemolysis Following Repeated Mushroom Ingestion,” Schweiz. Rundsch. Med. Prax. 74, no. 37 (1985), pp. 997–99.
5 . M. Winklemenn, W. Stangel, I. Schedl, and B. Grabensee, “Severe Hemolysis Caused by Antibodies against Mushroom Paxillus involutus and Its Therapy by Plasma Exchange,” Klin Wochenschr 64 (1986), pp. 935–38. Denis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
6 . Ibid.
7 . Michael W. Beug, M. Shaw, and K.W. Cochran, “Thirty Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry,” McIlvania 16, no. 2 (2006), pp. 47–68.
8 . Charles McIlvaine and Robert K. MacAdam, One Thousand American Fungi (New York: Dover, 1973).
9 . Morten Lange and F. B. Hora, Mushrooms and Toadstools (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1963).
10 . Orson Miller, Mushrooms of North America (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1972).
11 . A. Marchand, Champignons du Nord et du Midi, vol. 2 (Perpignan: Hachette, 1973).
12 . A. H. Smith, The Mushroom Hunter’s Field Guide Revised and Enlarged. (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1974).
13 . R. Haard and K. Haard, Poisonous and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms, 2nd edition (Seattle: Homestead Book, 1977).
14 . Gary Lincoff, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms (New York: Knopf, 1981).
15 . A. M. Young, Common Australian Fungi (Sydney: UNSW University Press, 1982).
16 . D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1986).
17 . A. Bessette and W. J. Sundberg, Mushrooms: A Quick Reference Guide to Mushrooms of North America (New York: Collier Macmillan, 1987)
18 . Luigi Fenaroli, Funghi (Firenze: Giunti, 1998).
Part IV Introduction
1 . Paul Stamets, Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press, 1996).
2 . Lester Grinspoon and James B. Bakalar, “The Psychedelic Drug Therapies,” Current Psychiatric Therapies 20 (1981), pp. 275–83.
3 . Peter T. Furst, Hallucinogens and Culture (Novato, Calif.: Chandler and Sharp, 1976).
4 . C. A. P. Ruck, J. Bigwood, D. Staples, J. Ott, and G. Wasson, “Entheogens,” The Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 2, nos. 1-2 (1979).
5 . Ibid.
6 . Stanislav Grof, “The Potential of Entheogens as Catalysts of Spiritual Development,” in Psychoactive Sacramentals: Essays on Entheogens and Religion, Thomas B. Roberts, ed. (San Francisco: Council on Spiritual Practices, 2001).
Chapter 12
1 . U. Hoffman and M. Hoffman, “Der Fliegenpilz: An Oral History and Intergenerational Dialog,” Entheo 1 (2001), accessed online www.entheomed
ia.org on May 15, 2009.
2 . Rangifer.net, “Human Role in Reindeer/Caribou Systems,” accessed at http://www.rangifer.net/rangifer/resresources/biblio.cfm on February 18, 2010.
3 . Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, “From Disgust to Desire: Changing Attitudes toward Beringian Mushrooms,” Economic Botany 62, no. 3 (2008), pp. 214–22.
4 . Brian Inglis, The Forbidden Game: A Social History of Drugs (New York: Charles Scribner, 1975).
5 . Robert C. Hoffman, Postcards from Santa Claus: Sights and Sentiments from the Last Century (Garden City, N.Y.: Square One, 2002).
6 . Gordon Wasson, Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968).
7 . Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, “From Disgust to Desire: Changing Attitudes toward Beringian Mushrooms,” Economic Botany 62, no. 3 (2008), pp. 214–22.
8 . Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, How the Devils Went Deaf: Ethnomycology, Cuisine, and Perception of Landscape in the Russian North, doctoral thesis, University of Alaska, May 2007.
9 . Gary Lincoff, “Is the Fly-Agaric (Amanita muscaria) an Effective Medicinal Mushroom?” Talk given at the 3rd International Medicinal Mushroom Conference (2005). Accessed online at: http://www.nemf.org/files/various/muscaria/fly_agaric_text.html
10 . Gordon Wasson, Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968).
11 . Dead Sea scrolls. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 9, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea_scrolls&oldid=288603346
12 . Tom Robbins, “Superfly: The Toadstool That Conquered the Universe,” High Times, December 1976.
13 . Gordon Wasson, Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968).
14 . Fritz Staal, “How a Psychoactive Substance Becomes Ritual: The Case of SOMA, Social Research (Fall 2001).
15 . Dennis R. Benjamin, Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
16 . Alexander H. Smith, The Mushroom Hunter’s Field Guide (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1963).
17 . William Rubel and David Arora, “A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom, Amanita muscaria as an Example,” Journal of Economic Botany 62, no. 3 (2008), pp. 223–43.
